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Volume 12
Issue 16
10.3390/plants12163006
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Article

An In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Prospective Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity from Perilla frutescens

by
Patrick Jay B. Garcia
1,2,†,
Steven Kuan-Hua Huang
3,4,5,†,
Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz
1,
Rhoda B. Leron
1 and
Po-Wei Tsai
3,*
1
School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
2
School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
3
Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
4
Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 711, Taiwan
5
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors have equally contributed to this study.
Plants 2023, 12(16), 3006; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163006
Submission received: 26 July 2023 / Revised: 12 August 2023 / Accepted: 18 August 2023 / Published: 21 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in the Research of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin with Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential II)
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Abstract

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. is extensively cultivated in East Asia as a dietary vegetable, and nutraceuticals are reportedly rich in bioactive compounds, especially with anticancer activities. This study explored the in vitro cytotoxic effects of P. frutescens parts’ (stems, leaves, and seeds) extracts on prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and possible interactions of putative metabolites to related prostate cancer targets in silico. The ethanol extract of P. frutescens leaves was the most cytotoxic for the prostate cancer cells. From high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major metabolite in the leaf extracts. Network analysis revealed interactions from multiple affected targets and pathways of the metabolites. From gene ontology enrichment analysis, P. frutescens leaf metabolites could significantly affect 14 molecular functions and 12 biological processes in five cellular components. Four (4) KEGG pathways, including for prostate cancer, and six (6) Reactome pathways were shown to be significantly affected. The molecular simulation confirmed the interactions of relevant protein targets with key metabolites, including rosmarinic acid. This study could potentially lead to further exploration of P. frutescens leaves or their metabolites for prostate cancer treatment and prevention.
Keywords: Perilla frutescens; green perilla; phytochemical content; in vitro; prostate cancer; in silico; network pharmacology Perilla frutescens; green perilla; phytochemical content; in vitro; prostate cancer; in silico; network pharmacology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Garcia, P.J.B.; Huang, S.K.-H.; De Castro-Cruz, K.A.; Leron, R.B.; Tsai, P.-W. An In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Prospective Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity from Perilla frutescens. Plants 2023, 12, 3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163006

AMA Style

Garcia PJB, Huang SK-H, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai P-W. An In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Prospective Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity from Perilla frutescens. Plants. 2023; 12(16):3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163006

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garcia, Patrick Jay B., Steven Kuan-Hua Huang, Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz, Rhoda B. Leron, and Po-Wei Tsai. 2023. "An In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Prospective Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity from Perilla frutescens" Plants 12, no. 16: 3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163006

APA Style

Garcia, P. J. B., Huang, S. K.-H., De Castro-Cruz, K. A., Leron, R. B., & Tsai, P.-W. (2023). An In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Prospective Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity from Perilla frutescens. Plants, 12(16), 3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163006

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