Bio-Monitoring of Metal(loid)s Pollution in Dry Riverbeds Affected by Mining Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Collection
2.3. Rhizospheric Soil Analyses
2.4. Plant Analyses
2.5. Metal(loid) Concentration Indices
2.5.1. Contamination Factor
2.5.2. Pollution Load Index
2.5.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index
2.5.4. Bioaccumulation Factor (BF)
2.5.5. Translocation Factor (TF)
2.5.6. Mobility Ratio (MR)
2.5.7. Statistical and Geostatistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Behavior of Piptatherum miliaceum
3.1.1. Rhizospheric Soil Characterization
3.1.2. Root–Stem Characterization
3.2. Behavior of Foeniculum vulgare
3.2.1. Rhizospheric Soil Characterization
3.2.2. Root–Stem Characterization
3.3. Behavior of Dittrichia viscosa
3.3.1. Rhizospheric Soil Characterization
3.3.2. Root–Stem Characterization
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rhizospheric Soil | P. milleaceum El Beal (n = 15) | F. vulgare La Carrasquilla (n = 10) | D. viscosa Ponce (n = 12) |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.14(1.10) | 8.24(0.25) | 7.82(0.32) |
EC (mS cm−1) | 2.56(0.22) | 0.30(0.13) | 0.29(0.24) |
OC (%) | 0.42(0.17) | 13.5(5.42) | 0.92(0.40) |
IC (%) | 0.17(0.15) | 1.84(0.74) | 1.86(1.41) |
Clay (%) | 1.26(0.87) | 3.52(1.79) | 2.88(1.46) |
Silt (%) | 15.3(4.61) | 34.2(14.9) | 29.1(11.7) |
Sand (%) | 83.5(5.45) | 62.3(16.7) | 68.1(13.1) |
Ca2+ (mg kg−1) | 3060(140) | 582(1149) | 41.4(25.3) |
Mg2+ (mg kg−1) | 300(224) | 190(461) | 199(0.93) |
Na+ (mg kg−1) | 90.6(52.4) | 260(691) | 510(894) |
Cl− (mg kg−1) | 76.3(74.6) | 420(1215) | 12.7(5.66) |
NO3− (mg kg−1) | 6020(1642) | 88.5(218) | 878(2108) |
SO42− (mg kg−1) | 8500(864) | 1329(3666) | 54.8(16.2) |
Phytotoxic * | Rhizospheric Soil | Roots | Stems | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Piptatherum miliaceum | ||||
As | 5.00–20.0 | 296(63.7) | 43.1(24.6) | 8.61(5.06) |
Cd | 5.00–30.0 | 7.87(3.97) | 8.41(7.70) | 3.72(3.56) |
Cr | 5.00–30.0 | 28.1(3.1) | 24.1(10.9) | 14.5(2.9) |
Cu | 20.0–100 | 78.6(19.7) | 29.6(10.4) | 14.0(5.9) |
Fe | - | 87,044(14,584) | 11,290(5886) | 2325(1511) |
Mn | 400–1000 | 2104(1303) | 454(453) | 96.2(65.2) |
Ni | 10.0–100 | 15.2(3.5) | 12.6(2.9) | 9.38(1.94) |
Pb | 30.0–300 | 3849(1878) | 1105(703) | 284(172) |
Zn | 100–400 | 3198(1259) | 1089(555) | 432(244) |
Foeniculum vulgare | ||||
As | 5.00–20.0 | 66.1(144.6) | 0.61(0.45) | 1.00(1.96) |
Cd | 5.00–30.0 | 5.00(7.81) | 0.37(0.24) | 0.25(0.27) |
Cr | 5.00–30.0 | 13.8(2.0) | 4.15(2.45) | 3.41(1.08) |
Cu | 20.0–100 | 24.6(19.6) | 3.68(1.24) | 4.01(1.67) |
Fe | - | 31,999(39,202) | 435(323) | 540(950) |
Mn | 400–1000 | 1916(2051) | 31.9(23.3) | 37.3(52.7) |
Ni | 10.0–100 | 16.1(2.2) | 2.76(1.44) | 2.40(0.73) |
Pb | 30.0–300 | 1160(1622) | 12.2(9.2) | 18.7(34.0) |
Zn | 100–400 | 1496(2192) | 46.1(22.5) | 55.4(62.9) |
Dittrichia viscosa | ||||
As | 5.00–20.0 | 47.4(51.5) | 4.51(2.06) | 1.33(0.59) |
Cd | 5.00–30.0 | 14.6(8.2) | 4.36(3.40) | 4.36(2.89) |
Cr | 5.00–30.0 | 15.3(3.3) | 9.18(4.28) | 5.79(1.76) |
Cu | 20.0–100 | 28.9(16.6) | 8.15(5.24) | 5.04(1.58) |
Fe | - | 23,099(14,390) | 1592(499) | 484(5) |
Mn | 400–1000 | 2876(1069) | 89.3(26.3) | 31.8(10.4) |
Ni | 10.0–100 | 16.0(4.0) | 6.76(2.65) | 4.57(1.20) |
Pb | 30.0–300 | 2686(1389) | 142(83) | 41.0(17.1) |
Zn | 100–400 | 3720(2085) | 213(68) | 104(30) |
El Beal rhizospheric soil (Piptatherum miliaceum) | ||||||||
Mean bioavailable metal(loid) concentration (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
0.06(0.06) | 2.14(1.41) | 0.02(0.01) | 3.56(1.66) | 74.3(64.8) | 92.1(72.2) | 0.38(0.30) | 828(525) | 380(242) |
Mean soluble metal(loid) concentration (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
0.01(0.01) | 0.71(0.60) | 0.00(0.00) | 0.24(0.50) | 0.15(0.33) | 37.4(62.4) | 0.13(0.11) | 3.11(3.90) | 108(90.9) |
La Carrasquilla rhizospheric soil (Foeniculum vulgare) | ||||||||
Mean bioavailable metal(loid) concentration (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
0.04(0.02) | 0.96(1.52) | 0.00(0.00) | 1.78(0.89) | 9.09(7.16) | 39.0(15.6) | 0.36(0.14) | 93.8(25.4) | 90.4(132.5) |
Mean soluble metal(loid) concentration (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
0.03(0.01) | 0.00(0.01) | 0.00(0.00) | 0.04(0.01) | 0.45(0.71) | 0.07(0.11) | 0.01(0.01) | 0.00(0.01) | 0.09(0.21) |
Ponce rhizospheric soil (Dittrichia viscosa) | ||||||||
Mean bioavailable metal(loid) concentration (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
0.04(0.02) | 2.67(1.60) | 0.01(0.00) | 1.60(0.48) | 4.88(1.44) | 28.0(9.5) | 0.16(0.08) | 196(76) | 237(125) |
Mean soluble metal(loid) concentration (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
0.02(0.01) | 0.01(0.02) | 0.00(0.00) | 0.05(0.02) | 0.24(0.27) | 0.27(0.56) | 0.01(0.00) | 0.04(0.07) | 0.28(0.33) |
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Cuevas, J.; Faz, Á.; Martínez-Martínez, S.; Gabarrón, M.; Beltrá, J.; Martínez, J.; Acosta, J.A. Bio-Monitoring of Metal(loid)s Pollution in Dry Riverbeds Affected by Mining Activity. Plants 2023, 12, 3775. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213775
Cuevas J, Faz Á, Martínez-Martínez S, Gabarrón M, Beltrá J, Martínez J, Acosta JA. Bio-Monitoring of Metal(loid)s Pollution in Dry Riverbeds Affected by Mining Activity. Plants. 2023; 12(21):3775. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213775
Chicago/Turabian StyleCuevas, José, Ángel Faz, Silvia Martínez-Martínez, María Gabarrón, Juan Beltrá, Jacinto Martínez, and José A. Acosta. 2023. "Bio-Monitoring of Metal(loid)s Pollution in Dry Riverbeds Affected by Mining Activity" Plants 12, no. 21: 3775. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213775