Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Archaeological Background
3. Results
3.1. Plums Fruit-Stones
3.2. Watermelon Seeds
3.3. Grape Seeds
4. Discussion
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Archaeological Samples
5.2. Modern Plant Materials
5.3. Seed Image and Statistical Analysis
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mercuri, A.M.; Allevato, E.; Arobba, D.; Mazzanti, M.B.; Bosi, G.; Caramiello, R.; Castiglioni, E.; Carra, M.L.; Celant, A.; Costantini, L.; et al. Pollen and Macroremains from Holocene Archaeological Sites: A Dataset for the Understanding of the Bio-Cultural Diversity of the Italian Landscape. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 2015, 218, 250–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mariotti Lippi, M.; Florenzano, A.; Rinaldi, R.; Allevato, E.; Arobba, D.; Bacchetta, G.; Bal, M.C.; Bandini Mazzanti, M.; Benatti, A.; Benes, J.; et al. The Botanical Record of Archaeobotany Italian Network-BRAIN: A cooperative network, database and website. Fl. Medit. 2018, 28, 365–376. [Google Scholar]
- Ucchesu, M.; Manunza, M.R.; Sabato, D. Agriculture and Exploitation of Wild Plants at Chalcolithic (4th to 3rd Millennium Cal BC) Sites in Sardinia (Italy). Archaeol. Anthrop. Sci. 2018, 10, 1693–1702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ucchesu, M.; Sau, S.; Lugliè, C. Crop and Wild Plant Exploitation in Italy during the Neolithic Period: New Data from Su Mulinu Mannu, Middle Neolithic Site of Sardinia. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2017, 14, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakels, C. Plant Remains from Sardinia, Italy with Notes on Barley and Grape. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2014, 11, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orrù, M.; Grillo, O.; Lovicu, G.; Venora, G.; Bacchetta, G. Morphological Characterisation of Vitis vinifera L. Seeds by Image Analysis and Comparison with Archaeological Remains. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2013, 22, 231–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ucchesu, M.; Peña-Chocarro, L.; Sabato, D.; Tanda, G. Bronze Age Subsistence in Sardinia, Italy: Cultivated Plants and Wild Resources. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2015, 24, 343–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ucchesu, M.; Orrù, M.; Grillo, O.; Venora, G.; Usai, A.; Serreli, P.F.; Bacchetta, G. Earliest Evidence of a Primitive Cultivar of Vitis vinifera L. during the Bronze Age in Sardinia (Italy). Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2015, 24, 587–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ucchesu, M.; Orrù, M.; Grillo, O.; Venora, G.; Paglietti, G.; Ardu, A.; Bacchetta, G. Predictive Method for Correct Identification of Archaeological Charred Grape Seeds: Support for Advances in Knowledge of Grape Domestication Process. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0149814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sabato, D.; Masi, A.; Pepe, C.; Ucchesu, M.; Peña-Chocarro, L.; Usai, A.; Giachi, G.; Capretti, C.; Bacchetta, G. Archaeobotanical Analysis of a Bronze Age Well from Sardinia: A Wealth of Knowledge. Plant. Biosyst. 2015, 149, 205–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabato, D.; Esteras, C.; Grillo, O.; Peña-Chocarro, L.; Leida, C.; Ucchesu, M.; Usai, A.; Bacchetta, G.; Picó, B. Molecular and Morphological Characterisation of the Oldest Cucumis melo L. Seeds Found in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Archaeol. Anthrop. Sci. 2019, 11, 789–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Dommelen, P. Sardinia: Diverging Landscapes. In Rural Landscapes of the Punic World; van Dommelen, P., Gómez Bellard, C., Eds.; Equinox: London, UK, 2008; pp. 115–140. [Google Scholar]
- van Dommelen, P. Ceramica Punica Dal Sito Rurale Di Truncu ’e Molas (Terralba, Sardegna). In Proceedings of the l’Africa romana, le ricchezze dell’Africa, risorse, Produzioni, Scambi, Atti del XVII Convegno di Studio, Sevilla, Spain, 14–17 December 2008; pp. 1617–1626. [Google Scholar]
- Pérez Jordà, G.; Morales Pérez, J.V.; Marlasca Martín, R.; Gómez Bellard, C.; van Dommelen, P. La Alimentación en una Granja Púnica de Cerdeña. In De la cuina a la taula. IV Reunió d’Economia en el Primer Millenni a.C; Mata Parreño, C., Pérez Jordà, G., Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez, J., Eds.; Universitat de València: Valencia, Spain, 2010; Volume 9, pp. 295–302. [Google Scholar]
- Ucchesu, M.; Sarigu, M.; Vais, C.D.; Sanna, I.; d’Hallewin, G.; Grillo, O.; Bacchetta, G. First Finds of Prunus domestica L. in Italy from the Phoenician and Punic Periods (6th–2nd Centuries BC). Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2017, 26, 539–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Becca, G. I Legni del Pozzo. In Sassari. Archeologia Urbana; Rovina, D., Fiori, M., Eds.; Felici: Ghezzano, Italy, 2013; pp. 93–95. [Google Scholar]
- Bosi, G. Informazioni Etnobotaniche dai Reperti Carpologici del Pozzo: Risultati di un Saggio Preliminare. In Sassari. Archeologia Urbana; Rovina, D., Fiori, M., Eds.; Felici: Ghezzano, Italy, 2013; pp. 86–92. [Google Scholar]
- Bandini Mazzanti, M. Semi e Frutti Dalla Ferrara Basso Medioevale. In Ferrara Prima e Dopo il Castello; Gelichi, S., Ed.; Spazio Libri Editori: Ferrara, Italy, 1992; pp. 118–137. [Google Scholar]
- Bandini Mazzanti, M. Il Fossato di Argenta (Ferrara) e la sua Bonifica in Età Medievale: Contributo alla Ricostruzione della Storia del Sito in Base ai Semi e Frutti del Riempimento. In Il Tardo Medioevo ad Argenta: Lo Scavo di via Vinarola-Aleotti. (Quaderni di archeologia dell’Emilia-Romagna 2); Guarnieri, C., Ed.; All’Insegna del Giglio: Firenze, Italy, 1999; pp. 219–237. [Google Scholar]
- Bandini Mazzanti, M.; Bosi, G.; Mercuri, A.M.; Accorsi, C.A.; Guarnieri, C. Plant Use in a City in Northern Italy during the Late Mediaeval and Renaissance Periods: Results of the Archaeobotanical Investigation of “The Mirror Pit” (14th–15th Century A.D.) in Ferrara. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2005, 14, 442–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nisbet, R. Agricoltura e Consumo Delle Piante al Castello Della Motta. In L’incastellamento nel Nord-est Italiano (IX-XII Secolo). Stato Della Ricerca e Prospettive D’indagine; Piuzzi, F., Ed.; Quaderni del Museo Archeologico Medioevale di Attimis / 2, Gremese: Udine, Italy, 2000; pp. 93–98. [Google Scholar]
- Castelletti, L.; Castiglioni, E.; Rottoli, M. L’agricoltura dell’Italia Settentrionale dal Neolitico al Medioevo. In Le Piante Coltivate e la Loro Storia; Failla, O., Forni, G., Eds.; Franco Angeli: Milano, Italy, 2001; pp. 33–84. [Google Scholar]
- Bosi, G. Analisi Dei Microcarboni Nel Sito Di Jure Vetere Sottano Prima e Durante La Vita del Monastero Medievale. In Jure Vetere. Ricerche Archeologiche Nella Prima Fondazione Monastica di Giocchino da Fiore (Indagini 2001–2005); Fonseca, C., Roubis, D., Sogliano, F., Eds.; Rubbettino: Soveria Mannelli, Italy, 2007; pp. 269–272. [Google Scholar]
- Mercuri, A.M.; Accorsi, C.A.; Bandini Mazzanti, M.; Bosi, G.; Trevisan Grandi, G. Il paesaggio vegetale di Jure Vetere prima e durante la vita del monastero medievale sulla base dei primi dati pollinici. In Jure Vetere. Ricerche Archeologiche Nella Prima Fondazione Monastica di Giocchino da Fiore (Indagini 2001–2005); Fonseca, C., Roubis, D., Sogliano, F., Eds.; Rubbettino: Soveria Mannelli, Italy, 2007; pp. 249–267. [Google Scholar]
- Bosi, G.; Mercuri, A.M.; Guarnieri, C.; Bandini Mazzanti, M. Luxury Food and Ornamental Plants at the 15th Century A.D. Renaissance Court of the Este Family (Ferrara, Northern Italy). Veg. Hist. Archaeob. 2009, 18, 389–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosi, G.; Mazzanti, M.B.; Florenzano, A.; N’siala, I.M.; Pederzoli, A.; Rinaldi, R.; Torri, P.; Mercuri, A.M. Seeds/Fruits, Pollen and Parasite Remains as Evidence of Site Function: Piazza Garibaldi—Parma (N Italy) in Roman and Mediaeval Times. J. Arch. Sci. 2011, 38, 1621–1633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosi, G.; Mercuri, A.M.; Bandini Mazzanti, M.; Florenzano, A.; Montecchi, M.C.; Torri, P.; Labate, D.; Rinaldi, R. The Evolution of Roman Urban Environments through the Archaeobotanical Remains in Modena—Northern Italy. J. Arch. Sci. 2015, 53, 19–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mariotti Lippi, M.; Bellini, C.; Mori Secci, M.; Gonnelli, T.; Pallecchi, P. Archaeobotany in Florence (Italy): Landscape and Urban Development from the Late Roman to the Middle Ages. Plant Biosyst. 2013, 149, 216–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corbineau, R.; Ruas, M.P.; Barbier-Pain, D.; Fornaciari, G.; Dupont, H.; Colleter, R. Plants and aromatics for embalming in Late Middle Ages and Modern Period: A Synthesis of written sources and archaeobotanical data (France, Italy). Veget. Hist. Archaeobot. 2018, 27, 151–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berggren, G. Atlas of Seeds. Part 2. Cyperaceae; Swedish Museum of Natural History: Stockholm, Sweden, 1969. [Google Scholar]
- Anderberg, A.L. Atlas of Seeds. Part 4 Resedaceae-Umbelliferae; Swedish Museum of Natural History: Stockholm, Sweden, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Jacomet, S. Identification of Cereal Remains from Archaeological Sites; IPAS, Basel University: Basel, Switzerland, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Bojnanský, V.; Fargašová, A. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Cappers, R.; Bekker, R.; Jans, J. Digital Seed Atlas of the Netherlands; Barkhuis: Groningen, The Netherlands, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Sabato, D.; Peña-Chocarro, L. Maris Nostri Novus Atlas: Seeds and Fruits from the Mediterranean Basin; Ediciones Doce Calles: Aranjuez, Spain, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Bacchetta, G.; Grillo, O.; Mattana, E.; Venora, G. Morpho-colorimetric Characterization by Image Analysis to Identify Diaspores of Wild Plant Species. Flora 2008, 203, 669–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fawzi, N.M. Macro and micromorphological seed characteristics of some selected species of Caesalpinioideae-Leguminosae. Res. J. Bot. 2011, 6, 68–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grillo, O.; Miceli, C.; Venora, G. Computerised Image Analysis Applied to Inspection of Vetch Seeds for Varietal. Seed Sci. Technol. 2011, 39, 490–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grillo, O.; Draper, D.; Venora, G.; Martínez-Laborde, J.B. Seed Image Analysis and Taxonomy of Diplotaxis DC. (Brassicaceae, Brassiceae). Syst. Biodiv. 2012, 10, 57–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smykalova, I.; Oscar, G.; Marie, B.; Martin, P.; Gianfranco, V. Phenotypic evaluation of flax seeds by image analysis. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2013, 47, 232–238. [Google Scholar]
- Lo Bianco, M.; Grillo, O.; Cremonini, R.; Sarigu, M.; Venora, G. Characterisation of Italian Bean Landraces (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Using Seed Image Analysis and Texture Descriptors. AJCS 2015, 9, 1022–1034. [Google Scholar]
- Sabato, D.; Esteras, C.; Grillo, O.; Picó, B.; Bacchetta, G. Seeds Morpho-colourimetric Analysis as Complementary Method to Molecular Characterization of Melon Diversity. Sci. Hortic. 2015, 192, 441–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarigu, M.; Grillo, O.; lo Bianco, M.; Ucchesu, M.; d’Hallewin, G.; Loi, M.C.; Venora, G.; Bacchetta, G. Phenotypic Identification of Plum Varieties (Prunus domestica L.) by Endocarps Morpho-colorimetric and Textural Descriptors. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2017, 136, 25–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarigu, M.; Porceddu, M.; Schmitt, E.; Camarda, I.; Bacchetta, G. Taxonomic Discrimination of the Paeonia mascula Group in the Tyrrhenian Islands by Seed Image Analysis. Syst. Biodivers. 2019, 17, 801–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farris, E.; Orrù, M.; Ucchesu, M.; Amadori, A.; Porceddu, M.; Bacchetta, G. Morpho-colorimetric Characterization of the Sardinian Endemic Taxa of the Genus Anchusa L. by Seed Image Analysis. Plants 2020, 9, 1321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Giorgi, P.; Giacò, A.; Astuti, G.; Minuto, L.; Varaldo, L.; De Luca, D.; De Rosa, A.; Bacchetta, G.; Sarigu, M.; Peruzzi, L. An Integrated Taxonomic Approach Points towards a Single-Species Hypothesis for Santolina (Asteraceae) in Corsica and Sardinia. Biology 2022, 11, 356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terral, J.F.; Tabard, E.; Bouby, L.; Ivorra, S.; Pastor, T.; Figueiral, I.; Picq, S.; Chevance, J.B.; Jung, C.; Fabre, L.; et al. Evolution and History of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) under Domestication: New Morphometric Perspectives to Understand Seed Domestication Syndrome and Reveal Origins of Ancient European Cultivars. Ann. Bot. 2010, 105, 443–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouby, L.; Figueiral, I.; Bouchette, A.; Rovira, N.; Ivorra, S.; Lacombe, T.; Pastor, T.; Picq, S.; Marinval, P.; Terral, J.F. Bioarchaeological Insights into the Process of Domestication of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) during Roman Times in Southern France. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e6319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pagnoux, C.; Bouby, L.; Ivorra, S.; Petit, C.; Valamoti, S.M.; Pastor, T.; Picq, S.; Terral, J.F. Inferring the Agrobiodiversity of Vitis vinifera L. (Grapevine) in Ancient Greece by Comparative Shape Analysis of Archaeological and Modern Seeds. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2015, 24, 75–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabato, D.; Peña-Chocarro, L.; Ucchesu, M.; Sarigu, M.; del Vais, C.; Sanna, I.; Bacchetta, G. New Insights about Economic Plants during the 6th–2nd Centuries BC in Sardinia, Italy. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2019, 28, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mureddu, M.; Ucchesu, M.; Sarigu, M.; Del Vais, C.; Piras, F.; Sanna, I.; Bacchetta, G. Studies on Archaeological Olive Fruitstones from the Archaic and Punic Periods (7th–3rd Century BC) of Sardinia, Italy. Veg. Hist. Archaeobot. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rovina, D. Sassari. Archeologia Urbana; Felici Editore: Ghezzano, Italy, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Porcu Gaias, M. Sassari: Storia Architettonica e Urbanistica Dalle Origini al’600; Ilisso: Nuoro, Italy, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Pala, G. Una nota sul ripopolamento di Sassari al tempo di Alfonso il Benigno. Ann. Facol. Let. Fil. Uni. 1980, 37, 133–161. [Google Scholar]
- Biccone, L. Via Sebastiano Satta. In Sassari. Archeologia Urbana; Rovina, D., Fiori, M., Eds.; Felici Editore: Ghezzano, Italy, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Bertacci, F. Il Contenuto Archeocarpologico del Pozzo di via SATTA a Sassari (XIV Sec. d.C.): Informazioni Etnobotaniche e di Carattere Ambientale. Master’s Thesis, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Moris, G.G. Flora Sardoa; Typ. Regia: Torino, Italy, 1840. [Google Scholar]
- Cara, A. Vocabolarietto Botanico Sardo-Italiano; Tip. del Carriere: Cagliari, Italy, 1889. [Google Scholar]
- Paris, H.S. Origin and Emergence of the Sweet Dessert Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus. Ann. Bot. 2015, 116, 133–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Watson, A.M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100. In Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization; University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Megaloudi, F. Plants and Diet in Greece from Neolithic to Classical Period: The Archaeobotanical Remains. In British Archaeological Reports International Series; Archaeopress: Oxford, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Bates, D.M.; Robinson, R.W. Cucumbers, Melons and Watermelons. In Evolution of Crop Plants; Smartt, J., Simmonds, N.W., Eds.; Longman Scientific: Harlow, UK, 1995; pp. 89–96. [Google Scholar]
- Gyulai, G.; Waters, L.; Dane, F. Ancient Cucurbit DNA-Unlocking Domestication Events. In Fulbright Grant AY 2005–2006; Fublbright Year Book: Budapest, Hungary, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Gyulai, G.; Szabó, Z.; Wichmann, B.; Bittsánszky, A.; Waters, L., Jr.; Tóth, Z.; Dane, F. Conservation Genetics: Heat Map Analysis of NuSSRs of ADNA of Archaeological Watermelons (Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus lanatus) Compared to Current Varieties. G3 2012, 6, 86–96. [Google Scholar]
- Cox, A.; van der Veen, M. Changing Foodways: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Consumption in Roman and Islamic Quseir al-Qadim, Egypt. Veget. Hist. Archaeobot. 2008, 17, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Española, R.A. Diccionario de la Lengua Española; Real Academia Española: Madrid, Spain, 2019; Available online: https://dle.rae.es. (accessed on 5 November 2019).
- Fabra, P. Diccionari General de la Llengua Catalana; Edhasa: Barcelona, Spain, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Wagner, M.L. Dizionario Etimologico Sardo; Ilisso: Nuoro, Italy, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Sanz, V.C. La Valencia Musulmana; Carena Editors: Valencia, Spain, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Labra, M. Il DNA Dei Vitigni Sardi. In Il Vino in Sardegna: 3000 Anni di Storia, Cultura, Tradizione e Innovazione; Ilisso: Nuoro, Italy, 2010; pp. 167–180. [Google Scholar]
- Lovicu, G. I Vitigni Sardi: Storia e Origine. In Il Vino in Sardegna: 3000 Anni di Storia, Cultura, Tradizione e Innovazione; Ilisso: Nuoro, Italy, 2010; pp. 181–216. [Google Scholar]
- Casula, F.C. La Storia Di Sardegna; Carlo Delfino Editore: Sassari, Italy, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Robinson, J.; Harding, J.; Vouillamoz, J. Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1368 Vine Varieties, Including Their Origins and Flavours; Penguin Books: London, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- SPSS. SPSS Base 16.0 Application Guide; Prentice Hall: Chicago, IL, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
Code | Cultivar Name | N° Seeds | Cultivar Classification (%) | Archaeological Seeds Classification (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CAD | Cariadogia | 96 | 69.8 | - |
CAR | Cariasina | 39 | 64.1 | 12.7 |
COL | Columbu | 60 | 58.3 | 1.4 |
COR | Coru | 79 | 54.4 | 1.4 |
CRO | Croccorighedda | 98 | 75.5 | 35.2 |
BON | Bonarcado | 99 | 67.7 | 1.4 |
DOR | Dore | 23 | 47.8 | 1.4 |
GIB | Gialla di Bosa | 99 | 89.9 | 16.9 |
LA2 | Laconi B. | 99 | 59.6 | 5.6 |
LA4 | Laconi E. | 30 | 83.3 | - |
LA5 | Laconi F. | 30 | 73.3 | 8.5 |
LIM | Limuninca | 30 | 63.3 | - |
MEL | Meloni | 60 | 83.3 | - |
LAR | Laconi Rosata | 25 | 80.0 | 1.4 |
NES | Nera Sarda | 69 | 29.0 | 1.4 |
LA3 | Ollanu de Ou | 72 | 79.2 | - |
PAR | Paradisu | 15 | 86.7 | - |
SAE | Sant’Elia | 29 | 79.3 | - |
SBO | Sanguigna di Bosa | 100 | 69.3 | 9.9 |
SIG | Sighera | 99 | 72.7 | 1.4 |
SAG | San Giovanni | 39 | 46.2 | 1.4 |
Overall | 64.9% |
C. colocynthis | C. lanatus var. lanatus | C. lanatus var. citroides | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Citrullus colocynthis | 89.1 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
C. lanatus var. lanatus | 0.7 | 97 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
C. lanatus var. citroides | 1.8 | 6.4 | 91.8 | 100.0 |
Archaeological samples | - | 95.7 | 4.3 | 100.0 |
Overall | 93.8% |
CODE | Country | Locality | Cultivar Name | Cultivar Classification (%) | Archaeological Classification (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LnAO22 | Angola | Namibe | Unknown | 73.1 | - |
LnAO53 | Angola | Luanda | Unknown | 70.7 | 11.4 |
LnAO55 | Angola | Luanda | Unknown | 80.9 | 1.4 |
LnDZ25 | Algeria | Mostaganem | Unknown | 43.5 | - |
LnDZ59 | Algeria | Ammes, Béchar | Unknown | 64.9 | - |
LnDZ78 | Algeria | Mostefa Ben Brahim | Unknown | 55.1 | - |
LnES51 | Spain | Rota, Cádiz | Sandía de Rota | 86.5 | - |
LnES62 | Spain | Moraleda, Granada | Sandía inverniza | 73.1 | - |
LnES65 | Spain | Huelva | Sandía de verano | 52.7 | 7.1 |
LnES81 | Spain | Mallorca | Sandía de pinyol blanc | 78.5 | - |
LnGR32 | Greece | Navplion, Argolide | Karpusi | 72.2 | - |
LnITS1 | Italy | Benetutti, Sardinia | Sindria bianca | 60.0 | 4.3 |
LnITS2 | Italy | Carloforte, Sardinia | Sindria | 68.0 | 11.4 |
LnITS3 | Italy | Sant’Antioco, Sardinia | Sindria gialla | 57.0 | 22.9 |
LnITS4 | Italy | Gonnos, Sardinia | Sindria | 34.0 | 15.7 |
LnITS5 | Italy | Benetutti, Sardinia | Sindria niedda | 59.0 | - |
LnKZ81 | Kyrgyzstan | Dzho, Lenin | Unknown | 71.9 | 20.0 |
LnMA3 | Morocco | Unknown | Unknown | 59.3 | - |
LnSY93 | Syria | Damasco | Unknown | 73.3 | - |
LnUZ78 | Uzbekistan | Salar | Unknown | 48.8 | 5.7 |
Tuscany | Liguria | Catalonia | Sardinia | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuscany | 36.8 | 27.1 | 15.5 | 20.5 | 100.0 |
Liguria | 23.6 | 35.6 | 10.7 | 30.1 | 100.0 |
Catalonia | 11.8 | 11.9 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 100.0 |
Sardinia | 10.0 | 12.3 | 16.7 | 61.0 | 100.0 |
Archaeological grape seeds | 7.0 | 26.3 | 56.4 | 10.2 | 100.0 |
Overall | 52.3% |
Region | Cultivar Name | Cultivar Classification (%) | Middle Ages Seeds Classification (%) | N° of Archaeological Seeds Allocation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tuscany | Bracciola Nera | 37.6 | 37.6 | 76 |
Canaiolo Bianco | 41.1 | 12.9 | ||
Canaiolo Nero | 60.2 | 13.9 | ||
Livornese Bianca | 66.1 | 10.9 | ||
Liguria | Bianchetta Genovese | 62.6 | 8.7 | 362 |
Lumassina | 85.3 | 50.3 | ||
Rossese | 62.7 | 36.3 | ||
Catalonia | Macabeo | 72.4 | 15.3 | 803 |
Sumoll | 65.4 | 25.5 | ||
Garnacha | 66.3 | 28.0 | ||
Monastrell | 69.7 | 22.2 | ||
Ull de Llebre | 57.6 | 8.0 | ||
Sardinia | Galoppu | 47.5 | 5.4 | 65 |
Malvasia di Sardegna | 41.0 | 6.1 | ||
Nuragus | 41.3 | 8.8 | ||
Bianca addosa | 30.3 | 6.1 | ||
Licronaxu rosa | 44.0 | 10.8 | ||
Gabriella | 34.0 | 6.8 |
Features | Description |
---|---|
Perim | Perimeter, calculated from the centres of the boundary pixels |
Area | Area inside the polygon defined by the perimeter |
Pixels | Number of pixels forming the endocarp image |
MinR | Radius of the inscribed circle centred at the middle of the seed |
MaxR | Radius of the enclosing circle centred at the middle of the seed |
Feret | Largest axis length |
Breadth | Largest axis perpendicular to the Feret |
CHull | Convex hull or convex polygon calculated from pixel centres |
CArea | Area of the convex hull polygon |
MBCRadius | Radius of the minimal bounding circle |
AspRatio | Aspect ratio = Feret/Breadth |
Circ | Circularity = 4·π·Area/Perimeter2 |
Roundness | Roundness = 4·Area/(π·Feret2) |
ArEquivD | Area equivalent diameter = √ ((4/π)·Area) |
PerEquivD | Perimeter equivalent diameter = Area/π |
EquivEllAr | Equivalent ellipse area = (π·Feret·Breadth)/4 |
Compactness | Compactness = √ ((4/π)·Area)/Feret |
Solidity | Solidity = Area/Convex_Area |
Concavity | Concavity = Convex_Area-Area |
Convexity | Convexity = Convex_hull/Perimeter |
Shape | Shape = Perimeter2/Area |
RFactor | RFactor = Convex_Hull /(Feret·π) |
ModRatio | Modification ratio = (2·MinR)/Feret |
Sphericity | Sphericity = MinR/MaxR |
ArBBox | Area of the bounding box along the feret diameter = Feret·Breadth |
Rectang | Rectangularity = Area/ArBBox |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sarigu, M.; Sabato, D.; Ucchesu, M.; Loi, M.C.; Bosi, G.; Grillo, O.; Torres, S.B.; Bacchetta, G. Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach. Plants 2022, 11, 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081089
Sarigu M, Sabato D, Ucchesu M, Loi MC, Bosi G, Grillo O, Torres SB, Bacchetta G. Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach. Plants. 2022; 11(8):1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081089
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarigu, Marco, Diego Sabato, Mariano Ucchesu, Maria Cecilia Loi, Giovanna Bosi, Oscar Grillo, Salvador Barros Torres, and Gianluigi Bacchetta. 2022. "Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach" Plants 11, no. 8: 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081089