The Carbon Isotope Composition of Epiphytes Depends Not Only on Their Layers, Life Forms, and Taxonomical Groups but Also on the Carbon and Nitrogen Indicators of Host Trees
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Studies
2.2. Samples Collection
2.3. Stable Isotope Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. General Patterns of δ13C in Leaves of Epiphytes
2.4.2. Links of Epiphyte Leaves δ13C with Their Other Traits
2.4.3. Links of Epiphyte Leaf δ13C with Traits of Phorophytes
2.4.4. Links of Leaf δ13C with Phorophyte Traits in Some Species
2.4.5. General Picture of δ13C Distribution Trends
3. Results
3.1. General Patterns of δ13C Content in Leaves of Epiphytes
3.2. Relationship between δ13C in Leaves of Epiphytes and Other Epiphyte Traits
3.3. Relationship between δ13C in Epiphyte Leaves and Phorophyte Traits
3.4. Relationship of δ13C in Leaves of Selected Epiphyte Species to Phorophyte Traits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Number of Samples | C, % | N, % | C/N | δ15N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 427 | −0.201 *** | −0.355 *** | 0.319 *** | −0.232 *** |
Functional group | |||||
Accumulative epiphytes | 199 | −0.011 n.s. | −0.398 *** | 0.371 *** | −0.094 n.s. |
Succulent epiphytes | 119 | 0.081 n.s. | 0.237 ** | −0.212 * | −0.040 n.s. |
Hemiparasites | 36 | −0.021 n.s. | 0.518 ** | −0.495 ** | −0.046 n.s. |
Mirmecophylous epiphytes | 15 | −0.271 n.s. | 0.186 n.s. | −0.218 n.s. | 0.036 n.s. |
Taxonomic group | |||||
Bryophytes | 28 | −0.199 n.s. | 0.220 n.s. | −0.260 n.s. | −0.031 n.s. |
Ferns | 114 | −0.044 n.s. | −0.469 *** | 0.452 *** | −0.073 n.s. |
Loranthaceae | 27 | 0.081 n.s. | 0.538 ** | −0.509 ** | −0.059 n.s. |
Other dicots | 90 | −0.472 *** | −0.670 *** | 0.609 *** | −0.257 * |
Orchids | 138 | −0.460 *** | −0.171 * | 0.089 n.s. | 0.064 n.s. |
Canopy layer | |||||
Heliophytes | 253 | −0.387 *** | −0.492 *** | 0.430 *** | 0.032 n.s. |
Mid-stem epiphytes | 85 | 0.151 n.s. | −0.498 *** | 0.468 *** | −0.407 *** |
Sciophytes | 53 | −0.020 n.s. | −0.340 * | 0.309 * | −0.215 n.s. |
Epiphytes | n | N | Predictors: The Traits of Phorophytes | Effect | χ2 | p | R2m | R2c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All epiphytes | 427 | 137 | C, % δ 15N | – – | 43.94 5.96 | <0.001 0.015 | 0.124 | 0.213 |
Accumulative epiphytes-sciophytes | 19 | 11 | N, % | + | 10.19 | 0.001 | 0.361 | 0.361 |
Hemiepiphytes-heliophytes | 11 | 9 | δ 13C | + | 6.93 | 0.008 | 0.410 | 0.410 |
Species | df | R2 | p | Predictors: The Traits of Phorophytes | B | StE B | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dischidia nummularia | 2, 26 | 0.333 | 0.005 | δ15N C, % | −0.220 −0.084 | 0.062 0.058 | 0.002 ** 0.161 |
Hoya sp. | 15 | нeт | |||||
Loranthus sp. | 3, 18 | 0.467 | 0.009 | C, % C/N δ15N | −0.228 −0.056 −0.373 | 0.103 0.025 0.177 | 0.039 * 0.039 * 0.049 * |
Pyrrosia adnascens | 2, 20 | 0.493 | 0.001 | δ15N C, % | 0.284 0.390 | 0.069 0.125 | <0.001 *** 0.006 ** |
Pyrrosia longifolia | 1, 15 | 0.292 | 0.025 | δ15N | 0.168 | 0.068 | 0.025 * |
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Eskov, A.K.; Elumeeva, T.G.; Leonov, V.D.; Tsurikov, S.M.; Viktorova, V.A.; Prilepsky, N.G.; Abakumov, E.V. The Carbon Isotope Composition of Epiphytes Depends Not Only on Their Layers, Life Forms, and Taxonomical Groups but Also on the Carbon and Nitrogen Indicators of Host Trees. Plants 2023, 12, 3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193500
Eskov AK, Elumeeva TG, Leonov VD, Tsurikov SM, Viktorova VA, Prilepsky NG, Abakumov EV. The Carbon Isotope Composition of Epiphytes Depends Not Only on Their Layers, Life Forms, and Taxonomical Groups but Also on the Carbon and Nitrogen Indicators of Host Trees. Plants. 2023; 12(19):3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193500
Chicago/Turabian StyleEskov, Alen K., Tatiana G. Elumeeva, Vlad. D. Leonov, Sergey M. Tsurikov, Violetta A. Viktorova, Nikolay G. Prilepsky, and Evgeny V. Abakumov. 2023. "The Carbon Isotope Composition of Epiphytes Depends Not Only on Their Layers, Life Forms, and Taxonomical Groups but Also on the Carbon and Nitrogen Indicators of Host Trees" Plants 12, no. 19: 3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193500