Influence of Variable Chloride/Sulfur Doses as Part of Potassium Fertilization on Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Coffee
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Influence of Cl and S Rates on Biomass Accumulation, Nutrient Uptake, and NUE under Greenhouse Conditions
2.2. Cl/S Ratios Influence Nutrient Concentration and Uptake by Coffee Beans under Field Conditions
2.3. Cl/S Ratios Influence Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Coffee Beans at the Field Level
2.4. Cl/S Ratios Influence Cl and S Distribution in the Soil Profile
3. Discussion
3.1. Cl− Concentration on Tissues and Influence on Growth and Productivity
3.2. Cl− Influence on Nutrients Uptake and NUE
3.3. Cl− on the Soil
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Greenhouse Trial
4.2. Field Trial
5. Conclusions
- -
- A balance between Cl− and S is necessary for coffee with the aim to improve N uptake and NUE. For greenhouse conditions, there should be between 60 and 180 mg·L−1 of Cl− and between 160 and 80 mg·L−1 of S. Plants without Cl− or without S significantly reduce the NUE. At the field level, the balances should be between 100 and 150 kg Cl− ha−1·year−1 and between 73 and 50 kg S·ha−1·year−1.
- -
- Cl− is applied to coffee at rates as a “macronutrient”, and the coffee plants can take higher amounts of Cl−, reaching concentrations on the leaves of higher than 0.69% without toxicity symptoms, but with a significant reduction in dry biomass accumulation. With the aim to keep a balance between biomass accumulation and NUE, the Cl− content in the leaves should be lower than 0.33%, placing the coffee into the group of glycophyte Cl−-sensitive plants.
- -
- Cl− rates at the field level that are higher than 150 kg Cl− ha−1·year−1 significantly increase the Cl− content in the soil and Cl− uptake by the coffee cherries and reduces N uptake by the coffee cherries, reducing the NUE on average by 9% to 14%.
- -
- In terms of the NUE, the Cl− content in the soil in coffee in the first 20 cm depth should not exceed the concentration of 30 mg·L−1.
- -
- The NUE in coffee could be improved by using agronomical management practices such as the selection of mineral potassium fertilizer sources, with the main aim to reduce the Cl− application rates and to limit them to no more than 100 to 150 kg Cl− ha−1 with a fine balance with S rates, as mentioned before.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cl/S Rates | Total DW | Root DW | N | Cl | N Uptake | S Uptake | Total Shoot Cl Uptake | NUTE ¶ | NUE ¥ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg L−1 | g Plant−1 | Content in Leaves % | mg Plant−1 | g2 DW· mg−1 N | g DW·g−1 of N | ||||
0/200 | 82.1 d | 27.0 c | 2.58 a | 0.03 a | 1234.7 b | 174.2 c | 19.3 a | 0.047 c | 0.83 c |
60/160 | 74.1 bc | 20.3 bc | 2.68 a | 0.16 b | 1230.0 b | 137.2 c | 89.1 b | 0.044 c | 0.86 cb |
120/120 | 79.4 cd | 23.3 bc | 2.59 a | 0.33 c | 1236.5 b | 106.0 c | 173.4 c | 0.046 c | 0.86 cb |
180/80 | 74.8 bc | 18.5 b | 2.69 a | 0.55 d | 1281.1 c | 90.4 b | 276.3 d | 0.038 b | 0.89 b |
240/40 | 72.1 b | 16.2 ab | 2.67 a | 0.69 e | 1306.3 c | 84.9 b | 361.7 e | 0.043 c | 0.89 b |
300/0 | 37.9 a | 10.2 a | 4.43 b | 2.98 f | 1095.8 a | 19.4 a | 587.2 f | 0.029 a | 0.73 a |
p value | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Nutrient Concentration (%) | Nutrient Uptake at Harvest Time (t·ha−1) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrient | Days After Flowering | |||||||
30 | 60 | 90 | 120 | 150 | 210 | 240 | 240 | |
p Value | ||||||||
N | 0.67 | 0.13 | 0.48 | 0.37 | 0.61 | - | 0.099 | 0.028 ** |
K | 0.90 | 0.02 ** | 0.64 | 0.93 | 0.03 ** | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.239 |
Ca | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.42 | 0.82 | 0.220 |
Mg | 0.38 | 0.04 ** | 0.52 | 0.85 | 0.49 | 0.83 | 0.19 | 0.398 |
S | 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.18 | 0.36 | 0.60 | 0.081 * | 0.54 | 0.459 |
Cl | 0.14 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.006 ** |
Cl/S Rate ± kg·ha−1 | Yield + | N-Uptake per Ton | Total N− Uptake per ha | Mean N. Applied per ha ++ | NUE +++ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
t·ha−1 | kg·t−1 | kg·ha−1 year−1 | kg·kg−1 | ||
0/125 | 4.02 ±2.05) | 36.7 (±2.04) | 147.4 (±74.5) | 308 (±20.75) | 0.48 (±0.23) |
53/97 | 4.01 (±1.85) | 39.1 (±2.43) | 157.3 (±75.3) | 308 (±20.75) | 0.51 (±0.24) |
101/73 | 4.03 (±1.96) | 37.5 (±2.32) | 151.4 (±75.9) | 308 (±20.75) | 0.49 (±0.23) |
150/50 | 4.03 (±2.11) | 37.9 (±2.08) | 152.8 (±78.5) | 308 (±20.75) | 0.50 (±0.24) |
201/33 | 3.92 (±1.87) | 34.3 (±1.31) | 134.3 (±64.21) | 308 (±20.75) | 0.44 (±0.20) |
p value | ns | * | * | ns |
Year | T·min (°C) | T·max (°C) | T. med (°C) | R.H (%) | Rainfall (mm) | Sunshine (h) | Rainfall in the Trial Area (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 16.9 | 24.6 | 20.2 | 77.1 | 1.575 | 1.1467 | 2.483 |
2018 | 16.6 ± | 25.1 ± | 20.3 ± | 72.6 ± | 1.234 | - | 2.053 |
2019 | 16.1 | 23.8 | 19.4 | - | 1.426 | 1.314,0 | 2.319 |
2020 | - | - | - | - | 1.206 | - | 2.100 |
Mean | 16.5 | 24.5 | 20.0 | 74.8 | 1.360 | 1.2303 | 2.238 |
1955–2010 | 16.2 | 24.5 | 19.7 | - | 1.330 | 1.2500 | - |
Treatment | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl/S Rates (kg·ha−1) | |||||
1 | 0/41 | 0/96 | 0/174 | 0/188 | 0/125 |
2 | 21/30 | 43/62 | 74/140 | 74/156 | 53/97 |
3 | 40/20 | 86/41 | 138/109 | 138/123 | 101/73 |
4 | 61/10 | 129/22 | 205/78 | 202/91 | 150/50 |
5 | 80/0 | 175/30 | 276/44 | 276/59 | 201/33 |
1 to 5 | K2O Rates (kg·ha−1) | ||||
110 | 230 | 360 | 360 | 265 | |
N Rates (kg·ha−1) | |||||
160 | 163 | 280 | 320 | 231 | |
P2O5 Rates (kg·ha−1) | |||||
90 | 46 | 92 | 92 | 80 | |
CaO Rates (kg·ha−1) | |||||
130 | 86 | 104 | 121 | 110 | |
MgO Rates (kg·ha−1) | |||||
29 | 50 | 54 | 72 | 51 |
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Ramirez-Builes, V.H.; Küsters, J.; Thiele, E.; Leal-Varon, L.A.; Arteta-Vizcaino, J. Influence of Variable Chloride/Sulfur Doses as Part of Potassium Fertilization on Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Coffee. Plants 2023, 12, 2033. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102033
Ramirez-Builes VH, Küsters J, Thiele E, Leal-Varon LA, Arteta-Vizcaino J. Influence of Variable Chloride/Sulfur Doses as Part of Potassium Fertilization on Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Coffee. Plants. 2023; 12(10):2033. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102033
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamirez-Builes, Victor Hugo, Jürgen Küsters, Ellen Thiele, Luis Alfredo Leal-Varon, and Jorge Arteta-Vizcaino. 2023. "Influence of Variable Chloride/Sulfur Doses as Part of Potassium Fertilization on Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Coffee" Plants 12, no. 10: 2033. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102033