Next Article in Journal
Are Protein Cavities and Pockets Commonly Used by Redox Active Signalling Molecules?
Next Article in Special Issue
MsDjB4, a HSP40 Chaperone in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Improves Alfalfa Hairy Root Tolerance to Aluminum Stress
Previous Article in Journal
Response of Maize Seedlings to Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) under Drought Stress
Previous Article in Special Issue
The Global Changes of N6-methyldeoxyadenosine in Response to Low Temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana and Rice
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 12
Issue 14
10.3390/plants12142593
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor OsEF1A Positively Regulates Drought Tolerance and Yield in Rice

by
Qing Gu
,
Junfang Kang
,
Shuang Gao
,
Yarui Zhao
,
Huan Yi
and
Xiaojun Zha
*
College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2593; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142593
Submission received: 8 June 2023 / Revised: 26 June 2023 / Accepted: 2 July 2023 / Published: 8 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Drought is one of the most serious stresses affecting rice growth. Drought stress causes accelerated senescence, reduced fertility, and subsequent reductions in crop yield. Eukaryotic translation elongation factor EF1A is an important multifunctional protein that plays an essential role in the translation of eukaryotic proteins. In this study, we localized and cloned the OsEF1A gene in rice (Oryza sativa) in order to clarify its role in drought tolerance and yield. Subcellular localization revealed that it was mainly localized to the cell membrane, cytoskeleton and nucleus. Compared with the wild-type, OsEF1A overexpressing transgenic plants had significantly more tillers and grains per plant, resulting in a significantly higher yield. Increases in the relative water content and proline content were also observed in the transgenic seedlings under drought stress, with a decrease in the malondialdehyde content, all of which are representative of drought tolerance. Taken together, these findings suggest that OsEF1A plays a positive regulatory role in rice nutritional development under drought stress. These findings will help support future studies aimed at improving yield and stress tolerance in rice at the molecular level, paving the way for a new green revolution.

1. Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important food crops in China; however, abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, flooding and salinity all have a significant effect on crop yield. China’s arid and semi-arid arable land area accounts for about 1/2 of the national land area, and there is a growing trend of expansion. Drought is one of the most frequent, long-lasting and serious natural disasters affecting rice yield, as characterized by decreases in the number of spikelets per panicle, the number of grains per plant and the 1000-grain weight. In China, the increasing population and reductions in arable land are resulting in urgent food shortages and an increased demand for rice, highlighting the need for cultivars possessing increased drought tolerance and improvements in yield [1,2,3].
Drought stress causes accelerated senescence, reduced fertility, and subsequent reductions in crop yield. Accordingly, a number of studies in rice have examined the selection of drought-tolerant varieties [4,5], agronomic cultivation measures [6,7], cellular signaling response mechanisms [8], and stress physiology and related genes [9,10,11] with the aim of understanding the intrinsic mechanisms of drought tolerance. For example, Zha et al. [12] found that overexpression of LRK1 in the LRK gene cluster increased the number of tillers and grains per plant in rice, thereby resulting in an increase in yield. Meanwhile, Kang et al. [13] found that the overexpression of LRK2 increased the effective tiller number, crop yield and enhanced tolerance to certain abiotic stresses. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC), they also revealed an interaction between the LRK2 gene and elongation factor OsEF1A in vitro.
Two types of elongation factors (eEF) exist in plants, tetrameric eEF1 and monomeric eEF2 [14]. The eukaryotic translation elongation factor OsEF1A, a multifunctional protein within the G protein family of translation eEF, plays an important role in the translation of eukaryotic proteins [15]. The OsEF1A complex is formed via a subunit of eEF1 with high affinity for guanosine triphosphate (GTP), mediating the binding of aminyl tRNA to ribosomes [16]. Recent studies have shown that OsEF1A also interacts with a number of proteins involved in plant virus replication and propagation [17,18], mediation of cell death [19,20] and early leaf senescence [21], as well as playing a role in stress resistance [22]. For example, a positive correlation between eEF1A and the protein lysine content was observed in the maize endosperm [23,24], while a role in heat stress was observed in potatoes [25]. Since 1988, a total of four different elongation factors encoding protein synthesis (EF1A) have been cloned in rice [26]; however, few studies have been carried out.
A total of 14 genes encoding EF1A-like proteins have been reported in the rice genome, of which four encode EF1A. Previous studies in indica rice revealed a significant increase in OsEF1A expression under abiotic stress [27]. In this study, we therefore cloned and characterized OsEF1A, and examined transgenic OsEF1A-overexpressing lines, revealing an increase in effective tiller number, yield and drought tolerance compared to wild-type rice. OsEF1A::GUS was expressed mainly in the roots, node, basal stem and anther. Meanwhile, under drought stress, the relative water content, chlorophyll content and proline content increased, while the malondialdehyde content significantly decreased in the OsEF1A-overexpressing plants, all of which led to drought tolerance.

2. Results

2.1. Confirmation of OsEF1A as a Translation Elongation Factor

In rice, OsEF1A encodes 447 amino acids and is thought to consist of three structural domains: a GTP binding domain, domain 2 and domain 3 (Figure 1A). Phylogenetic comparison of EF1A (GenBank accession number: GQ848073.1) between different species revealed the following sequences: DQ174254.1, KU886197.1, NC 038255.2, NC 003070.9, AT1G07920.1, DV858943.1, AF479046.1, EZ421973.1, NC 003076.8 (Figure 1B). Based on these findings, OsEF1A was found to be most closely related to CT841797.1 in wild rice in China (Oryza rufipogon).

2.2. Characteristics of OsEF1A in Rice

To determine the subcellular localization of OsEF1A, the OsEF1A gene was fused to a CFP gene expression vector using the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S) then introduced into onion epidermal cells using the gene gun method. Compared to the control, the 35S::CFP:OsEF1A construct was mainly localized to the cell membrane, cytoskeleton and nucleus under laser confocal microscopy (Figure 2A). To further examine the expression pattern of OsEF1A, an OsEF1A::GUS expression vector was constructed and then transferred into wild-type rice using Agrobacterium rhizogene-mediated gene transformation. Tissue samples were then obtained at the flowering stage for GUS staining and analysis of expression patterns, as shown in Figure 2B. Expression was mainly observed in the roots, node, basal stem and anther. In contrast, no expression was observed in the control wild-type plants.
To determine whether OsEF1A is affected by drought stress, two-week-old wild-type rice seedlings were subjected to 20% PEG6000 treatment then total RNA was extracted at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after treatment and then quantified using real-time PCR. The results showed that OsEF1A expression was induced under drought stress, with an increase of approximately 7.4-fold at 12 h after treatment. Then, it dropped to about 3.3-fold at 24 h (Figure 2C). These findings suggest that increased expression of OsEF1A may be an adaptive response to environmental stress.

2.3. Plasmid Construction and Rice Transformation

To further understand the role of OsEF1A, 2 × 35S::OsEF1A and 2 × 35S::antiOsEF1A plasmids were constructed (Figure 3A). T0 generation plants overexpressing OsEF1A and antisense OsEF1A lines were also obtained by transferring an expression vector containing the full OsEF1A gene into the wild-type using Agrobacterium-mediated transgenic technology. DNA was subsequently extracted from the leaves of seedlings then pCAMBIA1300s vector Hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene-specific primers were used to identify transformation success using Oryza sativa L. spp. Japonica as a negative control (Figure 3B). Amplification of an electrophoretic band approximately 400 bp in size was observed in most seedlings compared to the wild-type. Four T2 generation transgenic lines and the wild-type were selected for expression analysis at the three-leaf stage using real-time PCR. Accordingly, OsEF1A expression was stronger in the OE-1 and OE-4 lines and reduced in AOE-6 and AOE-8 (Figure 3C).

2.4. Overexpression of OsEF1A Improves Rice Yield

To investigate the effect of OsEF1A on yield traits, OsEF1A-overexpressing transgenic lines were cultivated under the same conditions as the wild-type (20 individual plants per line). The following yield components were then examined: number of tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, seed setting rate and the number of grains per plant (Table 1). At the tillering stage, overexpression of OsEF1A resulted in more significant tillers development (Figure 4A), with a significant increase in the effective tiller number of 28.74% and a decrease in plant height of 8.60% compared to the wild-type. Meanwhile, at the mature stage (Figure 4B), the overexpressing plants showed a significant increase in the number of grains per plant (Figure 4C) but a decrease in both the 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate. The number of grains per plant is affected by the number of primary and secondary branching, which were also counted in the overexpressing and wild-type plants. Accordingly, an increase in both primary and secondary branching was observed in the transgenic compared to wild-type plants (Table 1, Figure 4D). These results indicate that the OsEF1A gene positively regulates tillering and yield in rice.

2.5. Overexpression of OsEF1A Improves Drought Resistance in Rice

The phenotypes of wild-type rice, OsEF1A-overexpressing rice (OE-1 and OE-4) and the OsEF1A-antisense lines (AOE-6 and AOE-8) were subsequently investigated under drought stress. The germination rates of the transgenic and wild-type plants were first analyzed under drought treatment to confirm the role of OsEF1A in drought tolerance. After treatment for 4 days, the germination rates were significantly higher in the OE-1 and OE-4 lines than the wild-type, while those in AOE-6 and AOE-8 were lower (Figure 5A,B). The seedlings were then treated with 20% PEG 6000 for 14 days, resulting in yellowing of the leaf tips on all plants after treatment for 5 days. And after treatment for 10 days, the OE-1 and OE-14 lines showed less wilting than the wild-type, while the AOE-6 and AOE-8 lines were severely affected (Figure 5C). For all lines, the treatment ends on day 10 and culture is resumed with water. The OE-1 and OE-4 lines were significantly greater compared to the wild-type. Survival rates were 62.5 and 68.75% in the OE-1 and OE-4 lines compared to significantly lower rates of 12.5 and 14.58% in AOE-6 and AOE-8, respectively (Figure 5D). These results suggest that survival under drought stress was significantly better in the OsEF1A-overexpressing plants compared to the wild-type, suggesting that the overexpression of OsEF1A plays a positive role in regulating the drought stress response in rice.
The relative water content, malondialdehyde, proline and chlorophyll contents were subsequently measured in the wild-type and overexpressing plants after 4 d of drought stress treatment. The relative water content and proline content increased significantly in the overexpressing lines compared to wild-type plants (Figure 6A). Proline is involved in osmoregulation within the cell, osmotic balance inside and outside, and integrity of the cell membranes (Figure 6B). Meanwhile, malondialdehyde, which is an important indicator of membrane oxidative damage, decreased in the overexpressing plants compared to the wild-type, indicating an effective reduction in oxidative damage under drought stress (Figure 6C). In contrast, no significant differences in chlorophyll content were observed between the different lines (Figure 6D). Taken together, these results suggest that overexpression of OsEF1A improves drought resistance in rice.

3. Discussion

Drought is one of the most severe and widespread natural disasters in the world. Drought poses a serious threat to food and ecological security and has become one of the major constraints of sustainable development in socio-economic systems [28]. In this study, we identified the function of the translation elongation factor OsEF1A in rice yield and drought stress. The results showed an increase in yield in rice plants overexpressing OsEF1A, with significant increases in effective tiller number and grains per plant compared to the wild-type. In addition, the overexpressing plants also showed greater drought tolerance under drought stress. OsEF1A was mainly localized in the cell membrane, cytoskeleton and nucleus, and was expressed in the roots, node, basal stem and anthers. Under the 20% PEG6000 treated, the OsEF1A was increased at 12 h. These results highlight the potential of OsEF1A in improving rice yield in arid regions.
Earlier studies revealed that overexpression of certain genes results in an increase in crop yield or enhanced abiotic stress resistance [29,30,31,32]. For example, overexpression of RAG2, a rice 16-kDa amylase/trypsin inhibitor, significantly increased rice grain size and 1000-kernel weight and improved both grain quality and yield, with significant differences in major seed storage material between the RAG2-high-expressing and RAG2-inhibiting strains compared with the wild type. Protein content and total lipid content were increased and decreased in the RAG2 high expression and RAG2 suppressor strains, respectively [33]. Meanwhile, overexpression of OsbHLH120 resulted in an increase in drought stress resistance and increased expression of ABA synthesis genes [34]. In addition, blocking of Osa-miR1871 was found to improve resistance to rice blast fungus and simultaneously improve grain yield. Moreover, miR1871 was found to regulate rice yield and immunity through MFAP1, suggesting that the miR8171-MFAP1 module could be used for rice breeding aimed at improved immunity and yield [35]. Meanwhile, heterologous overexpression of OsbZIP5 in Arabidopsis reduced root length and drought tolerance under polyethylene glycol and abscisic acid treatments, while down-regulation of OsbZIP5 gene expression improved physiological indicators (such as proline, malondialdehyde and chlorophyll) and reduced stomatal opening and water loss in transgenic rice, acting as a negative regulator under drought stress in rice [36].
Branches occur below or near the ground in plants such as grasses. It arises from the more expanded and nutrient-rich tiller nodes. The tiller that emanates directly from the tiller node at the base of the main stem is called primary tiller, and new tiller buds and adventitious roots can be produced at the base of primary tiller to form secondary tiller. Under good conditions, the third and fourth level tillers can be formed. As a result, a plant forms with many branches clumped together. Tillering is an important factor for yield, and accordingly, several genes associated with tillering have been identified [37,38,39]. For example, OsWUS [40] was found to promote growth of rice tillering shoots by affecting apical dominance; Rice euAP2-like transcription factor OsAP2-4 may be involved in the regulation of axillary bud differentiation and lateral branch elongation through the regulation of the solanum lactone signaling pathway, which affects the regulation of rice tillering and plant establishment [41]; while LAZY1 [42] and LAZY2 [43] were found to regulate the angle of tillering. In addition, in recent years, it has also been found that plant hormones also have important effects on rice tillering, such as growth hormone, cytokinin and diclofenac lactone. Growth hormone and diclofenac lactone inhibit the growth and development of tillering buds, while cytokinin promotes the growth of tillering buds, and plant genes such as oleuropein lactone and jasmonic acid also affect rice tillering to some extent [44,45,46]. In this study, The transgenic strain overexpressing OsEF1A, a downstream protein that interacts with the LRK gene, showed a significant increase in the effective number of tillers and grains per plant, and the GUS staining results showed that OsEF1A was expressed at the root-stem union and at the base of each stem node indicating that OsEF1A has an extremely important effect on the gene for tillering during plant growth and development, consistent with the fact that the overexpression of LRK1 and LRK2 both increased the effective number of tillers in rice, and LRK1 also increased the number of grains per plant, but LRK2 did not increase the affiliation per plant very significantly, indicating that the overexpression of OsEF1A has a regulatory role in improving rice yield. However, the agronomic trait statistics revealed that the plant height, thousand grain weight and fruiting rate of the overexpression strain were significantly lower than those of the wild type, which might be related to the increase in tiller number, while the uptake of nutrients in the low medium by the roots was fixed, leading to a decrease in organic matter synthesis and a significant decrease in stem node length and fruiting rate. The specific mechanism of the OsEF1A gene on rice tiller number improvement is still unclear and more in-depth studies are needed.
During the growth of rice, a large amount of water is required. Drought stress decreases the water potential in the soil, resulting in the inability of cells to maintain expansion pressure, accompanied by an increase in the content of reactive oxygen species in the cells, which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules such as membrane lipids and proteins, leading to yield reduction or death of rice. When rice resists drought stress, it will cause a series of physiological and biochemical reactions in the rice plant, such as the synthesis of some antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CTA) to remove excessive reactive oxygen species from the cells or accumulate a certain level of soluble sugars and proline in the cells to maintain osmoregulation, retain water and maintain the conformation of biomolecules [47]. To demonstrate that the overexpression of OsEF1A and LRK2 also possess similar traits, the relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde and chlorophyll contents were measured in wild-type and transgenic plants after 4 days of drought stress. The relative water content increased by approximately 6.64% in the overexpressing compared to wild-type strains, suggesting a greater water retention capacity in the transgenic plants. Meanwhile, the proline content increased by 5.91% in the overexpressing plants, further reflecting resistance to stress, since drought-resistant varieties tend to accumulate more proline [48,49]. In contrast, malondialdehyde, an organic substance produced by peroxidation of plant tissues or organ membranes under stress, decreased by approximately 19.46% in the overexpressing compared to wild-type plants, which as with proline, indicates stress tolerance [10,50]. Meanwhile, no significant difference in the chlorophyll content was observed between the overexpressing and wild-type plants.
Based on this study, overexpression of OsEF1A is thought to increase yield by increasing the effective number of tillers and number of grains per plant, as well as causing an increase in drought tolerance. OsEF1A is therefore considered a useful tool for crop improvements in arid lands. Further research is now required to determine the underlying mechanisms.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plasmid Construction and Transformation

The full-length OsEF1A gene was amplified from the CDS of the rice cultivar Nipponbare using the specific primers 1300-OsEF-BamHI-F (ATGGGTAAGGAGAAGACGCACATCA) and 1300-OsEF-PstI-R (AGCGTAATCTGGAACATCGTATGGGTA). It was then inserted into the pCAMBIA 1300-2 × 35S vector and transferred into Nipponbare using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to obtain OsEF1A overexpressing and antisense strains.

4.2. Subcellular Localization of OsEF1A

To determine the subcellular localization of OsEF1A, codon-free OsEF1A was amplified by PCR using the specific primers 1300-OsEF-F (ATGGGTAAGGAGAAGACGCACATCA) and 1300-OsEF-R (AGCGTAATCTGGAACATCGTATGGGTA). The amplification product was then purified and fused to the pCAMBIA1301-CFP vector using T4 ligase then the resulting 35S::CFP:OsEF1A construct was introduced into onion epidermal cells using the gene gun method. Fluorescence signals were then observed using a laser scanning confocal microscope.

4.3. Promoter–GUS Analysis

To construct a OsEF1A::GUS vector, the promoter of OsEF1A was amplified from rice genomic DNA using the specific primers pBI121-pro-EF-HindIII-F (TTGAAGCTT AAGTCGGTTGAGATGCACCACG) and pBI121-pro-EF-BamHI-R (CCAGGATCC ATGAAAGGGCTTAACAGAAGTGGAAAC). The PCR product was then purified using T4 ligase and cloned into the pBI121 vector. The cloned vector was introduced into rice via Agrobacterium-mediated introduction. Root, node, basal stem, sheath samples and anther samples were then obtained at the seedling and flowering stages from the wild-type plants and OsEF1A::GUS plants for GUS staining.

4.4. Total RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis

Total RNA was extracted from the rice leaves using a RNA Extraction Kit (TIANGEN, Hefei, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions then placed at −80 °C. The extracted RNA was then placed in PCR tubes, and cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription using a Reverse Transcription Kit (CWBIO, Taizhou, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RT-PCR and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR were then performed using the diluted reaction products as templates.

4.5. Growing Conditions

Wild-type and transgenic seeds were soaked in water then placed in an artificial climate chamber at 37 °C for germination. After germination, seeds were then transferred to 96-well plates and incubated at 28 °C under a photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark. After 14 days of growth, they were subjected to drought stress induced by 20% PEG6000. Seedlings were then sampled at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, frozen in liquid nitrogen and placed in a freezer at −80 °C for total plant RNA extraction.

4.6. Drought Stress Treatment

A total of 50 wild-type and 50 transgenic seeds were soaked in distilled water and 20% PEG6000 solution then examined for germination 4 days after drought treatment. Rice seedlings grown under normal conditions were allowed to grow to the three-leaf stage (14 days) then treated with 20% PEG6000. The phenotypes of the rice seedlings were observed and photographed at different time points until the wild-type plants showed curled leaves, at which point culture was restored with water. After recovery, survival was calculated by counting the number of plants with green, healthy young leaves.

4.7. Measurements of Agronomic Traits

Agronomic traits were observed in the experimental field at Jinhua in Zhejiang province. At maturity, plant height and the effective number of tillers per plant were measured in the field in approximately 20 plants per plant line. Individual plants were also marked for seed collection. Collected seeds were counted for seed setting rate and the number of grains per plant, and full seeds were used to measure the 1000-grain weight.

4.8. Analysis of the Relative Water, Chlorophyll, Prolinecontent and Malondialdehyde Content

The relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline content and malondialdehyde content of two-week-old rice seedlings were measured on the fourth day of drought treatment, where the relative water content was determined by the method of Chen et al. [51]. Chlorophyll content, according to the method of Udawat et al. [52]; proline and malondialdehyde, according to the method of An et al. [53].

4.9. Data Analysis

Data were averaged under each experimental treatment and analyzed using SPSS 21 software with one- (ANOVA) or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and S-N-K multiple comparison tests (differences were significant at p < 0.05). Excel 2019 software was used for all analyses.

5. Conclusions

In summary, the aim of this paper is to investigate the molecular characteristics and biological functions of the OsEF1A gene in rice. The results showed that OsEF1A was mainly localized in the cell membrane, cytoskeleton and nucleus. It was expressed in the root, root-stem union, the base of each stem node and anther. Overexpression of OsEF1A increased the effective number of tillers, the number of primary and secondary branching peduncles, single plant yield and grain length in rice, although the fruit set rate of rice was reduced. In addition, overexpression of OsEF1A could also improve the drought resistance of rice at the seedling stage to some extent, through changes in intracellular malondialdehyde, proline and relative water content in response to drought stress. This study will provide a promising genetic resource for rice breeding and pave the way for a new green revolution.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.Z. and Q.G.; methodology, J.K., S.G. and Q.G.; formal analysis, Q.G. and Y.Z.; investigation, J.K., S.G. and Q.G.; data curation, Q.G., Y.Z. and H.Y.; writing-Original Draft, Q.G.; writing-Review & Editing, Q.G. and H.Y.; supervision, X.Z.; funding acquisition, X.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. LY20C130003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31000741) and the National College Students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training program (Grant No. 201810345020).

Data Availability Statement

We obtained the complete gene field and CDS sequence of OsEF1A from NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 1 July 2023) and predicted the protein structure using the online software interpro (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/, accessed on 1 July 2023). All other data supporting this result are included in the article.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to all the people and units involved in this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

References

  1. Gong, Z.Z.; Xiong, L.M.; Shi, H.Z. Plant abiotic stress response and nutrient use efficiency. Sci. China Life Sci. 2020, 63, 635–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Mi, J.Y.; Lu, Z.X.; Chen, H.P. Effects of different drought stresses on root tip growth of the main root of rice seedlings. Mol. Plant Breed. 2022, 19, 6451–6458. [Google Scholar]
  3. Ni, S.H.; Wang, H.L.; Liu, J.N.; Gu, Y. Analysis of the characteristics and causes of agricultural drought disasters in China. Chin. Agron. Bull. 2022, 38, 106–111. [Google Scholar]
  4. Swamy, B.P.M.; Kumar, A. Genomics-based precision breeding approaches to improve drought tolerance in rice. Biotechnol. Adv. 2013, 31, 1308–1318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Hu, L.L.; Li, J.; Zhang, M.S.; Zhang, H.; Yang, K. Selection and breeding of high-yielding and high-quality drought-tolerant rice variety Yongdry 1 and dry-seeding cultivation technology. Anhui Agron. Bull. 2021, 27, 87–108. [Google Scholar]
  6. Huang, D.Y. Water-saving and drought-resistant high-yield cultivation techniques for Shouxian Green 639 rice. Mod. Agric. Technol. 2021, 14, 15–18. [Google Scholar]
  7. Huang, J.P.; Wang, B.F.; Zhao, X.L.; Zhao, F.; Chen, S.Y.; Li, Y.; Cheng, J.P. Research on drought-resistant and water-saving rice cultivation and genetic breeding technology. Hubei Agric. Sci. 2015, 54, 6113–6117. [Google Scholar]
  8. Xu, W.; Tang, W.; Wang, C.; Ge, L.; Sun, J.; Qi, X.; He, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, J.; Xu, Z.; et al. SiMYB56Confers Drought Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Rice by Regulating Lignin Biosynthesis and ABA Signaling Pathway. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11, 785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Shukla, N.; Awasthi, R.P.; Rawat, L. Biochemical and physiological responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by Trichoderma Harzianum Under Drought Stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2012, 54, 78–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Zhang, Y.X.; Chen, L. Overexpression of the receptor-like kinase gene OsNRRB enhances drought-stress tolerance in rice. Euphytica 2017, 213, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Suin, Y.; Dong-Keun, L.; In, J.Y.; Youn, S.K.; Yang, D.C.; Ju-Kon, K. Overexpression of the OsbZIP66 transcription factor enhances drought tolerance of rice plants. Plant Biotechnol. 2017, 11, 53–62. [Google Scholar]
  12. Zha, X.; Luo, X.; Qian, X.; He, G.; Yang, M.; Li, Y.; Yang, J. Over-expression of the rice LRK1 gene improves quantitative yield components. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2009, 7, 611–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Kang, J.F.; Li, J.M.; Gao, S.; Tian, C.; Zha, X. Overexpression of the leucine-rich receptor-like kinasegene LRK2 increases drought tolerance and tiller number in rice. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2017, 15, 1175–1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Riis, B.; Rattan, S.I.; Clark, B.F. Eukaryotic protein elongation factors. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1990, 15, 420–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Gregers, R.A.; Louis, V.; Lise, P.; Kinzy, T.G.; Nyborg, J. Crystal structures of nucleotide exchange intermediates in the eEF1A–eEF1Bα complex. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2001, 8, 531–534. [Google Scholar]
  16. Dever, T.E.; Green, R. The Elongation, Termination, and Recycling Phases of Translation in Eukaryotes. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2012, 4, a013706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Shopan, J.; Lv, X.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, M.; Yang, J. Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factors Shape RNA Viruses Resistance in Plants. Hortic. Plant J. 2020, 6, 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Komoda, K.; Ishibashi, K.; Kawamura-Nagaya, K.; Ishikawa, M. Possible involvement of eEF1A in Tomato spotted wilt virus RNA synthesis. Virology 2014, 468, 81–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Stoianov, A.M.; Robson, D.L.; Hetherington, A.M.; Sawyez, C.G.; Borradaile, N.M. Elongation Factor 1A-1 Is a Mediator of Hepatocyte Lipotoxicity Partly through Its Canonical Function in Protein Synthesis. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0131269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Wang, S.A.; Lei, C.L.; Wang, J.L.; Yang, M.; Kong, F.; Meng, Q. SPL33, encoding an eEF1A-like protein, negatively regulates cell death and defense responses in rice. Exp. Bot. 2017, 68, 899–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Sun, D.; Ji, X.; Jia, Y.; Huo, D.; Si, S.; Zeng, L.; Zhang, Y.; Niu, L. LreEF1A4, a Translation Elongation Factor from Lilium regale, Is Pivotal for Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Tobacco Rattle Virus Infections and Tolerance to Salt and Drought. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Chen, J.Z.; Zhang, Z.; Dai, J. Plant protein synthesis elongation factors. Plant Physiol. Newsl. 2002, 38, 406–412. [Google Scholar]
  23. Sun, Y.; Carneiro, N.; Clore, A.M.; Moro, G.L.; Habben, J.E.; Larkins, B.A. Characterization of maize elongation factor 1A and its relationship to protein quality in the endosperm. Plant Physiol. 1997, 115, 1101–1107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Carneiro, N.P.; Hughes, P.A.; Larkins, B.A. The eEFIA gene family is differentially expressed in maize endosperm. Plant Mol. Biol. 1999, 41, 801–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Momcilovic, I.; Pantelic, D.; Zdravkovic-Korac, S.; Oljaca, J.; Rudic, J.; Fu, J. Heat-induced accumulation of protein synthesis elongation factor 1A implies an important role in heat tolerance in potato. Planta 2016, 244, 671–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Kidou, S.; Ejiri, S. Isolation, characterization and mRNA expression of four cDNAs encoding translation elongation factor 1A from rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Mol. Biol. 1988, 36, 137–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Li, Z.Y.; Chen, S.Y. Inducible expression of the rice translation elongation factor 1A gene under environmental factor stress. J. Bot. 1999, 41, 800–806. [Google Scholar]
  28. Zhang, Q.; Yao, Y.B.; Li, Y.H.; Huang, J.P.; Ma, Z.G.; Wang, Z.L.; Wang, S.P.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y. Causes and Changes of Drought in China: Research Progress and Prospects. J. Meteorol. Res. 2020, 34, 460–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. He, Q.; Yang, L.; Hu, W.; Zhang, J.; Xing, Y. Overexpression of an auxin receptor OsAFB6 significantly enhanced grain yield by increasing cytokinin and decreasing auxin concentrations in rice panicle. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 14051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Bang, S.W.; Lee, D.K.; Jung, H.; Chung, P.J.; Kim, Y.S.; Choi, Y.D.; Suh, J.W.; Kim, J.K. Overexpression of OsTF1L, a rice HD-Zip transcription factor, promotes lignin biosynthesis and stomatal closure that improves drought tolerance. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2019, 17, 118–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Kumar, V.V.S.; Yadav, S.K.; Verma, R.K.; Shrivastava, S.; Ghimire, O.; Pushkar, S.; Rao, M.V.; Kumar, T.S.; Chinnusamy, V. The abscisic acid receptor OsPYL6 confers drought tolerance to indica rice through dehydration avoidance and tolerance mechanisms. J. Exp. Bot. 2021, 72, 1411–1431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Mao, H.D.; Jian, C.; Cheng, X.X.; Chen, B.; Mei, F.; Li, F.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.; Du, L.; Li, T.; et al. The wheat ABA receptor gene TaPYL1-1B contributes to drought tolerance and grain yield by increasing water-use efficiency. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2021, 20, 846–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Zhou, W.; Wang, X.; Zhou, D.; Ouyang, Y.; Yao, J. Overexpression of the 16-kDa alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor RAG2 improves grain yield and quality of rice. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2017, 15, 568–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Shi, W.B.; Yang, F.; Liu, J.; Gao, J.; Chen, W.T.; Jiang, D.G. Overexpression of OsbHLH120 gene improved drought resistance at seedling stage of rice. Genom. Appl. Biol. 2019, 38, 5558–5563. [Google Scholar]
  35. Li, Y.; Li, T.T.; He, X.R.; Zhu, Y.; Feng, Q.; Yang, X.M.; Zhou, X.H.; Li, G.B.; Ji, Y.P.; Zhao, J.H.; et al. Blocking Osa-miR1871 enhances rice resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae and yield. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2021, 20, 646–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Tong, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhao, L.L.; Lian, J.; Liu, X.M. The transcription factor OsbZIP5 negatively regulates drought tolerance in rice. Chin. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2021, 37, 798–810. [Google Scholar]
  37. Gao, H.B.; Wang, W.G.; Wang, Y.H.; Liang, Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying plant architecture and its environmental plasticity in rice. Mol. Breed. 2019, 39, 167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Zhao, D.D.; Park, J.R.; Jang, Y.H.; Kim, E.G.; Du, X.X.; Farooq, M.; Yun, B.J.; Kim, K.M. Identification of One Major QTL and a Novel Gene OsIAA17q5 Associated with Tiller Number in Rice Using QTL Analysis. Plants 2022, 11, 538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Wu, X.M.; Li, S.F.; Hu, R.; He, R.; Jiao, R.; Mao, Y.J.; Lu, C.M.; Hu, J.; Lin, H.; Wu, R.L.; et al. Cloning and functional study of the rice tiller regulatory gene HTD3. China Rice Sci. 2021, 35, 535–542. [Google Scholar]
  40. Xia, T.Y.; Chen, H.Q.; Dong, S.J.; Ma, Z.; Ren, H.; Zhu, X.; Fang, X.; Chen, F. OsWUS promotes tiller bud growth by establishing weak apical dominance in rice. Plant J. 2020, 104, 1635–1647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Liu, Y.L.; Fan, J.Y.; Chen, X.F.; Xu, S.Y.; Zhang, D.B.; Yuan, Z. Preliminary study on the role of OsAP2-4 in regulating rice tillers development. Plant Physiol. J. 2022, 58, 817–824. [Google Scholar]
  42. Zhu, M.; Hu, Y.J.; Tong, A.Z.; Yan, B.; Lv, Y.; Wang, S.; Ma, W.; Cui, Z.; Wang, X. LAZY1 Controls Tiller Angle and Shoot Gravitropism by Regulating the Expression of Auxin Transporters and Signaling Factors in Rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 2021, 61, 2111–2125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Huang, L.Z.; Wang, W.G.; Zhang, N.; Cai, Y.; Liang, Y.; Meng, X.; Yuan, Y.; Li, J.; Wu, D.; Wang, Y. LAZY2 controls rice tiller angle through regulating starch biosynthesis in gravity-sensing cells. New Phytol. 2021, 231, 1073–1087. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Leyser, O. Regulation of shoot branching by auxin. Trends Plant Sci. 2003, 8, 541–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Chen, C.Y.; Zou, J.H.; Zhang, S.Y.; Zaitlin, D.; Zhu, L.H. Strigolactones are a new-defined class of plant hormones which inhibit shoot branching and mediate the interaction of plant-AM fungi and plant-parasitic weeds. Sci. China Ser. C-Life Sci. 2009, 52, 693–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Leyser, O. The fall and rise of apical dominance. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2005, 15, 468–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Xie, H.; Yang, L.; Li, Z.G. The role of proline in the development of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Biotechnol. Bull. 2011, 2, 23–27. [Google Scholar]
  48. Hayat, S.; Hayat, Q.; Alyemeni, M.N.; Wani, A.S.; Pichtel, J.; Ahmad, A. Role of proline under changing environments: A review. Plant Signal. Behav. 2012, 7, 1456–1466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Wang, Y.W.; Deng, C.; Ai, P.F.; Cui, X.A.; Zhang, Z.G. ALM1, encoding a Fe-superoxide dismutase, is critical for rice chloroplast biogenesis and drought stress response. Crop J. 2021, 9, 1018–1029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Wang, S.J.; Zhuang, K.Y.; Zhang, S.; Yang, M.; Kong, F.; Meng, Q. Overexpression of a tomato carotenoid epsilon-hydroxylase gene (SlLUT1) improved the drought tolerance of transgenic tobacco. J. Plant Physiol. 2018, 222, 103–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Chen, Z.K.; Xu, W.W.; Nie, J.; Khan, A.; Cao, C.G.; Li, P. Drought Stress Intensity, Duration and Its Resistance Impact on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedling. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2020, 18, 469–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Udawat, P.; Jha, R.K.; Sinha, D.; Mishra, A.; Jha, B. Overexpression of a cytosolic abiotic stress responsive universal stress protein (SbUSP) mitigates salt and osmotic stress in transgenic tobacco plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  53. An, D.; Ma, Q.; Yan, W.; Zhou, W.; Liu, G.; Zhang, P. Divergent regulation of CBF regulon on cold tolerance and plant phenotype in cassava overexpressing Arabidopsis CBF3 gene. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Plants 12 02593 g001 550
Figure 1. Sequence analysis of the OsEF1A gene. (A) Schematic diagram of the EF1A protein. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of the EF1A gene sequence with other homologous sequences.
Figure 1. Sequence analysis of the OsEF1A gene. (A) Schematic diagram of the EF1A protein. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of the EF1A gene sequence with other homologous sequences.
Plants 12 02593 g001
Plants 12 02593 g002 550
Figure 2. Subcellular localization and expression of OsEF1A in different rice tissues. (A) Subcellular localization of OsEF1A. (B) GUS staining of the roots, node, basal stem and anthers from GUS-positive plants (bar: 500 um). (C) Expression analysis of OsEF1A in wild-type rice seedlings under drought treatment using real-time PCR. Each column represents an average of three replicates and bars represent the margin of error (MOCK is 20%PEG 0h).
Figure 2. Subcellular localization and expression of OsEF1A in different rice tissues. (A) Subcellular localization of OsEF1A. (B) GUS staining of the roots, node, basal stem and anthers from GUS-positive plants (bar: 500 um). (C) Expression analysis of OsEF1A in wild-type rice seedlings under drought treatment using real-time PCR. Each column represents an average of three replicates and bars represent the margin of error (MOCK is 20%PEG 0h).
Plants 12 02593 g002
Plants 12 02593 g003 550
Figure 3. Expression of OsEF1A in transgenic rice (WT is wild type, OE-1 and 0E-4 are overexpression lines). (A) Schematic diagram of OsEF1A high- and low-expression vectors pCAMBIA1300-2X35S::OsEF1A and pCAMBIA1300-2X35S::antiOsEF1A, respectively. (B) Transgenic identification of OsEF1A and antiOsEF1A. (CK stands for wild type and the numbers represent different transgenic strains.) (C) Real-time PCR analysis of OsEF1A expression in transgenic plants.
Figure 3. Expression of OsEF1A in transgenic rice (WT is wild type, OE-1 and 0E-4 are overexpression lines). (A) Schematic diagram of OsEF1A high- and low-expression vectors pCAMBIA1300-2X35S::OsEF1A and pCAMBIA1300-2X35S::antiOsEF1A, respectively. (B) Transgenic identification of OsEF1A and antiOsEF1A. (CK stands for wild type and the numbers represent different transgenic strains.) (C) Real-time PCR analysis of OsEF1A expression in transgenic plants.
Plants 12 02593 g003
Plants 12 02593 g004 550
Figure 4. Phenotypes of wild-type and OsEF1A-overexpressing plants. (A) Comparison of wild-type (WT) and transgenic lines at the tillering stage (bar: 20 cm) and (B) at maturity stage (bar: 20 cm). (C) Comparison of the number of grains per plant (bar: 2 cm). (D) Primary and secondary branching peduncles (bar: 2 cm).
Figure 4. Phenotypes of wild-type and OsEF1A-overexpressing plants. (A) Comparison of wild-type (WT) and transgenic lines at the tillering stage (bar: 20 cm) and (B) at maturity stage (bar: 20 cm). (C) Comparison of the number of grains per plant (bar: 2 cm). (D) Primary and secondary branching peduncles (bar: 2 cm).
Plants 12 02593 g004
Plants 12 02593 g005 550
Figure 5. Performance of OsEF1A transgenic plants under drought stress. (A) Phenotypes of wild-type (WT) and transgenic lines following 20% PEG6000-induced drought treatment for 4 days. (B) Germination rates plants following 20%PEG6000 treatment. (C) Performance of the OsEF1A transgenic plants under drought stress. (D) Survival rates after recovery. ** is p < 0.01 based on the student’s t-test.
Figure 5. Performance of OsEF1A transgenic plants under drought stress. (A) Phenotypes of wild-type (WT) and transgenic lines following 20% PEG6000-induced drought treatment for 4 days. (B) Germination rates plants following 20%PEG6000 treatment. (C) Performance of the OsEF1A transgenic plants under drought stress. (D) Survival rates after recovery. ** is p < 0.01 based on the student’s t-test.
Plants 12 02593 g005
Plants 12 02593 g006 550
Figure 6. Physiological data on the fourth day of drought stress. (A) Relative water content, (B) malondialdehyde, (C) proline, (D) and chlorophyll contents of the wildtype and overexpressing plants. * p < 0.05 based on the student’s t-test.
Figure 6. Physiological data on the fourth day of drought stress. (A) Relative water content, (B) malondialdehyde, (C) proline, (D) and chlorophyll contents of the wildtype and overexpressing plants. * p < 0.05 based on the student’s t-test.
Plants 12 02593 g006
Table
Table 1. Yield components in the wild-type (WT) and transgenic OsEF1A-overexpressing plants.
Table 1. Yield components in the wild-type (WT) and transgenic OsEF1A-overexpressing plants.
Plant
Line		Tiller Number per
Plant (cm)		Plant Height
(cm)		1000-Grain
Weight (g)		Seed Setting
Rate (%)		Grain Number
per Plant		Primary BranchesSecondary Branches
WT16.23 ± 1.7580.17 ± 2.9425.68 ± 1.0992.5 ± 4.71052.4 ± 123.77.83 ± 1.6014.67 ± 2.42
OE-121.47 ± 2.25 **72.42 ± 2.77 **23.20 ± 1.02 **85 ± 7.26 **1371.4 ± 117.6 **8.83 ± 1.47 *17.52 ± 1.78 **
OE-420.32 ± 1.97 **74.13 ± 2.15 **23.07 ± 1.06 **87 ± 6.54 **1269.2 ± 101.9 **8.22 ± 1.17 *17.03 ± 1.26 **
n > 20, “*” is p < 0.05, “**” is p < 0.01, representing significant differences and based on the student’s t-test.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gu, Q.; Kang, J.; Gao, S.; Zhao, Y.; Yi, H.; Zha, X. Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor OsEF1A Positively Regulates Drought Tolerance and Yield in Rice. Plants 2023, 12, 2593. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142593

AMA Style

Gu Q, Kang J, Gao S, Zhao Y, Yi H, Zha X. Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor OsEF1A Positively Regulates Drought Tolerance and Yield in Rice. Plants. 2023; 12(14):2593. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142593

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gu, Qing, Junfang Kang, Shuang Gao, Yarui Zhao, Huan Yi, and Xiaojun Zha. 2023. "Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor OsEF1A Positively Regulates Drought Tolerance and Yield in Rice" Plants 12, no. 14: 2593. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142593

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop