Effects of Harvesting Time on Fruit Development Process and Oil Content of Selected Iranian and Foreign Olive Cultivars under Subtropical Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Cluster Analysis, Heat Map Analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Site, Layout, Cultivars, and Harvesting Times
4.2. Growth Parameters
4.3. Fruit Oil Content
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variance | Oil Content (% FW) | Oil Content (% DW) |
---|---|---|
Cultivar | ||
Shengeh | 5.74 ± 3.3 bc | 15.30 ± 8.4 bcd |
Roughani | 8.56 ± 5.2 a | 20.02 ± 11.4 a |
Konservolia | 6.06 ± 3.7 b | 16.54 ± 9.8 b |
Zard Aliabad | 5.12 ± 3.1 cde | 15.50 ± 8.4 bc |
Dezful | 4.81 ± 3.1 e | 13.87 ± 8.5 de |
Sevillana | 5.03 ± 3.1 de | 13.65 ± 7.9 e |
Manzanilla | 5.51 ± 3.4 bcd | 15.02 ± 8.7 cde |
Mission | 6.11 ± 3.3 b | 16.52 ± 8.5 b |
Harvesting time | ||
20-July | 1.73 ± 0.4 f | 5.09 ± 0.9 f |
5-August | 2.65 ± 0.5 e | 7.49 ± 1.0 e |
20-August | 3.10 ± 0.6 e | 8.71 ± 1.0 e |
5-September | 5.14 ± 1.4 d | 14.10 ± 2.8 d |
20-September | 7.35 ± 1.6 c | 19.62 ± 2.6 c |
6-October | 9.50 ± 1.7 b | 25.25 ± 3.1 b |
21-October | 11.60 ± 2.1 a | 30.37 ± 3.1 a |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | ||
Shengeh × 20-July | 1.43 ± 0.2 t | 4.25 ± 0.3 yz |
Shengeh × 5-August | 3.06 ± 0.2 pqrst | 8.37 ± 0.4 tuvwxyz |
Shengeh × 20-August | 3.36 ± 0.1 opqrst | 9.41 ± 0.4 tuvwxy |
Shengeh × 5-September | 4.75 ± 0.2 lmnopq | 13.07 ± 0.3 qrst |
Shengeh × 20-September | 7.30 ± 0.4 hijk | 19.05 ± 0.6 klmnop |
Shengeh × 6-October | 9.07 ± 0.4 defgh | 24.00 ± 0.9 fghijk |
Shengeh × 21-October | 11.18 ± 0.4 bcd | 28.97 ± 1.6 bcdef |
Roughani × 20-July | 2.32 ± 0.2 qrst | 5.64 ± 0.4 xyz |
Roughani × 5-August | 3.67 ± 0.3 nopqrst | 9.16 ± 0.9 tuvwxyz |
Roughani × 20-August | 4.22 ± 0.3 mnopqrs | 10.17 ± 0.3 stuvwx |
Roughani × 5-September | 8.35 ± 0.2 efghi | 20.40 ± 0.5 jklmnop |
Roughani × 20-September | 10.81 ± 0.5 cde | 24.86 ± 0.9 efghij |
Roughani × 6-October | 13.61 ± 0.9 b | 32.23 ± 1.8 b |
Roughani × 21-October | 16.96 ± 0.9 a | 37.67 ± 1.3 a |
Konservolia × 20-July | 1.96 ± 0.1 st | 5.61 ± 0.4 xyz |
Konservolia × 5-August | 2.31 ± 0.2 qrst | 6.43 ± 0.4 wxyz |
Konservolia × 20-August | 2.81 ± 0.2 qrst | 8.00 ± 0.7 tuvwxyz |
Konservolia × 5-September | 5.53 ± 0.3 klmnop | 15.37 ± 1.1 pqrs |
Konservolia × 20-September | 7.92 ± 0.3 ghijk | 21.33 ± 0.5 jklmno |
Konservolia × 6-October | 10.25 ± 0.4 cdefg | 27.33 ± 1.3 bcdefgh |
Konservolia × 21-October | 11.66 ± 0.3 bc | 31.75 ± 1.2 bc |
Zard Aliabad × 20-July | 1.88 ± 0.1 st | 6.40 ± 0.4 wxyz |
Zard Aliabad × 5-August | 2.22 ± 0.2 rst | 7.30 ± 0.4 vwxyz |
Zard Aliabad × 20-August | 3.08 ± 0.2 pqrst | 9.67 ± 0.7 tuvwx |
Zard Aliabad × 5-September | 4.11 ± 0.2 mnopqrs | 12.83 ± 1.1 qrst |
Zard Aliabad × 20-September | 5.98 ± 0.1 ijklmn | 18.33 ± 0.5 mnop |
Zard Aliabad × 6-October | 7.90 ± 0.2 ghijk | 23.67 ± 1.3 ghijkl |
Zard Aliabad × 21-October | 10.70 ± 0.3 cdef | 30.34 ± 1.2 bcd |
Dezful × 20-July | 1.37 ± 0.1 t | 4.33 ± 0.4 yz |
Dezful × 5-August | 2.17 ± 0.2 rst | 6.57 ± 0.4 wxyz |
Dezful × 20-August | 2.36 ± 0.3 qrst | 7.23 ± 0.7 vwxyz |
Dezful × 5-September | 3.78 ± 0.4 mnopqrst | 11.00 ± 0.8 rstuvw |
Dezful × 20-September | 5.76 ± 0.4 jklmno | 16.34 ± 1.0 opq |
Dezful × 6-October | 8.23 ± 0.2 fghij | 22.84 ± 0.9 hijklm |
Dezful × 21-October | 10.03 ± 0.3 cdefg | 28.80 ± .0.3 bcdefg |
Sevillana × 20-July | 1.35 ± 0.1 t | 4.00 ± 0.0 z |
Sevillana × 5-August | 2.34 ± 0.2 qrst | 6.60 ± 0.5 wxyz |
Sevillana × 20-August | 2.60 ± 0.1 qrst | 7.57 ± 0.4 uvwxyz |
Sevillana × 5-September | 4.35 ± 0.4 mnopqrs | 11.96 ± 0.7 qrstuv |
Sevillana × 20-September | 6.17 ± 0.2 ijklm | 17.00 ± 0.8 nopq |
Sevillana × 6-October | 8.37 ± 0.2 efghi | 21.75 ± 0.5 ijklmn |
Sevillana × 21-October | 10.05 ± 0.2 cdefg | 26.67 ± 0.5 cdefghi |
Manzanilla × 20-July | 1.41 ± 0.2 t | 4.33 ± 0.5 yz |
Manzanilla × 5-August | 2.61 ± 0.5 qrst | 7.37 ± 1.0 vwxyz |
Manzanilla × 20-August | 2.89 ± 0.5 qrst | 8.33 ± 1.0 tuvwxyz |
Manzanilla × 5-September | 4.55 ± 0.5 mnopqr | 12.60 ± 0.6 qrstu |
Manzanilla × 20-September | 7.05 ± 0.9 hijk | 18.70 ± 1.4 lmnop |
Manzanilla × 6-October | 9.10 ± 0.6 defgh | 24.67 ± 1.0 efghij |
Manzanilla × 21-October | 10.97 ± 0.5 cd | 29.17 ± 1.1 bcdef |
Mission × 20-July | 2.15 ± 0.5 rst | 6.17 ± 0.9 wxyz |
Mission × 5-August | 2.83 ± 0.8 qrst | 8.10 ± 1.4 tuvwxyz |
Mission × 20-August | 3.48 ± 0.7 opqrst | 9.33 ± 1.0 tuvwxy |
Mission × 5-September | 5.72 ± 2.3 klmno | 15.60 ± 5.3 pqr |
Mission × 20-September | 7.82 ± 2.2 ghijk | 21.34 ± 4.8 jklmno |
Mission × 6-October | 9.51 ± 2.5 cdefgh | 25.50 ± 4.6 defghij |
Mission × 21-October | 11.29 ± 1.6 bcd | 29.60 ± 2.9 bcde |
Significance | ||
Cultivar | ** | ** |
Harvesting time | ** | ** |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | ** | ** |
Source of Variance | Fruit Weight (g) | Fruit Length (cm) | Fruit Diameter (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | |||
Shengeh | 4.55 ± 0.8 a | 2.21 ± 0.2 bc | 1.85 ± 0.2 a |
Roughani | 2.76 ± 0.6 c | 2.07 ± 0.2 d | 1.46 ± 0.2 b |
Konservolia | 3.27 ± 0.5 b | 2.46 ± 0.2 a | 1.51 ± 0.1 b |
Zard Aliabad | 2.38 ± 0.4 d | 2.00 ± 0.1 d | 1.37 ± 0.1 cd |
Dezful | 1.90 ± 0.4 e | 1.99 ± 0.1 d | 1.25 ± 0.1 e |
Sevillana | 2.34 ± 0.4 d | 2.08 ± 0.2 cd | 1.34 ± 0.1 d |
Manzanilla | 4.30 ± 0.6 a | 2.22 ± 0.1 b | 1.81 ± 0.1 a |
Mission | 3.00 ± 0.5 bc | 2.36 ± 0.2 a | 1.45 ± 0.1 bc |
Harvesting time | |||
20-July | 2.19 ± 0.7 e | 2.02 ± 0.2 d | 1.29 ± 0.2 d |
5-August | 2.83 ± 0.8 d | 2.12 ± 0.2 cd | 1.50 ± 0.2 c |
20-August | 3.16 ± 0.9 bcd | 2.20 ± 0.2 bc | 1.52 ± 0.3 bc |
5-September | 2.98 ± 1.0 cd | 2.13 ± 0.3 cd | 1.50 ± 0.3 bc |
20-September | 3.38 ± 1.1 ab | 2.26 ± 0.3 ab | 1.58 ± 0.2 ab |
6-October | 3.24 ± 1.1 bc | 2.17 ± 0.2 bc | 1.54 ± 0.3 abc |
21-October | 3.65 ± 1.0 a | 2.32 ± 0.2 a | 1.60 ± 0.3 a |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | |||
Shengeh × 20-July | 3.00 ± 0.3 | 1.96 ± 0.1 | 1.56 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 5-August | 4.17 ± 0.1 | 2.09 ± 0.2 | 1.81 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 20-August | 4.82 ± 0.3 | 2.25 ± 0.1 | 1.87 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 5-September | 4.37 ± 1.0 | 2.17 ± 0.2 | 1.88 ± 0.2 |
Shengeh × 20-September | 5.04 ± 0.5 | 2.36 ± 0.1 | 1.89 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 6-October | 4.85 ± 0.4 | 2.31 ± 0.2 | 1.94 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 21-October | 5.65 ± 0.5 | 2.34 ± 0.2 | 2.00 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 20-July | 1.72 ± 0.4 | 1.92 ± 0.4 | 1.21 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 5-August | 2.60 ± 0.2 | 2.04 ± 0.2 | 1.46 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 20-August | 3.32 ± 0.3 | 2.20 ± 0.1 | 1.62 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 5-September | 2.59 ± 0.4 | 1.98 ± 0.2 | 1.41 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 20-September | 3.10 ± 0.3 | 2.10 ± 0.1 | 1.57 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 6-October | 2.56 ± 0.3 | 1.95 ± 0.3 | 1.45 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 21-October | 3.46 ± 0.4 | 2.31 ± 0.2 | 1.52 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 20-July | 2.36 ± 0.5 | 2.23 ± 0.2 | 1.30 ± 0.2 |
Konservolia × 5-August | 3.11 ± 0.4 | 2.42 ± 0.2 | 1.51 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 20-August | 3.31 ± 0.4 | 2.38 ± 0.2 | 1.51 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 5-September | 3.30 ± 0.3 | 2.49 ± 0.1 | 1.51 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 20-September | 3.68 ± 0.3 | 2.64 ± 0.1 | 1.61 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 6-October | 3.53 ± 0.1 | 2.49 ± 0.1 | 1.56 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 21-October | 3.61 ± 0.1 | 2.59 ± 0.2 | 1.57 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-July | 1.82 ± 0.4 | 1.94 ± 0.1 | 1.18 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 5-August | 2.18 ± 0.4 | 1.95 ± 0.2 | 1.35 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-August | 2.47 ± 0.3 | 2.03 ± 0.1 | 1.36 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 5-September | 2.23 ± 0.6 | 1.93 ± 0.1 | 1.37 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-September | 2.45 ± 0.4 | 1.97 ± 0.2 | 1.40 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 6-October | 2.71 ± 0.3 | 2.07 ± 0.1 | 1.44 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 21-October | 2.78 ± 0.3 | 2.16 ± 0.1 | 1.47 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 20-July | 1.19 ± 0.1 | 1.89 ± 0.2 | 1.03 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 5-August | 1.72 ± 0.1 | 1.93 ± 0.1 | 1.23 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 20-August | 1.92 ± 0.1 | 2.04 ± 0.1 | 1.23 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 5-September | 1.74 ± 0.1 | 1.86 ± 0.1 | 1.23 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 20-September | 2.16 ± 0.3 | 2.13 ± 0.1 | 1.38 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 6-October | 2.07 ± 0.2 | 2.07 ± 0.1 | 1.30 ± 0.0 |
Dezful × 21-October | 2.47 ± 0.3 | 2.03 ± 0.1 | 1.34 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 20-July | 1.85 ± 0.1 | 1.97 ± 0.1 | 1.21 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 5-August | 2.31 ± 0.3 | 2.14 ± 0.2 | 1.41 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 20-August | 2.51 ± 0.2 | 2.18 ± 0.1 | 1.37 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 5-September | 1.97 ± 0.3 | 1.99 ± 0.3 | 1.29 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 20-September | 2.39 ± 0.4 | 2.09 ± 0.2 | 1.35 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 6-October | 2.33 ± 0.5 | 1.94 ± 0.2 | 1.31 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 21-October | 3.00 ± 0.3 | 2.28 ± 0.2 | 1.47 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 20-July | 3.49 ± 1.0 | 2.09 ± 0.2 | 1.61 ± 0.2 |
Manzanilla × 5-August | 3.64 ± 0.4 | 2.09 ± 0.1 | 1.73 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 20-August | 3.97 ± 0.5 | 2.21 ± 0.1 | 1.79 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 5-September | 4.50 ± 0.6 | 2.22 ± 0.1 | 1.86 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 20-September | 4.89 ± 0.3 | 2.33 ± 0.1 | 1.89 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 6-October | 4.84 ± 0.3 | 2.23 ± 0.1 | 1.87 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 21-October | 4.75 ± 0.3 | 2.38 ± 0.1 | 1.91 ± 0.2 |
Mission × 20-July | 2.11 ± 0.3 | 2.18 ± 0.1 | 1.25 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 5-August | 2.89 ± 0.2 | 2.34 ± 0.1 | 1.47 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 20-August | 2.97 ± 0.2 | 2.35 ± 0.1 | 1.45 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 5-September | 3.13 ± 0.1 | 2.37 ± 0.1 | 1.47 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 20-September | 3.31 ± 0.2 | 2.49 ± 0.1 | 1.53 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 6-October | 3.01 ± 0.1 | 2.29 ± 0.1 | 1.44 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 21-October | 3.53 ± 0.3 | 2.51 ± 0.1 | 1.54 ± 0.1 |
Significance | |||
Cultivar | ** | ** | ** |
Harvesting time | ** | ** | ** |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | ns | ns | ns |
Source of Variance | Fresh Pulp Weight (g) | Dry Pulp Weight (g) | Fruit Volume (cm3) |
---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | |||
Shengeh | 3.65 ± 0.7 a | 0.75 ± 0.3 a | 4.50 ± 0.8 a |
Roughani | 2.05 ± 0.5 c | 0.52 ± 0.2 c | 2.74 ± 0.5 cd |
Konservolia | 2.47 ± 0.4 b | 0.60 ± 0.2 bc | 3.39 ± 0.5 b |
Zard Aliabad | 1.72 ± 0.3 d | 0.39 ± 0.1 d | 2.30 ± 0.3 e |
Dezful | 1.22 ± 0.4 e | 0.35 ± 0.1 d | 1.86 ± 0.4 f |
Sevillana | 1.72 ± 0.3 d | 0.57 ± 0.2 c | 2.37 ± 0.4 de |
Manzanilla | 3.46 ± 0.6 a | 0.72 ± 0.2 ab | 4.29 ± 0.6 a |
Mission | 2.25 ± 0.4 bc | 0.61 ± 0.2 bc | 3.09 ± 0.5 bc |
Harvesting time | |||
20-July | 1.53 ± 0.7 e | 0.34 ± 0.1 d | 2.21 ± 0.7 e |
5-August | 2.07 ± 0.7 d | 0.51 ± 0.1 c | 2.79 ± 0.8 d |
20-August | 2.37 ± 0.8 bc | 0.53 ± 0.2 bc | 3.13 ± 0.9 bcd |
5-September | 2.29 ± 0.9 cd | 0.55 ± 0.2 bc | 2.98 ± 1.0 cd |
20-September | 2.60 ± 1.0 ab | 0.64 ± 0.2 ab | 3.40 ± 1.1 ab |
6-October | 2.55 ± 1.0 abc | 0.64 ± 0.2 ab | 3.29 ± 1.1 bc |
21-October | 2.81 ± 0.9 a | 0.74 ± 0.2 a | 3.66 ± 1.0 a |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | |||
Shengeh × 20-July | 2.29 ± 0.2 | 0.40 ± 0.1 | 2.98 ± 0.2 |
Shengeh × 5-August | 3.30 ± 0.1 | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 4.12 ± 0.2 |
Shengeh × 20-August | 3.85 ± 0.2 | 0.68 ± 0.1 | 4.73 ± 0.3 |
Shengeh × 5-September | 3.65 ± 0.6 | 0.76 ± 0.2 | 4.27 ± 1.1 |
Shengeh × 20-September | 3.97 ± 0.1 | 0.85 ± 0.1 | 4.97 ± 0.5 |
Shengeh × 6-October | 4.01 ± 0.3 | 0.88 ± 0.2 | 4.90 ± 0.4 |
Shengeh × 21-October | 4.48 ± 0.1 | 1.11 ± 0.1 | 5.52 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 20-July | 1.12 ± 0.3 | 0.26 ± 0.1 | 1.92 ± 0.3 |
Roughani × 5-August | 1.85 ± 0.1 | 0.62 ± 0.3 | 2.57 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 20-August | 2.51 ± 0.2 | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 3.24 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 5-September | 1.99 ± 0.3 | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 2.47 ± 0.5 |
Roughani × 20-September | 2.38 ± 0.3 | 0.59 ± 0.1 | 3.07 ± 0.4 |
Roughani × 6-October | 1.96 ± 0.3 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 2.50 ± 0.4 |
Roughani × 21-October | 2.55 ± 0.3 | 0.66 ± 0.1 | 3.40 ± 0.3 |
Konservolia × 20-July | 1.66 ± 0.4 | 0.38 ± 0.1 | 2.41 ± 0.5 |
Konservolia × 5-August | 2.26 ± 0.3 | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 3.12 ± 0.3 |
Konservolia × 20-August | 2.48 ± 0.3 | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 3.37 ± 0.3 |
Konservolia × 5-September | 2.49 ± 0.3 | 0.63 ± 0.1 | 3.47 ± 0.4 |
Konservolia × 20-September | 2.86 ± 0.3 | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 3.90 ± 0.3 |
Konservolia × 6-October | 2.82 ± 0.1 | 0.73 ± 0.1 | 3.77 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 21-October | 2.77 ± 0.1 | 0.70 ± 0.2 | 3.72 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-July | 1.18 ± 0.3 | 0.29 ± 0.1 | 1.72 ± 0.3 |
Zard Aliabad × 5-August | 1.51 ± 0.3 | 0.32 ± 0.1 | 2.10 ± 0.3 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-August | 1.76 ± 0.3 | 0.40 ± 0.1 | 2.40 ± 0.3 |
Zard Aliabad × 5-September | 1.64 ± 0.5 | 0.37 ± 0.2 | 2.20 ± 0.5 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-September | 1.85 ± 0.4 | 0.42 ± 0.2 | 2.37 ± 0.4 |
Zard Aliabad × 6-October | 2.05 ± 0.2 | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 2.63 ± 0.3 |
Zard Aliabad × 21-October | 2.04 ± 0.3 | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 2.66 ± 0.3 |
Dezful × 20-July | 0.62 ± 0.1 | 0.18 ± 0.0 | 1.16 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 5-August | 1.06 ± 0.0 | 0.40 ± 0.3 | 1.67 ± 0.2 |
Dezful × 20-August | 1.21 ± 0.1 | 0.28 ± 0.1 | 1.91 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 5-September | 1.14 ± 0.1 | 0.28 ± 0.1 | 1.69 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 20-September | 1.41 ± 0.2 | 0.42 ± 0.1 | 2.10 ± 0.3 |
Dezful × 6-October | 1.36 ± 0.2 | 0.38 ± 0.1 | 2.10 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 21-October | 1.75 ± 0.3 | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 2.41 ± 0.3 |
Sevillana × 20-July | 1.25 ± 0.2 | 0.37 ± 0.1 | 1.88 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 5-August | 1.74 ± 0.1 | 0.50 ± 0.1 | 2.30 ± 0.3 |
Sevillana × 20-August | 1.82 ± 0.2 | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 2.40 ± 0.2 |
Sevillana × 5-September | 1.40 ± 0.2 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.97 ± 0.3 |
Sevillana × 20-September | 1.80 ± 0.4 | 0.63 ± 0.1 | 2.47 ± 0.5 |
Sevillana × 6-October | 1.80 ± 0.4 | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 2.47 ± 0.5 |
Sevillana × 21-October | 2.22 ± 0.3 | 0.82 ± 0.1 | 3.10 ± 0.3 |
Manzanilla × 20-July | 2.63 ± 0.9 | 0.46 ± 0.3 | 3.53 ± 0.9 |
Manzanilla × 5-August | 2.82 ± 0.4 | 0.62 ± 0.2 | 3.58 ± 0.4 |
Manzanilla × 20-August | 3.17 ± 0.5 | 0.66 ± 0.2 | 3.97 ± 0.5 |
Manzanilla × 5-September | 3.66 ± 0.5 | 0.79 ± 0.3 | 4.48 ± 0.5 |
Manzanilla × 20-September | 4.01 ± 0.4 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 4.80 ± 0.3 |
Manzanilla × 6-October | 4.06 ± 0.3 | 0.88 ± 0.2 | 4.83 ± 0.4 |
Manzanilla × 21-October | 3.87 ± 0.2 | 0.82 ± 0.2 | 4.81 ± 0.3 |
Mission × 20-July | 1.48 ± 0.3 | 0.37 ± 0.1 | 2.11 ± 0.3 |
Mission × 5-August | 2.06 ± 0.2 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 2.88 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 20-August | 2.20 ± 0.1 | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 3.02 ± 0.2 |
Mission × 5-September | 2.38 ± 0.1 | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 3.28 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 20-September | 2.50 ± 0.2 | 0.73 ± 0.1 | 3.53 ± 0.3 |
Mission × 6-October | 2.32 ± 0.1 | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 3.13 ± 0.2 |
Mission × 21-October | 2.79 ± 0.3 | 0.84 ± 0.1 | 3.66 ± 0.3 |
Significance | |||
Cultivar | ** | ** | ** |
Harvesting time | ** | ** | ** |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | ns | ns | ns |
Source of Variance | Fresh Pit Weight (g) | Dry Pit Weight (g) | Pit Length (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | |||
Shengeh | 0.80 ± 0.1 ab | 0.51 ± 0.1 ab | 1.38 ± 0.1 d |
Roughani | 0.71 ± 0.2 cde | 0.46 ± 0.1 bcd | 1.49 ± 0.1 bc |
Konservolia | 0.79 ± 0.1 abc | 0.50 ± 0.1 abc | 1.78 ± 0.1 a |
Zard Aliabad | 0.66 ± 0.1 e | 0.45 ± 0.1 cd | 1.55 ± 0.1 b |
Dezful | 0.67 ± 0.1 de | 0.46 ± 0.1 bcd | 1.58 ± 0.1 b |
Sevillana | 0.63 ± 0.1 e | 0.44 ± 0.1 d | 1.56 ± 0.1 b |
Manzanilla | 0.84 ± 0.1 a | 0.54 ± 0.1 a | 1.42 ± 0.1 cd |
Mission | 0.74 ± 0.1 bcd | 0.47 ± 0.1 bcd | 1.72 ± 0.1 a |
Harvesting time | |||
20-July | 0.66 ± 0.1 d | 0.39 ± 0.1 d | 1.55 ± 0.2 ab |
5-August | 0.76 ± 0.1 ab | 0.48 ± 0.1 bc | 1.56 ± 0.2 ab |
20-August | 0.77 ± 0.1 a | 0.50 ± 0.1 abc | 1.58 ± 0.1 ab |
5-September | 0.69 ± 0.1 cd | 0.45 ± 0.1 c | 1.50 ± 0.2 b |
20-September | 0.75 ± 0.1 abc | 0.52 ± 0.1 ab | 1.58 ± 0.2 ab |
6-October | 0.69 ± 0.1 bcd | 0.47 ± 0.1 bc | 1.53 ± 0.2 ab |
21-October | 0.81 ± 0.1 a | 0.55 ± 0.1 a | 1.61 ± 0.2 a |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | |||
Shengeh × 20-July | 0.70 ± 0.1 | 0.41 ± 0.1 | 1.33 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 5-August | 0.87 ± 0.1 | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 1.37 ± 0.2 |
Shengeh × 20-August | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.45 ± 0.2 |
Shengeh × 5-September | 0.73 ± 0.1 | 0.40 ± 0.1 | 1.33 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 20-September | 0.80 ± 0.2 | 0.56 ± 0.1 | 1.40 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 6-October | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 1.39 ± 0.1 |
Shengeh × 21-October | 0.88 ± 0.1 | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 1.37 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 20-July | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 0.35 ± 0.1 | 1.47 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 5-August | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 1.51 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 20-August | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.55 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 5-September | 0.60 ± 0.2 | 0.39 ± 0.1 | 1.37 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 20-September | 0.72 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 1.45 ± 0.1 |
Roughani × 6-October | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 0.40 ± 0.1 | 1.43 ± 0.2 |
Roughani × 21-October | 0.91 ± 0.1 | 0.59 ± 0.1 | 1.63 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 20-July | 0.66 ± 0.1 | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 1.68 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 5-August | 0.85 ± 0.1 | 0.51 ± 0.1 | 1.77 ± 0.2 |
Konservolia × 20-August | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.68 ± 0.2 |
Konservolia × 5-September | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.81 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 20-September | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 0.56 ± 0.1 | 1.89 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 6-October | 0.71 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 1.81 ± 0.1 |
Konservolia × 21-October | 0.85 ± 0.1 | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 1.84 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-July | 0.64 ± 0.1 | 0.41 ± 0.1 | 1.59 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 5-August | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 1.56 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-August | 0.71 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 1.58 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 5-September | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 0.41 ± 0.1 | 1.47 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 20-September | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 0.43 ± 0.1 | 1.48 ± 0.2 |
Zard Aliabad × 6-October | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 1.53 ± 0.1 |
Zard Aliabad × 21-October | 0.74 ± 0.1 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.63 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 20-July | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 0.33 ± 0.1 | 1.64 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 5-August | 0.66 ± 0.1 | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 1.57 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 20-August | 0.71 ± 0.1 | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 1.65 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 5-September | 0.60 ± 0.1 | 0.42 ± 0.1 | 1.45 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 20-September | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 1.60 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 6-October | 0.71 ± 0.1 | 0.50 ± 0.1 | 1.59 ± 0.1 |
Dezful × 21-October | 0.72 ± 0.1 | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 1.55 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 20-July | 0.61 ± 0.1 | 0.39 ± 0.1 | 1.55 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 5-August | 0.68 ± 0.1 | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 1.59 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 20-August | 0.68 ± 0.1 | 0.47 ± 0.1 | 1.62 ± 0.2 |
Sevillana × 5-September | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 0.40 ± 0.1 | 1.51 ± 0.2 |
Sevillana × 20-September | 0.59 ± 0.1 | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 1.57 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 6-October | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 0.38 ± 0.1 | 1.44 ± 0.1 |
Sevillana × 21-October | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 1.65 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 20-July | 0.86 ± 0.2 | 0.50 ± 0.1 | 1.48 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 5-August | 0.82 ± 0.1 | 0.51 ± 0.1 | 1.41 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 20-August | 0.80 ± 0.1 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.42 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 5-September | 0.85 ± 0.2 | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 1.37 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 20-September | 0.88 ± 0.1 | 0.59 ± 0.1 | 1.44 ± 0.1 |
Manzanilla × 6-October | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 1.37 ± 0.2 |
Manzanilla × 21-October | 0.88 ± 0.2 | 0.59 ± 0.1 | 1.45 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 20-July | 0.62 ± 0.1 | 0.37 ± 0.1 | 1.65 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 5-August | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 1.73 ± 0.2 |
Mission × 20-August | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 0.47 ± 0.1 | 1.72 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 5-September | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 1.70 ± 0.2 |
Mission × 20-September | 0.82 ± 0.1 | 0.55 ± 0.1 | 1.81 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 6-October | 0.69 ± 0.2 | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 1.66 ± 0.1 |
Mission × 21-October | 0.74 ± 0.0 | 0.50 ± 0.1 | 1.77 ± 0.1 |
Significance | |||
Cultivar | ** | ** | ** |
Harvesting time | ** | ** | ** |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | ns | ns | ns |
Source of Variance | Dry Matter (%) | Pit Diameter (cm) | Pulp Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | |||
Shengeh | 36.72 ± 1.6 b | 0.89 ± 0.1 a | 81.03 ± 2.7 a |
Roughani | 42.01 ± 1.6 a | 0.78 ± 0.1 b | 73.63 ± 4.2 bcd |
Konservolia | 36.22 ± 0.9 b | 0.79 ± 0.1 b | 75.28 ± 3.0 b |
Zard Aliabad | 32.15 ± 1.8 d | 0.77 ± 0.1 b | 71.97 ± 2.7 d |
Dezful | 33.95 ± 1.5 c | 0.78 ± 0.1 b | 66.00 ± 3.2 e |
Sevillana | 36.06 ± 1.6 b | 0.77 ± 0.1 b | 72.48 ± 3.0 cd |
Manzanilla | 35.77 ± 1.8 b | 0.87 ± 0.1 a | 79.97 ± 2.9 a |
Mission | 36.21 ± 1.2 b | 0.79 ± 0.1 b | 74.73 ± 3.0 bc |
Harvesting time | |||
20-July | 33.95 ± 3.2 d | 0.78 ± 0.1 c | 70.14 ± 3.7 d |
5-August | 35.13 ± 2.6 cd | 0.83 ± 0.1 a | 71.56 ± 5.1 d |
20-August | 35.36 ± 2.8 cd | 0.81 ± 0.1 abc | 73.89 ± 5.1 c |
5-September | 36.00 ± 2.4 bc | 0.78 ± 0.1 c | 74.84 ± 4.8 bc |
20-September | 37.13 ± 2.9 ab | 0.82 ± 0.1 a | 76.38 ± 5.3 ab |
6-October | 37.40 ± 2.4 ab | 0.79 ± 0.1 bc | 77.28 ± 5.2 a |
21-October | 37.98 ± 3.0 a | 0.81 ± 0.1 ab | 76.61 ± 4.4 ab |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | |||
Shengeh × 20-July | 33.63 ± 0.7 | 0.87 ± 0.1 | 76.57 ± 1.1 abcdefghijklmn |
Shengeh × 5-August | 36.52 ± 0.5 | 0.93 ± 0.1 | 79.20 ± 0.7 abcdefghijk |
Shengeh × 20-August | 35.80 ± 0.9 | 0.88 ± 0.0 | 80.11 ± 3.2 abcdefgh |
Shengeh × 5-September | 36.39 ± 1.2 | 0.80 ± 0.1 | 79.90 ± 2.3 abcdefghi |
Shengeh × 20-September | 38.28 ± 0.7 | 0.91 ± 0.1 | 84.13 ± 1.1 ab |
Shengeh × 6-October | 37.76 ± 0.4 | 0.90 ± 0.1 | 82.84 ± 1.7 abc |
Shengeh × 21-October | 38.65 ± 0.9 | 0.93 ± 0.1 | 84.43 ± 0.6 a |
Roughani × 20-July | 41.02 ± 0.5 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 64.69 ± 2.6 rst |
Roughani × 5-August | 40.05 ± 0.6 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 71.13 ± 1.8 ijklmnopqrs |
Roughani × 20-August | 41.40 ± 1.4 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 75.57 ± 1.8 abcdefghijklmno |
Roughani × 5-September | 40.92 ± 0.9 | 0.76 ± 0.0 | 77.09 ± 2.0 abcdefghijklm |
Roughani × 20-September | 43.49 ± 0.5 | 0.80 ± 0.1 | 76.82 ± 1.5 abcdefghijklm |
Roughani × 6-October | 42.22 ± 0.9 | 0.73 ± 0.1 | 76.54 ± 3.0 abcdefghijklmn |
Roughani × 21-October | 45.00 ± 0.9 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 73.58 ± 1.4 efghijklmnopq |
Konservolia × 20-July | 35.03 ± 0.6 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 70.10 ± 3.5 mnopqrst |
Konservolia × 5-August | 35.91 ± 0.9 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 72.62 ± 2.0 fghijklmnopqr |
Konservolia × 20-August | 35.16 ± 0.5 | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 74.90 ± 1.7 defghijklmno |
Konservolia × 5-September | 36.05 ± 0.6 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 75.45 ± 1.1 bcdefghijklmno |
Konservolia × 20-September | 37.13 ± 0.5 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 77.39 ± 2.5 abcdefghijklm |
Konservolia × 6-October | 37.54 ± 1.1 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 79.86 ± 0.5 abcdefghi |
Konservolia × 21-October | 36.75 ± 0.6 | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 76.59 ± 1.6 abcdefghijklmn |
Zard Aliabad × 20-July | 29.43 ± 0.9 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 67.79 ± 0.2 nopqrst |
Zard Aliabad × 5-August | 30.37 ± 1.0 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 68.90 ± 3.8 mnopqrst |
Zard Aliabad × 20-August | 31.92 ± 1.1 | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 71.03 ± 3.6 ijklmnopqrs |
Zard Aliabad × 5-September | 32.02 ± 1.2 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 72.43 ± 4.2 ghijklmnopqr |
Zard Aliabad × 20-September | 32.67 ± 1.3 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 75.25 ± 2.7 cdefghijklmno |
Zard Aliabad × 6-October | 33.38 ± 0.6 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 75.31 ± 0.6 bcdefghijklmno |
Zard Aliabad × 21-October | 35.25 ± 0.4 | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 73.12 ± 2.6 efghijklmnopqr |
Dezful × 20-July | 31.60 ± 1.0 | 0.73 ± 0.1 | 70.00 ± 0.0 mnopqrst |
Dezful × 5-August | 33.07 ± 1.0 | 0.80 ± 0.0 | 61.48 ± 1.7 t |
Dezful × 20-August | 32.52 ± 1.0 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 63.12 ± 2.2 st |
Dezful × 5-September | 34.28 ± 0.7 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 65.43 ± 1.6 qrst |
Dezful × 20-September | 35.26 ± 0.9 | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 65.33 ± 1.3 qrst |
Dezful × 6-October | 36.06 ± 1.2 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 65.86 ± 0.2 pqrst |
Dezful × 21-October | 34.83 ± 0.6 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 70.78 ± 2.8 jklmnopqrs |
Sevillana × 20-July | 33.78 ± 0.9 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 67.12 ± 3.0 opqrst |
Sevillana × 5-August | 35.41 ± 0.6 | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 70.54 ± 0.4 klmnopqrs |
Sevillana × 20-August | 34.45 ± 0.8 | 0.78 ± 0.0 | 72.73 ± 0.1 fghijklmnopqr |
Sevillana × 5-September | 36.29 ± 0.7 | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 71.33 ± 0.7 hijklmnopqrs |
Sevillana × 20-September | 36.33 ± 0.6 | 0.76 ± 0.1 | 74.96 ± 3.2 cdefghijklmno |
Sevillana × 6-October | 38.51 ± 0.7 | 0.72 ± 0.1 | 76.76 ± 2.9 abcdefghijklm |
Sevillana × 21-October | 37.67 ± 0.3 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 73.92 ± 1.7 efghijklmnopq |
Manzanilla × 20-July | 32.49 ± 0.6 | 0.89 ± 0.1 | 74.70 ± 2.8 defghijklmnop |
Manzanilla × 5-August | 35.22 ± 1.4 | 0.90 ± 0.1 | 77.25 ± 2.1 abcdefghijklm |
Manzanilla × 20-August | 34.56 ± 1.5 | 0.87 ± 0.1 | 79.65 ± 1.8 abcdefghij |
Manzanilla × 5-September | 36.01 ± 2.2 | 0.86 ± 0.0 | 81.13 ± 3.5 abcdefg |
Manzanilla × 20-September | 37.61 ± 1.8 | 0.89 ± 0.1 | 81.78 ± 1.8 abcde |
Manzanilla × 6-October | 36.85 ± 1.4 | 0.84 ± 0.1 | 83.80 ± 1.9 abc |
Manzanilla × 21-October | 37.65 ± 1.8 | 0.88 ± 0.1 | 81.46 ± 2.0 abcdef |
Mission × 20-July | 34.63 ± 4.7 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 70.16 ± 2.2 lmnopqrst |
Mission × 5-August | 34.48 ± 3.7 | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 71.34 ± 1.6 hijklmnopqrs |
Mission × 20-August | 37.10 ± 4.0 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 74.01 ± 1.6 defghijklmnopq |
Mission × 5-September | 36.08 ± 2.3 | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 75.94 ± 2.6 abcdefghijklmno |
Mission × 20-September | 36.28 ± 2.0 | 0.83 ± 0.1 | 75.36 ± 2.0 bcdefghijklmno |
Mission × 6-October | 36.88 ± 3.2 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 77.25 ± 3.3 abcdefghijklm |
Mission × 21-October | 38.03 ± 2.5 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 79.02 ± 1.4 abcdefghijkl |
Significance | |||
Cultivar | ** | ** | ** |
Harvesting time | ** | ** | ** |
Cultivar × Harvesting time | ns | ns | ** |
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Fahadi Hoveizeh, N.; Gholami, R.; Zahedi, S.M.; Gholami, H.; Carillo, P. Effects of Harvesting Time on Fruit Development Process and Oil Content of Selected Iranian and Foreign Olive Cultivars under Subtropical Conditions. Plants 2023, 12, 2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142737
Fahadi Hoveizeh N, Gholami R, Zahedi SM, Gholami H, Carillo P. Effects of Harvesting Time on Fruit Development Process and Oil Content of Selected Iranian and Foreign Olive Cultivars under Subtropical Conditions. Plants. 2023; 12(14):2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142737
Chicago/Turabian StyleFahadi Hoveizeh, Narjes, Rahmatollah Gholami, Seyed Morteza Zahedi, Hojattollah Gholami, and Petronia Carillo. 2023. "Effects of Harvesting Time on Fruit Development Process and Oil Content of Selected Iranian and Foreign Olive Cultivars under Subtropical Conditions" Plants 12, no. 14: 2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142737