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Article

Assessing the RP-LC-MS-Based Metabolic Profile of Hass Avocados Marketed in Europe from Different Geographical Origins (Peru, Chile, and Spain) over the Whole Season

by
Irene Serrano-García
1,
Joel Domínguez-García
1,
Elena Hurtado-Fernández
2,
José Jorge González-Fernández
3,
José Ignacio Hormaza
3,
María Gemma Beiro-Valenzuela
1,
Romina Monasterio
1,4,
Romina Pedreschi
5,6,
Lucía Olmo-García
1,* and
Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo
1
1
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
2
Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Loyola, Campus Sevilla, Avda. de las Universidades S/N, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Spain
3
Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain
4
Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), UNCuyo-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza 5505, Argentina
5
Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile
6
Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago 8331150, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(16), 3004; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163004
Submission received: 8 August 2023 / Revised: 11 August 2023 / Accepted: 16 August 2023 / Published: 20 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Fruits and Vegetables; Analytical Solutions, Chemical Composition and Bioavailability Evaluation)
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Abstract

Spain dominates avocado production in Europe, with the Hass variety being the most prominent. Despite this, Spanish production satisfies less than 10% of the overall avocado demand in Europe. Consequently, the European avocado market heavily relies on imports from overseas, primarily sourced from Peru and Chile. Herein, a comprehensive characterization of the metabolic profile of Hass avocado fruits from Spain, Peru, and Chile, available in the European market throughout the year, was carried out. The determination of relevant substances was performed using high- and low-resolution RP-LC-MS. Remarkable quantitative differences regarding phenolic compounds, amino acids, and nucleosides were observed. Principal component analysis revealed a natural clustering of avocados according to geographical origin. Moreover, a specific metabolic pattern was established for each avocado-producing country using supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis. Spanish fruits exhibited high levels of coumaric acid malonyl-hexose II, coumaric acid hexose II, and ferulic acid hexose II, together with considerably low levels of pantothenic acid and uridine. Chilean avocado fruits presented high concentrations of abscisic acid, uridine, ferulic acid, succinic acid, and tryptophan. Fruits from Peru showed high concentrations of dihydroxybenzoic acid hexose, alongside very low levels of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid malonyl-hexose I, and ferulic acid hexose II.
Keywords: Hass; avocado mesocarp; geographical origin; phenolic compounds; pantothenic acid; abscisic acid; amino acids; nucleosides Hass; avocado mesocarp; geographical origin; phenolic compounds; pantothenic acid; abscisic acid; amino acids; nucleosides

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MDPI and ACS Style

Serrano-García, I.; Domínguez-García, J.; Hurtado-Fernández, E.; González-Fernández, J.J.; Hormaza, J.I.; Beiro-Valenzuela, M.G.; Monasterio, R.; Pedreschi, R.; Olmo-García, L.; Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. Assessing the RP-LC-MS-Based Metabolic Profile of Hass Avocados Marketed in Europe from Different Geographical Origins (Peru, Chile, and Spain) over the Whole Season. Plants 2023, 12, 3004. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163004

AMA Style

Serrano-García I, Domínguez-García J, Hurtado-Fernández E, González-Fernández JJ, Hormaza JI, Beiro-Valenzuela MG, Monasterio R, Pedreschi R, Olmo-García L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A. Assessing the RP-LC-MS-Based Metabolic Profile of Hass Avocados Marketed in Europe from Different Geographical Origins (Peru, Chile, and Spain) over the Whole Season. Plants. 2023; 12(16):3004. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163004

Chicago/Turabian Style

Serrano-García, Irene, Joel Domínguez-García, Elena Hurtado-Fernández, José Jorge González-Fernández, José Ignacio Hormaza, María Gemma Beiro-Valenzuela, Romina Monasterio, Romina Pedreschi, Lucía Olmo-García, and Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo. 2023. "Assessing the RP-LC-MS-Based Metabolic Profile of Hass Avocados Marketed in Europe from Different Geographical Origins (Peru, Chile, and Spain) over the Whole Season" Plants 12, no. 16: 3004. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163004

APA Style

Serrano-García, I., Domínguez-García, J., Hurtado-Fernández, E., González-Fernández, J. J., Hormaza, J. I., Beiro-Valenzuela, M. G., Monasterio, R., Pedreschi, R., Olmo-García, L., & Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. (2023). Assessing the RP-LC-MS-Based Metabolic Profile of Hass Avocados Marketed in Europe from Different Geographical Origins (Peru, Chile, and Spain) over the Whole Season. Plants, 12(16), 3004. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163004

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