Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Archaeological Background
3. Results
3.1. Plums Fruit-Stones
3.2. Watermelon Seeds
3.3. Grape Seeds
4. Discussion
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Archaeological Samples
5.2. Modern Plant Materials
5.3. Seed Image and Statistical Analysis
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Cultivar Name | N° Seeds | Cultivar Classification (%) | Archaeological Seeds Classification (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CAD | Cariadogia | 96 | 69.8 | - |
CAR | Cariasina | 39 | 64.1 | 12.7 |
COL | Columbu | 60 | 58.3 | 1.4 |
COR | Coru | 79 | 54.4 | 1.4 |
CRO | Croccorighedda | 98 | 75.5 | 35.2 |
BON | Bonarcado | 99 | 67.7 | 1.4 |
DOR | Dore | 23 | 47.8 | 1.4 |
GIB | Gialla di Bosa | 99 | 89.9 | 16.9 |
LA2 | Laconi B. | 99 | 59.6 | 5.6 |
LA4 | Laconi E. | 30 | 83.3 | - |
LA5 | Laconi F. | 30 | 73.3 | 8.5 |
LIM | Limuninca | 30 | 63.3 | - |
MEL | Meloni | 60 | 83.3 | - |
LAR | Laconi Rosata | 25 | 80.0 | 1.4 |
NES | Nera Sarda | 69 | 29.0 | 1.4 |
LA3 | Ollanu de Ou | 72 | 79.2 | - |
PAR | Paradisu | 15 | 86.7 | - |
SAE | Sant’Elia | 29 | 79.3 | - |
SBO | Sanguigna di Bosa | 100 | 69.3 | 9.9 |
SIG | Sighera | 99 | 72.7 | 1.4 |
SAG | San Giovanni | 39 | 46.2 | 1.4 |
Overall | 64.9% |
C. colocynthis | C. lanatus var. lanatus | C. lanatus var. citroides | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Citrullus colocynthis | 89.1 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
C. lanatus var. lanatus | 0.7 | 97 | 2.0 | 100.0 |
C. lanatus var. citroides | 1.8 | 6.4 | 91.8 | 100.0 |
Archaeological samples | - | 95.7 | 4.3 | 100.0 |
Overall | 93.8% |
CODE | Country | Locality | Cultivar Name | Cultivar Classification (%) | Archaeological Classification (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LnAO22 | Angola | Namibe | Unknown | 73.1 | - |
LnAO53 | Angola | Luanda | Unknown | 70.7 | 11.4 |
LnAO55 | Angola | Luanda | Unknown | 80.9 | 1.4 |
LnDZ25 | Algeria | Mostaganem | Unknown | 43.5 | - |
LnDZ59 | Algeria | Ammes, Béchar | Unknown | 64.9 | - |
LnDZ78 | Algeria | Mostefa Ben Brahim | Unknown | 55.1 | - |
LnES51 | Spain | Rota, Cádiz | Sandía de Rota | 86.5 | - |
LnES62 | Spain | Moraleda, Granada | Sandía inverniza | 73.1 | - |
LnES65 | Spain | Huelva | Sandía de verano | 52.7 | 7.1 |
LnES81 | Spain | Mallorca | Sandía de pinyol blanc | 78.5 | - |
LnGR32 | Greece | Navplion, Argolide | Karpusi | 72.2 | - |
LnITS1 | Italy | Benetutti, Sardinia | Sindria bianca | 60.0 | 4.3 |
LnITS2 | Italy | Carloforte, Sardinia | Sindria | 68.0 | 11.4 |
LnITS3 | Italy | Sant’Antioco, Sardinia | Sindria gialla | 57.0 | 22.9 |
LnITS4 | Italy | Gonnos, Sardinia | Sindria | 34.0 | 15.7 |
LnITS5 | Italy | Benetutti, Sardinia | Sindria niedda | 59.0 | - |
LnKZ81 | Kyrgyzstan | Dzho, Lenin | Unknown | 71.9 | 20.0 |
LnMA3 | Morocco | Unknown | Unknown | 59.3 | - |
LnSY93 | Syria | Damasco | Unknown | 73.3 | - |
LnUZ78 | Uzbekistan | Salar | Unknown | 48.8 | 5.7 |
Tuscany | Liguria | Catalonia | Sardinia | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuscany | 36.8 | 27.1 | 15.5 | 20.5 | 100.0 |
Liguria | 23.6 | 35.6 | 10.7 | 30.1 | 100.0 |
Catalonia | 11.8 | 11.9 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 100.0 |
Sardinia | 10.0 | 12.3 | 16.7 | 61.0 | 100.0 |
Archaeological grape seeds | 7.0 | 26.3 | 56.4 | 10.2 | 100.0 |
Overall | 52.3% |
Region | Cultivar Name | Cultivar Classification (%) | Middle Ages Seeds Classification (%) | N° of Archaeological Seeds Allocation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tuscany | Bracciola Nera | 37.6 | 37.6 | 76 |
Canaiolo Bianco | 41.1 | 12.9 | ||
Canaiolo Nero | 60.2 | 13.9 | ||
Livornese Bianca | 66.1 | 10.9 | ||
Liguria | Bianchetta Genovese | 62.6 | 8.7 | 362 |
Lumassina | 85.3 | 50.3 | ||
Rossese | 62.7 | 36.3 | ||
Catalonia | Macabeo | 72.4 | 15.3 | 803 |
Sumoll | 65.4 | 25.5 | ||
Garnacha | 66.3 | 28.0 | ||
Monastrell | 69.7 | 22.2 | ||
Ull de Llebre | 57.6 | 8.0 | ||
Sardinia | Galoppu | 47.5 | 5.4 | 65 |
Malvasia di Sardegna | 41.0 | 6.1 | ||
Nuragus | 41.3 | 8.8 | ||
Bianca addosa | 30.3 | 6.1 | ||
Licronaxu rosa | 44.0 | 10.8 | ||
Gabriella | 34.0 | 6.8 |
Features | Description |
---|---|
Perim | Perimeter, calculated from the centres of the boundary pixels |
Area | Area inside the polygon defined by the perimeter |
Pixels | Number of pixels forming the endocarp image |
MinR | Radius of the inscribed circle centred at the middle of the seed |
MaxR | Radius of the enclosing circle centred at the middle of the seed |
Feret | Largest axis length |
Breadth | Largest axis perpendicular to the Feret |
CHull | Convex hull or convex polygon calculated from pixel centres |
CArea | Area of the convex hull polygon |
MBCRadius | Radius of the minimal bounding circle |
AspRatio | Aspect ratio = Feret/Breadth |
Circ | Circularity = 4·π·Area/Perimeter2 |
Roundness | Roundness = 4·Area/(π·Feret2) |
ArEquivD | Area equivalent diameter = √ ((4/π)·Area) |
PerEquivD | Perimeter equivalent diameter = Area/π |
EquivEllAr | Equivalent ellipse area = (π·Feret·Breadth)/4 |
Compactness | Compactness = √ ((4/π)·Area)/Feret |
Solidity | Solidity = Area/Convex_Area |
Concavity | Concavity = Convex_Area-Area |
Convexity | Convexity = Convex_hull/Perimeter |
Shape | Shape = Perimeter2/Area |
RFactor | RFactor = Convex_Hull /(Feret·π) |
ModRatio | Modification ratio = (2·MinR)/Feret |
Sphericity | Sphericity = MinR/MaxR |
ArBBox | Area of the bounding box along the feret diameter = Feret·Breadth |
Rectang | Rectangularity = Area/ArBBox |
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Sarigu, M.; Sabato, D.; Ucchesu, M.; Loi, M.C.; Bosi, G.; Grillo, O.; Torres, S.B.; Bacchetta, G. Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach. Plants 2022, 11, 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081089
Sarigu M, Sabato D, Ucchesu M, Loi MC, Bosi G, Grillo O, Torres SB, Bacchetta G. Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach. Plants. 2022; 11(8):1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081089
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarigu, Marco, Diego Sabato, Mariano Ucchesu, Maria Cecilia Loi, Giovanna Bosi, Oscar Grillo, Salvador Barros Torres, and Gianluigi Bacchetta. 2022. "Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach" Plants 11, no. 8: 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081089
APA StyleSarigu, M., Sabato, D., Ucchesu, M., Loi, M. C., Bosi, G., Grillo, O., Torres, S. B., & Bacchetta, G. (2022). Discovering Plum, Watermelon and Grape Cultivars Founded in a Middle Age Site of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) through a Computer Image Analysis Approach. Plants, 11(8), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081089