Interactive Effect of Cultivars, Crop Years and Rootstocks on the Biochemical Traits of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Fruits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Climatic Data Collection
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.3.1. Pomological Traits Determination
2.3.2. Phytochemical Content, Total Monomeric Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Activity Extraction
2.3.3. Total Phenolic Content Determination
2.3.4. Total Monomeric Anthocyanins Determination
2.3.5. Antioxidant Activity Evaluation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Climatic Condition
3.2. Peach Cultivars Biochemical Variability
3.3. Peach Years and Rootstock Biochemical Variability
3.4. Chemometric Elaboration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rootstocks | Origin | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
GF677 | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch x Prunus amygdalus Batsch | Induces high tree vigor, rapid entry into production, high production yields (both dry and irrigated). Superior adaptability even to difficult soils, tolerating active lime levels up to 12%. Tolerates water deficiency and stumpiness fairly well. Poor resistance to Agrobacterium, nematodes and Armillaria. |
Cadaman® Avimag | Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch. x Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Medium-to-high vigor (similar to GF677) with good growth rate. Suitable for fresh, poor and even tendentially asphyctic soils. Induces slight earliness of maturity and increase in size. Resistant to some types of nematodes. Presents some polloniferous aptitude. |
Barrier® | Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch. x Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Slightly lower vigor than GF677. Good anchorage, good-to-high productivity, induces better fruit size and coloration, slightly delays both flowering and ripening. Suitable for replanting. Resistant to some nematodes, asphyctic soils and chlorosants. |
Isthara® | (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. x Prunus salicina Lindl.) x (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. x Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) | Medium vigor, with lower development than “franco” seedling rootstocks, but with good vegetative renewal and decent adaptability. Moderate suckering activity. Induces early fruiting, high yields and good-sized fruit. It is susceptible to Armillaria, but resistant to some nematodes. |
GxN22 (Felinem) | Prunus amygdalus Batsch x Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | In grafted cultivars induces vigor and productivity similar to GF-677 or Hansen 536. High resistance to the main root nematode species that attack Prunus. Adapts well to calciferous soil. Resistant toward chlorosis. |
Ghiaccio-1* | |||||||||||
(A) | Pitted Fruit | Peel | Flesh | ||||||||
Source | D.F. 1 | TA | SSC | SSC:TA | TPC | TMA | AA | TPC | TMA | AA | |
Crop Years (Y) | 2 | 15,254.1 ** | 79.32 ** | 0.68 ** | 776,527 ** | 7.7 ** | 25.5 ** | 201,693 ** | 2.7 ** | 0.96 ** | |
Rootstock (R) | 4 | 661.6 ** | 28.67 ** | 0.02 ns | 70,126.8 ** | 1.5 ** | 22.5 ** | 11,088 ** | 0.7 ** | 1.66 ** | |
Y × R | 5 | 3210.3 * | 64.22 ** | 0.03 ns | 130,864 ** | 2.1 ** | 15.2 ** | 11,878 ** | 0.8 ** | 6.91 ** | |
Within | 75 | 42.8 ns | 44.56 ns | 0.19 ns | 62,892 ns | 0.9 ns | 4.5 ns | 13,910 ns | 1.6 ns | 0.52 ns | |
Total | 89 | 19,877.4 ns | 219.79 ns | 0.92 ns | 1.1 × 106 ns | 12.2 ns | 67.6 ns | 238,570 ns | 5.8 ns | 10.05 ns | |
(B) | TA | SSC | SSC:TA | TPC | TMA | AA | TPC | TMA | AA | ||
ROOTSTOCKS | Barrier® | 48 ± 8 ab | 15.0 ± 1.1 ab | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 235 ± 27 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 1.4 ± 0.1 bc | 96 ± 17 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | |
Cadaman® | 51 ± 7 a | 14.2 ± 0.9 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 223 ± 20 a | 0.9 ± 0.1 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 a | 76 ± 16 ab | 0.3 ± 0.1 b | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | ||
GF677 | 48.0 ± 6 ab | 14.8 ± 1.0 ab | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 155 ± 17 b | 0.7 ± 0.1 b | 1.2 ± 0.1 c | 67 ± 10 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 b | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | ||
GXN22 | 54 ± 6 a | 15.9 ± 1.3 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 204 ± 26 ab | 0.9 ± 0.2 ab | 1.2 ± 0.1 c | 68 ± 8 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | ||
Isthara® | 46 ± 5 b | 14.2 ± 0.8 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 219 ± 12 a | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.6 ± 0.2 b | 88 ± 12 a | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | ||
TA | SSC | SSC:TA | TPC | TMA | AA | TPC | TMA | AA | |||
YEARS | 2011 | 31.5 ± 5.5 b | 13.8 ± 0.8 bc | 0.45 ± 0.08 a | 90 ± 27 b | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | 1.5 ± 0.4 a | 43.8 ± 12.0 b | 0.5 ± 0.3 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | |
2017 | 60.8 ± 11.9 a | 16.0 ± 1.9 a | 0.27 ± 0.05 b | 307 ± 80 a | 1.2 ± 0.3 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 b | 142 ± 36 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | ||
2019 | 55.4 ± 5.1 a | 14.6 ± 0.9 b | 0.26 ± 0.03 b | 223 ± 66 ab | 0.9 ± 0.3 ab | 0.22 ± 0.08 c | 49 ± 20 b | 2.2 ± 0.8 a | 0.7 ± 0.1 a |
Romestar* | |||||||||||
(A) | Pitted Fruits | Peel | Flesh | ||||||||
Source | D.F. 1 | TA | SSC | SSC:TA | TPC | TMA | AA | TPC | TMA | AA | |
Crop Years (Y) | 2 | 20,291.8 * | 6.9 * | 0.04 * | 1.1 × 106 * | 29.3 * | 56.4 * | 132,714 * | 5.74 * | 1.77 * | |
Rootstock (R) | 4 | 12,499.2 * | 22.6 * | 0.05 * | 72,425.7 * | 2.6 * | 1.3 * | 16,196.2 * | 0.56 * | 0.14 * | |
Y × R | 5 | 10,201.6 * | 36.3 * | 0.07 * | 383,575 * | 10.5 * | 1.1 * | 20,998.6 * | 1.94 * | 0.24 * | |
Within | 75 | 8779.4 ns | 35.0 ns | 0.01 ns | 81,072.5 ns | 5.3 ns | 2.7 ns | 2.1 × 105 ns | 0.56 ns | 0.32 ns | |
Total | 89 | 51,772.1 ns | 100.9 ns | 0.16 ns | 1.6 × 106 ns | 47.7 ns | 61.5 ns | 1.9 × 105 ns | 8.81 ns | 2.45 | |
(B) | TA | SSC | SSC:TA | TPC | TMA | AA | TPC | TMA | AA | ||
ROOTSTOCKS | Barrier® | 119 ± 9 a | 14.3 ± 0.8 a | 0.12 ± 0.02 ab | 263 ± 18 b | 1.7 ± 0.4 a | 1.4 ± 0.2 a | 101 ± 17 a | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | |
Cadaman® | 123 ± 11 a | 13.2 ± 0.9 b | 0.11 ± 0.02 ab | 276 ± 11 b | 1.9 ± 0.3 a | 1.5 ± 0.3 a | 81 ± 7 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | ||
GF677 | 131 ± 10 a | 13.5 ± 0.8 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 ab | 282 ± 13 b | 1.9 ± 0.3 a | 1.5 ± 0.3 a | 80 ± 6 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | ||
GxN22 | 115 ± 5 ab | 13.2 ± 0.9 b | 0.12 ± 0.02 ab | 315 ± 18 a | 2.0 ± 0.4 a | 1.6 ± 0.2 a | 81 ± 5 b | 0.7 ± 0.2 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | ||
Isthara® | 96 ± 15 b | 14.5 ± 0.9 a | 0.17 ± 0.07 a | 314 ± 19 a | 1.8 ± 0.2 a | 1.7 ± 0.3 a | 113 ± 12 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | ||
TA | SSC | SSC:TA | TPC | TMA | AA | TPC | TMA | AA | |||
YEARS | 2011 | 95.9 ± 20.8 b | 13.5 ± 1.2 b | 0.15 ± 0.06 a | 145 ± 20 b | 1.3 ± 0.3 b | 0.6 ± 0.3 b | 76 ± 15 b | 0.8 ± 0.3 a | 0.7 ± 0.1 a | |
2017 | 125.4 ± 24.1 a | 14.2 ± 1.0 a | 0.12 ± 0.04 a | 311 ± 73 ab | 2.7 ± 0.6 a | 1.7 ± 0.4 a | 144 ± 37 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | 0.37 ± 0.04 b | ||
2019 | 127.9 ± 15.5 a | 13.6 ± 0.9 b | 0.11 ± 0.02 a | 412 ± 116 a | 2.4 ± 0.4 a | 1.7 ± 0.5 a | 57 ± 13 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 ab | 0.23 ± 0.03 c |
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Ciccoritti, R.; Manganiello, R.; Antonucci, F.; Ceccarelli, D. Interactive Effect of Cultivars, Crop Years and Rootstocks on the Biochemical Traits of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Fruits. Plants 2023, 12, 2325. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122325
Ciccoritti R, Manganiello R, Antonucci F, Ceccarelli D. Interactive Effect of Cultivars, Crop Years and Rootstocks on the Biochemical Traits of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Fruits. Plants. 2023; 12(12):2325. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122325
Chicago/Turabian StyleCiccoritti, Roberto, Rossella Manganiello, Francesca Antonucci, and Danilo Ceccarelli. 2023. "Interactive Effect of Cultivars, Crop Years and Rootstocks on the Biochemical Traits of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Fruits" Plants 12, no. 12: 2325. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122325