Calcium Dynamics, WUSCHEL Expression and Callose Deposition during Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Immature Zygotic Embryos
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis from IZEs of Arabidopsis Cameleon Lines
2.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Somatic Embryogenesis from Arabidopsis IZEs
2.3. Expression of the WUS-Reporter upon Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
2.4. Callose Staining during Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
2.5. FRET Imaging of Ca2+ Distribution during Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
2.6. Modulation of Intracellular Ca2+ Levels
3. Discussion
3.1. The Shoot Apical Meristem of IZEs also Produces Somatic Embryos
3.2. High Ca2+ Levels Act as a Trigger of Somatic Embryogenesis, Marking the Onset of the Process
3.3. Ca2+ Homeostasis Cannot Be Altered to Induce Somatic Embryogenesis from IZEs
3.4. Somatic Cells Transition to Embryogenesis First at the Cotyledon Protrusions and then at the Tip of the Shoot Apical Meristem Appendix
3.5. Concluding Remarks
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis
4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
4.4. Confocal Microscopy and FRET
4.5. Ca2+ Modulators and Callose Inhibitor
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Induction | Germination | |
---|---|---|
GB5 (g/L) | 3.16 | |
MS (g/L) | 4.6 | |
Sucrose (%) | 2 | 2 |
2,4-D (mg/L) | 1.1 | |
Plant agar (%) | 0.8 | 0.8 |
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Calabuig-Serna, A.; Mir, R.; Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Calcium Dynamics, WUSCHEL Expression and Callose Deposition during Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Immature Zygotic Embryos. Plants 2023, 12, 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051021
Calabuig-Serna A, Mir R, Seguí-Simarro JM. Calcium Dynamics, WUSCHEL Expression and Callose Deposition during Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Immature Zygotic Embryos. Plants. 2023; 12(5):1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051021
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalabuig-Serna, Antonio, Ricardo Mir, and Jose M. Seguí-Simarro. 2023. "Calcium Dynamics, WUSCHEL Expression and Callose Deposition during Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Immature Zygotic Embryos" Plants 12, no. 5: 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051021