In Vitro Culture Studies for the Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metals and Metalloids
2.1. Zinc
2.2. Silicon
2.3. Selenium
2.4. Other Metals
3. Plant Growth Regulators
4. Microorganisms
5. Other Compounds
5.1. Ascorbic Acid
5.2. Nitric Oxide
5.3. Glutathione
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mitigating Agent | Crop | Heavy Metal | Tolerance Strategy Induced by the Mitigating Agent | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | Musa spp. | Cd | shares the same chemical and physical properties with Cd; it competes with Cd and reduces its uptake by plants | [29] |
Zn | Linum usitatissimum L. | Cd | [30] | |
Zn | Catharanthus roseus | Cd | [31] | |
Zn | Euglena gracilis | Cd | [32] | |
Zn | Oryza sativa | Cd | [33] | |
ZnONPs | Capsicum annuum L. | Cd | [34] | |
Si | Picea abies | Al | strengthens the cell wall, providing a physical barrier against the entry of heavy metals into plant cells; binds, in some cases, with heavy metals ions | [42] |
Si | Alternanthera tenella | Cd | [46] | |
Si | Populus spp. | Cd | [47] | |
Si | Poa annua | Cd | [49] | |
Si | Oryza sativa | Cd | [50] | |
Si | Populus spp. | As | [48] | |
SiNPs | Oryza sativa | Cd | [54] | |
Silicic acid | Coffea arabica L. | Al | [59] | |
Se | Brassica napus L. | Cd | increases lignin content and cell wall thickness | [67] |
Se | Oryza sativa | Cd | [68] | |
Mg | Vitis vinifera L. | Al | Mg ions are similar to Al ions; therefore, plants take up Mg instead of Al | [69] |
Ca | Vitis vinifera L. | Al | Ca ions regulate metal uptake and translocation in plants | [69] |
Fe | Musa spp. | Cd | Fe competes with Cd for the same pathways in plant cells | [29] |
MgO | Raphanus sativus L. | Pb | acts as an absorbent | [79] |
TDZ | Raphanus sativus L. | Pb | improves the activity of the root system, with an increase in the absorption of water and nutrients | [79] |
IBA | Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek | Cd | promotes adventitious rooting under HM stress | [91] |
GA3 | Daphne jasminea | Ni | increases cell membrane permeability | [93] |
SA | Musa spp. | Cd | enhances antioxidant defenses, inhibiting HM uptake | [105] |
JA | Wolffia arrhiza | Pb | stimulates signaling pathways resulting in increased plant resistance | [110] |
JA | Daphne jasminea | Ni | [93] | |
ABA | Vigna radiata L. Wilczek | Cd | activates the genes of the antioxidant defense systems | [90] |
Rhizobacteria | Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec | As | increase catalase activity leading to hydrogen peroxide decomposition and an increase in biomass | [128] |
Bacillus and Halobacillus | Arachis hypogaea | Zn, Al, Pb | increase catalase activity and enhances plant biomass | [129] |
Serratia spp. | Zea mais | Zn | enhance the antioxidant enzymes activities and decreases Zn accumulation | [130] |
Sporobolomyces ruberrimus | Arabidopsis arenosa | Fe, Zn, Cd | precipitates Fe in the medium, causing lower exposure of plants to metal toxicity | [134] |
AMF | Carrot hairy roots | Pb | promote nutrient absorption and enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes | [137] |
AMF | Glomus intraradices | Cd, Cu, Zn | [125] | |
ASA | Lycium barbarum L. | Pb | promotes antioxidants activity, increases fresh and dry weight of plant | [142] |
ASA | Saccharum officinarum L. | Pb | [143] | |
NO | Nicotiana tabacum | Cd | regulates the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system | [148] |
GSH | Spilanthes calva L. | As, Cu, Zn, Pb | regulates H2O2 level in plant cells; fundamental factor in cellular detoxification processes, also binding to HMs | [157] |
GSH | Mucuna pruriens L. | Cu, Zn | [158] |
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Elazab, D.; Lambardi, M.; Capuana, M. In Vitro Culture Studies for the Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. Plants 2023, 12, 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193387
Elazab D, Lambardi M, Capuana M. In Vitro Culture Studies for the Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. Plants. 2023; 12(19):3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193387
Chicago/Turabian StyleElazab, Doaa, Maurizio Lambardi, and Maurizio Capuana. 2023. "In Vitro Culture Studies for the Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stress in Plants" Plants 12, no. 19: 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193387