Physicochemical Characteristics and Microstructure of Ancient and Common Wheat Grains Cultivated in Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Wheat Flour Physicochemical Characteristics
2.2. Wheat Flour Mineral Elements
2.3. Wheat Grain Microstructure
2.4. Principal Component Analysis between Wheat Flours Characteristics
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Wheat Flour Samples
4.2. Physicochemical Composition of Wheat Flour Samples
4.2.1. Moisture Analysis
4.2.2. Ash Analysis
4.2.3. Protein Analysis
4.2.4. Analysis of Wet Gluten Content
4.2.5. Analysis of Lipids
4.2.6. Analysis of Total Starch
4.2.7. Analysis of Carbohydrates
4.2.8. Analysis of Test Weight and Thousand-Kernel Weight
4.3. Mineral Elements Analysis of Wheat Flour Samples
4.4. Microstructural Analysis
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Wheat Species | F Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Triticum aestivum | Triticum monococcum | Triticum spelta | ||
Moisture (%) | 13.24 b (12.48–13.76) | 11.52 a (11.40–11.69) | 11.78 a (11.68–11.85) | 67.37 *** |
Ash (%) | 1.77 a (1.63–2.25) | 2.47 b (2.34–2.61) | 2.03 a (1.82–2.54) | 26.07 *** |
Protein (%) | 12.83 a (10.52–14.43) | 18.15 b (17.29–18.77) | 18.95 b (18.24–19.27) | 87.47 *** |
Wet gluten (%) | 27.8 a (21.00–33.00) | 43.00 b (40.00–45.00) | 47.50 b (45.00–49.00) | 78.91 *** |
Lipid (%) | 1.77 a (1.42–2.27) | 2.35 c (2.28–2.42) | 2.07 b (1.91–2.31) | 24.48 *** |
Starch (%) | 63.77 b (60.90–67.7) | 56.18 a (55.90–56.4) | 56.90 a (53.10–59.80) | 34.48 *** |
Carbohydrates (%) | 70.44 b (67.96–73.31) | 66.48 a (65.07–65.99) | 65.15 a (64.03–65.91) | 43.55 *** |
Test weight (kg hl−1) | 79.06 a (59–86) | 73.68 a (71.2–75.7) | 73.55 a (67.80–77.40) | 2.42 ns |
Thousand-kernel mass (g) | 38.31 b (33.1–42.9) | 24.92 a (19.60–28.1) | 40.42 b (38.30–41.50) | 45.90 *** |
Parameter | Wheat Species | F Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Triticum aestivum | Triticum monococcum | Triticum spelta | ||
Calcium (Ca) (mg kg−1) | 232.87 a (189.03–277.78) | 244.01 a (168.93–266.04) | 428.46 b (380.69–469.12) | 61.14 *** |
Magnesium (Mg) (mg kg−1) | 962.21 a (794.82–1147.09) | 851.57 a (627.11–1142.51) | 1016.37 a (771.24–1316.15) | 1.38 ns |
Potassium (K) (mg kg−1) | 3504.28 a (2757.19–4347.18) | 4782.30 a (3934.51–5404.34) | 5029.32 a (4694.62–5609.11) | 19.88 *** |
Sodium (Na) (mg kg−1) | 80.62 a (18.98–250.05) | 25.35 a (19.82–33.21) | 38.29 a (27.05–50.47) | 2.19 ns |
Zinc (Zn) (mg kg−1) | 25.83 a (21.96–34.54) | 30.36 a (17.07–34.13) | 23.22 a (21.18–26.31) | 3.55 * |
Iron (Fe) (mg kg−1) | 37.34 a (31.11–43.31) | 21.90 a (19.93–23.13) | 31.25 ab (23.63–41.58) | 18.65 *** |
Manganese (Mn) (mg kg−1) | 58.54 ab (43.89–72.5) | 74.45 b (52.78–93.36) | 37.8 a (29.37–47.97) | 13.46 *** |
Copper (Cu) (mg kg−1) | 2.30 a (0.82–3.36) | 4.52 b (3.21–5.9) | 4.25 b (3.07–5.42) | 20.36 *** |
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Golea, C.M.; Stroe, S.-G.; Gâtlan, A.-M.; Codină, G.G. Physicochemical Characteristics and Microstructure of Ancient and Common Wheat Grains Cultivated in Romania. Plants 2023, 12, 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112138
Golea CM, Stroe S-G, Gâtlan A-M, Codină GG. Physicochemical Characteristics and Microstructure of Ancient and Common Wheat Grains Cultivated in Romania. Plants. 2023; 12(11):2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112138
Chicago/Turabian StyleGolea, Camelia Maria, Silviu-Gabriel Stroe, Anca-Mihaela Gâtlan, and Georgiana Gabriela Codină. 2023. "Physicochemical Characteristics and Microstructure of Ancient and Common Wheat Grains Cultivated in Romania" Plants 12, no. 11: 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112138