Water Deficit at Vegetative Stage Induces Tolerance to High Temperature during Anthesis in Rice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of Variance
2.2. Effect on Rice Yield Components
2.3. Effects on Photosynthesis and the Antioxidant Mechanism
2.4. Effects on HSP Transcriptional Regulation
3. Discussion
3.1. Rice Yield Is Positively Affected by e[CO2]
3.2. Priming with Water Deficit Increases Rice Yield
3.3. Tolerance to Heat Stress Induced by Priming with Water Deficit
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. General Experimental Conditions
4.2. Procedures for Establishing Water and Temperatures Stresses
4.3. Evaluations of the Priming and CO2 Effects
4.3.1. Yield Components and Biomass Accumulation
4.3.2. Biochemical Analysis
Quantification of Hydrogen Peroxide Content and Lipid Peroxidation
Antioxidant Enzymes Activity
Quantification of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and Carotenoids
4.3.3. Gene Expression Analysis
RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis
Reverse Transcription–Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
Gene | ID | Oligonucleotide—(5′-3′) | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SMALL HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 16.9A | OsHSP16.9A | Forward | CATTCTCCCTCGACCTCTGG | [48] |
Reverse | GGTGCCACTTGTCGTTCTTGT | |||
SMALL HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 17.9A | OsHSP17.9A | Forward | GGCAGCATCTTCCCGTCCTT | [48] |
Reverse | CGTCGTCCACCTCCACCTTG | |||
SMALL HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 20 | OsHSP20 | Forward | AAGTTCCTCCGCAGGTTCC | [62] |
Reverse | GAGCACGCCGTTCTCCAT | |||
SMALL HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 24.15 | OsHSP24.15 | Forward | GATCAAGGCGGAGATGAAGAAC | [63] |
Reverse | ACTCGACGTTGACCTGGAAGA | |||
HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 70CP1 | OsHSP70CP1 | Forward | CCAGGCGATGTGAAGGGTAA | [64] |
Reverse | CAGCATCGATGACATCACCT | |||
HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 70.1 | OsHSP70.1 | Forward | TCGAGCTCTCCGGCATCCCT | [65] |
Reverse | TCACGTAGGACCACCACCAGCT | |||
HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 70.6 | OsHSP70.6 | Forward | GATCAACGTCTGCTTCGACA | [65] |
Reverse | AGTCGACCTCCTCGATCTTG | |||
18S ribosomal RNA | Os18S | Forward | CTACGTCCCTGCCCTTTGTACA | [61] |
Reverse | ACACTTCACCGGACCATTCAA | |||
Elongation Factor 1-α | OsEF1α | Forward | TTTCACTCTTGGTGTGAAGCAGAT | [61] |
Reverse | GACTTCCTTCACGATTTCATCGTAA | |||
Ubiquitin 5 | OsUBQ5 | Forward | ACCACTTCGACCGCCACTACT | [61] |
Reverse | ACGCCTAAGCCTGCTGGTT |
Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | [CO2] | Stresses | [CO2] x Treatments |
---|---|---|---|
SDW | 0.058 | 0.930 | 0.065 |
RDW | 0.141 | 0.05 | 0.684 |
Panicles vase−1 | 0.001 ** | 0.596 | 0.682 |
Grains panicle−1 | 0.000 ** | 0.000 ** | 0.467 |
Sterility (%) | 0.004 ** | 0.821 | 0.642 |
TGW | 0.017 * | 0.022* | 0.937 |
Yield pot−1 | 0.016 * | 0.27* | 0.669 |
H2O2 | 0.010 ** | 0.451 | 0.491 |
MDA | 0.468 | 0.019 | 0.675 |
SOD | 0.001 ** | 0.192 | 0.976 |
CAT | 0.026 * | 0.064 | 0.164 |
APX | 0.083 | 0.588 | 0.780 |
Chlo a | 0.004 ** | 0.562 | 0.221 |
Chlo b | 0.007 ** | 0.518 | 0.212 |
Chlo T | 0.004 ** | 0.551 | 0.219 |
Carot | 0.102 | 0.363 | 0.077 |
Treatments | Description |
---|---|
CNT a[CO2] | Control condition—400 ppm of CO2; irrigated and 28/25 °C day/night (optimal conditions) |
HT a[CO2] | Heat—400 ppm of CO2; irrigated and with heat stress at R4 stage (35/28 °C day/night) |
WD a[CO2] | Water deficit—400 ppm of CO2; water deficit at V4–5 stage and optimal temperature |
WD + HT a[CO2] | Priming—400 ppm of CO2; water deficit at V4–5 stage and heat stress at R4 stage (35/28 °C day/night) |
CNT e[CO2] | Control condition—700 ppm of CO2; irrigated and optimal temperature |
HT e[CO2] | Heat—700 ppm of CO2; irrigated and with heat stress at R4 stage (35/28 °C day/night) |
WD e[CO2] | Water deficit—700 ppm of CO2; water deficit at V4–5 stage and optimal temperature |
WD + HT e[CO2] | Priming—700 ppm of CO2; water deficit at V4–5 stage and heat stress at R4 stage (35/28 °C day/night) |
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Feijó, A.d.R.; Viana, V.E.; Balbinot, A.; Fipke, M.V.; Souza, G.M.; do Amarante, L.; Avila, L.A.d. Water Deficit at Vegetative Stage Induces Tolerance to High Temperature during Anthesis in Rice. Plants 2023, 12, 3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173133
Feijó AdR, Viana VE, Balbinot A, Fipke MV, Souza GM, do Amarante L, Avila LAd. Water Deficit at Vegetative Stage Induces Tolerance to High Temperature during Anthesis in Rice. Plants. 2023; 12(17):3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173133
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeijó, Anderson da Rosa, Vívian Ebeling Viana, Andrisa Balbinot, Marcus Vinicius Fipke, Gustavo Maia Souza, Luciano do Amarante, and Luis Antonio de Avila. 2023. "Water Deficit at Vegetative Stage Induces Tolerance to High Temperature during Anthesis in Rice" Plants 12, no. 17: 3133. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173133