Cryptogamic Biomass in Pannonic Acidic Sand Steppes Subject to Changing Land-Use
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Species Richness
2.2. Composition
2.2.1. Frequency
2.2.2. Biomass
2.3. Productivity
2.4. Diversity
3. Discussion
3.1. Composition and Species Richness
3.2. Biomass
3.3. Diversity
3.4. Management
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Characteristics of the Study Area
4.2. Biomass Sampling
4.3. Soil Analysis
4.4. Identification
4.5. Data Processing
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Corynephorus canescens Dominance | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2018 | |||||||
Lichens | Frequency | Mean Biomass (g/m2) | Frequency | Mean Biomass (g/m2) | ||||
Grazed | Fenced | Grazed | Fenced | Grazing Ceased | Fenced | Grazing Ceased | Fenced | |
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. | 0 | 2 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. | 3 | 9 | 0.48 | 0.84 | 1 | 2 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Cladonia magyarica Vain. | 9 | 2 | 1.65 | 0.02 | 13 | 3 | 30.32 | 2.68 |
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. | 19 | 34 | 3.62 | 40.31 | 28 | 38 | 9.57 | 154.49 |
Cladonia rei Schaer. | 1 | 15 | 0.04 | 1.38 | 11 | 5 | 1.11 | 0.26 |
Cladonia sp. | 1 | 3 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cladonia subrangiformis L. Scriba ex Sandst. | 0 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cladonia subulata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. | 1 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Altogether | 34 | 70 | 5.83 | 43.42 | 54 | 48 | 41.07 | 157.47 |
Bryophytes | ||||||||
Brachythecium albicans (Hedw.) Schimp. | 37 | 39 | 9.72 | 20.74 | 22 | 38 | 1.35 | 55.48 |
Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. | 1 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. | 3 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 4 | 2 | 4.14 | 0.07 |
Syntrichia ruralis (Hedw.) F. Weber & D. Mohr | 38 | 30 | 25.47 | 25.92 | 38 | 31 | 66.68 | 12.42 |
Altogether | 79 | 70 | 35.25 | 46.77 | 64 | 71 | 72.17 | 67.97 |
All cryptogams | 113 | 140 | 41.08 | 90.19 | 94 | 125 | 113.24 | 225.44 |
Festuca vaginata Dominance | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2018 | |||||||
Lichens | Frequency | Mean Biomass (g/m2) | Frequency | Mean Biomass (g/m2) | ||||
Grazed | Fenced | Grazed | Fenced | Grazed | Fenced | Grazed | Fenced | |
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. (syn.: C. convoluta (Lam.) Anders) | 3 | 2 | 1.02 | 1.54 | 5 | 2 | 0.66 | 0.46 |
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. | 2 | 0 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. | 36 | 39 | 15.43 | 57.79 | 38 | 39 | 7.42 | 206.71 |
Cladonia rei Schaer. | 0 | 15 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 2 | 20 | 0.02 | 0.76 |
Cladonia subrangiformis L. Scriba ex Sandst. | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Altogether | 41 | 57 | 16.45 | 61.57 | 45 | 61 | 8.10 | 207.93 |
Bryophytes | ||||||||
Brachythecium albicans (Hedw.) Schimp. | 33 | 23 | 3.81 | 6.62 | 2 | 26 | 0.02 | 3.71 |
Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. | 6 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. | 28 | 30 | 46.70 | 170.87 | 18 | 26 | 5.18 | 53.72 |
Syntrichia ruralis (Hedw.) F. Weber & D. Mohr | 31 | 25 | 54.21 | 47.13 | 29 | 12 | 11.28 | 5.23 |
Altogether | 98 | 79 | 104.87 | 225.08 | 49 | 64 | 16.48 | 62.66 |
All cryptogams | 139 | 136 | 121.32 | 286.65 | 94 | 125 | 24.58 | 270.59 |
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Site, Year, Management | Mean ± SE | ||
---|---|---|---|
Lichens | Bryophytes | Cryptogams | |
CC 2013 grazed | 0.85 ± 0.11 b | 1.98 ± 0.09 a | 2.83 ± 0.15 b |
CC 2013 fenced | 1.75 ± 0.20 a | 1.75 ± 0.08 ab | 3.50 ± 0.24 a |
CC 2018 grazing ceased | 1.35 ± 0.13 ab | 1.60 ± 0.09 b | 2.95 ± 0.14 ab |
CC 2018 fenced | 1.20 ± 0.09 b | 0.48 ± 0.08 ab | 2.98 ± 0.10 ab |
H-value | 18.47 | 10.88 | 5.63 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
FV 2013 grazed | 1.03 ± 0.08 b | 2.45 ± 0.14 a | 3.48 ± 0.19 a |
FV 2013 fenced | 1.45 ± 0.09 a | 0.73 ± 0.12 b | 3.43 ± 0.16 a |
FV 2018 grazed | 1.13 ± 0.06 b | 1.23 ± 0.08 c | 2.35 ± 0.12 b |
FV 2018 fenced | 1.53 ± 0.09 a | 1.60 ± 0.09 bc | 3.13 ± 0.14 a |
H-value | 25.42 | 49.00 | 32.18 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Site, Year, Management | Mean ± SE (g/0.01 m2) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Lichens | Bryophytes | Cryptogams | |
CC 2013 grazed | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.07 a | 0.41 ± 0.07 b |
CC 2013 fenced | 0.42 ± 0.10 b | 0.47 ± 0.08 a | 0.89 ± 0.11 b |
CC 2018 grazing ceased | 0.42 ± 0.12 b | 0.72 ± 0.09 a | 1.14 ± 0.12 b |
CC 2018 fenced | 1.58 ± 0.47 a | 0.68 ± 0.14 a | 2.26 ± 0.46 a |
H-value | 28.70 | 12.26 | 36.87 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
FV 2013 grazed | 0.16 ± 0.03 b | 1.05 ± 0.15 b | 1.21 ± 0.16 b |
FV 2013 fenced | 0.59 ± 0.09 b | 2.25 ± 0.33 a | 2.84 ± 0.39 a |
FV 2018 grazed | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.17 ± 0.03 c | 0.24 ± 0.03 b |
FV 2018 fenced | 2.08 ± 0.37 a | 0.63 ± 0.14 bc | 2.70 ± 0.39 a |
H-value | 67.25 | 55.37 | 63.15 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
chi2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
5 categories (df = 4) | Species richness | 10.595 | 0.032 |
biomass | 11.917 | 0.018 | |
3 categories (df = 2) | Species richness | 8.591 | 0.014 |
biomass | 9.188 | 0.010 |
(a) | |||||||||||
rCC = 0.2336 ni: 10 | ANOVA | df | SS | MS | F | p | Parameter | SE | t | p | |
regression | 2 | 6.154 | 3.077 | 4.5313 | 0.0122 | a | 3.555 | 0.263 | 13.526 | <0.0001 | |
residual | 157 | 106.621 | 0.679 | b | 8.456 | 1.822 | 4.642 | <0.0001 | |||
total | 159 | 112.775 | 0.709 | x0 | 6.270 | 1.237 | 5.069 | <0.0001 | |||
rFV = 0.2648 ni: 12 | ANOVA | df | SS | MS | F | p | Parameter | SE | t | p | |
regression | 2 | 9.058 | 4.529 | 5.9184 | 0.0033 | a | 3.293 | 0.144 | 22.938 | <0.0001 | |
residual | 157 | 120.136 | 0.765 | b | 5.966 | 1.011 | 5.901 | <0.0001 | |||
total | 159 | 129.194 | 0.813 | x0 | 3.998 | 0.48 | 8.325 | <0.0001 | |||
(b) | |||||||||||
rCC = 0.2295 ni: 15 | ANOVA | df | SS | MS | F | p | Parameter | SE | t | p | |
regression | 2 | 5.938 | 2.969 | 4.363 | 0.014 | a | 3.537 | 0.278 | 12.724 | <0.0001 | |
residual | 157 | 106.837 | 0.681 | b | 10.825 | 2.631 | 4.115 | <0.0001 | |||
total | 159 | 112.775 | 0.709 | x0 | 5.956 | 1.286 | 4.630 | <0.0001 | |||
rFV = 0.2582 ni: 9 | ANOVA | df | SS | MS | F | p | Parameter | SE | t | p | |
regression | 2 | 8.614 | 4.307 | 5.608 | 0.004 | a | 3.277 | 0.147 | 22.244 | <0.0001 | |
residual | 157 | 120.580 | 0.768 | b | 7.939 | 1.536 | 5.169 | <0.0001 | |||
total | 159 | 129.194 | 0.813 | x0 | 3.842 | 0.502 | 7.652 | <0.0001 |
Period | CC | FV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lichens | Bryophytes | Lichens | Bryophytes | |
July 2008–March 2013 | 8.4 | 2.2 | 10.0 | 26.7 |
March 2013–October 2018 | 20.1 | 3.9 | 26.6 | −29.5 |
Shannon’s Diversity | CC | FV | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2013 | 2018 | 2018 | 2013 | 2013 | 2018 | 2018 | ||
Grazed | Fenced | Grazing Ceased | Fenced | Grazed | Fenced | Grazed | Fenced | ||
Frequency | H′ | 1.593 | 1.838 | 1.679 | 1.443 | 1.628 | 1.681 | 1.365 | 1.601 |
Evenness | 0.6038 | 0.6963 | 0.6363 | 0.5467 | 0.741 | 0.765 | 0.6214 | 0.7286 | |
Biomass | H′ | 1.059 | 1.231 | 1.098 | 0.828 | 1.147 | 1.082 | 1.156 | 0.689 |
Evenness | 0.4012 | 0.4664 | 0.4159 | 0.3138 | 0.522 | 0.4923 | 0.5261 | 0.3136 | |
Max. | 2.639 | 2.197 |
Dry Calluna heathland, Yorkshire, Coppins and Shimwell (1971) | ||||
Pioneer | Building | Mature | Mature/degrading | |
H′ | 1.326 | 0.402 | 0.346 | 0.607 |
Evenness | 0.5757 | 0.1746 | 0.1503 | 0.2638 |
Brometum tectorum, Csévharaszt, Verseghy (1977) | ||||
03.1971 | 10.1971 | 03.1972 | 10.1972 | |
H′ | 0.783 | 0.435 | 0.653 | 0.902 |
Evenness | 0.7125 | 0.3960 | 0.5948 | 0.8208 |
Festucetum vaginatae danubiale, Csévharaszt, Verseghy (1977) | ||||
03.1971 | 10.1971 | 03.1972 | 10.1972 | |
H′ | 1.015 | 1.505 | 1.177 | 1.087 |
Evenness | 0.6306 | 0.9352 | 0.7310 | 0.6754 |
Festuco vaginatae–Corynephoretum, Nyírség, this study | ||||
03.2013 | ||||
CC grazed | CC fenced | FV grazed | FV fenced | |
H′ | 0.941 | 0.362 | 0.316 | 0.239 |
Evenness | 0.4085 | 0.1572 | 0.1963 | 0.1484 |
10.2018 | ||||
CC grazing ceased | CC fenced | FV grazed | FV fenced | |
H′ | 0.673 | 0.101 | 0.299 | 0.040 |
Evenness | 0.2922 | 0.0437 | 0.1861 | 0.0248 |
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Aszalósné Balogh, R.; Farkas, E.; Tüdősné Budai, J.; Lőkös, L.; Matus, G. Cryptogamic Biomass in Pannonic Acidic Sand Steppes Subject to Changing Land-Use. Plants 2023, 12, 2972. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162972
Aszalósné Balogh R, Farkas E, Tüdősné Budai J, Lőkös L, Matus G. Cryptogamic Biomass in Pannonic Acidic Sand Steppes Subject to Changing Land-Use. Plants. 2023; 12(16):2972. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162972
Chicago/Turabian StyleAszalósné Balogh, Rebeka, Edit Farkas, Júlia Tüdősné Budai, László Lőkös, and Gábor Matus. 2023. "Cryptogamic Biomass in Pannonic Acidic Sand Steppes Subject to Changing Land-Use" Plants 12, no. 16: 2972. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162972