Nutritional Balance and Genetic Diversity of Coffea canephora Genotypes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Genetic Parameters and Nutrient Concentrations in Grain and Husk
2.2. Nutrient Accumulation in Fruits
2.3. Characteristics of Grain, Husk and Fruit
2.4. Cluster Analysis
3. Discussion
3.1. Genetic Parameters
3.2. Nutrient Accumulation in Fruit and Concentrations in Grain and Husk
3.3. Characteristics of Grain, Husk and Fruit
3.4. Dissimilarity between Genotypes and Relative Contribution of Nutrient Concentration
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Location and Genotypes
4.2. Fruit Sampling and Evaluations
4.3. Statistical Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrients | Grain | Husk | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Value | Mean | CVe (%) | CVg (%) | H² (%) | F-Value | Mean | CVe (%) | CVg (%) | H² (%) | |
N | 1.89 ns | 29.28 | 5.47 | 2.98 | 47.15 | 11.64 ** | 16.67 | 4.99 | 9.41 | 91.41 |
P | 1.63 ns | 1.79 | 9.75 | 4.45 | 38.51 | 6.45 ** | 1.10 | 4.5 | 6.06 | 84.50 |
K | 2.76 * | 17.01 | 7.17 | 3.83 | 46.09 | 5.37 ** | 24.99 | 9.02 | 10.89 | 81.39 |
Ca | 7.95 ** | 1.65 | 7.11 | 10.82 | 87.42 | 11.33 ** | 4.61 | 8.03 | 14.90 | 91.17 |
Mg | 6.42 ** | 1.68 | 8.47 | 11.39 | 84.43 | 15.82 ** | 0.89 | 8.57 | 19.05 | 93.68 |
S | 2.03 * | 1.65 | 16.15 | 9.47 | 50.79 | 1.47 ns | 1.54 | 20.67 | 8.21 | 32.14 |
Cu | 10.26 ** | 9.42 | 9.37 | 16.45 | 90.25 | 10.30 ** | 6.27 | 8.70 | 15.32 | 90.29 |
Fe | 6.80 ** | 19.12 | 28.92 | 40.21 | 85.30 | 2.40 * | 22.68 | 15.35 | 10.50 | 58.42 |
Mn | 11.61 ** | 19.40 | 6.74 | 12.67 | 91.38 | 35.29 ** | 16.71 | 11.07 | 37.43 | 97.17 |
Zn | 2.62 ** | 9.10 | 23.17 | 17.01 | 61.8 | 0.80 ns | 10.06 | 18.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
B | 4.28 ** | 10.37 | 19.64 | 20.53 | 76.62 | 1.35 ns | 21.02 | 18.11 | 6.18 | 25.88 |
F Test (Gen) | Mean | CVe (%) | CVg (%) | H² (%) | ||||||
% Grain | 9.78 ** | 56.95 | 2.74 | 4.06 | 89.77 | |||||
% Husk | 9.78 ** | 43.05 | 3.62 | 4.06 | 89.77 |
Gen | Nutrients | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k·g−1 | mg·kg−1 | ||||||||||
N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn | B | |
1 | 29.17 a | 1.83 a | 16.70 b | 1.60 b | 1.57 c | 1.40 b | 8.73 d | 13.53 c | 19.00 b | 6.73 b | 9.10 b |
2 | 28.00 a | 1.77 a | 17.97 a | 1.90 a | 2.23 a | 1.70 b | 6.87 e | 42.33 a | 23.43 a | 10.50 a | 9.63 b |
3 | 28.93 a | 1.90 a | 17.17 b | 1.67 b | 1.73 c | 1.97 a | 12.17 a | 29.20 b | 23.40 a | 11.65 a | 14.60 a |
4 | 32.43 a | 2.03 a | 16.23 b | 2.00 a | 1.90 b | 1.63 b | 10.90 b | 13.70 c | 18.77 b | 8.60 b | 8.97 b |
5 | 28.93 a | 1.77 a | 16.27 b | 1.53 b | 1.53 c | 1.47 b | 9.50 c | 12.43 c | 17.13 c | 5.75 b | 12.07 a |
6 | 30.10 a | 1.77 a | 16.70 b | 1.47 b | 1.57 c | 1.80 a | 9.67 c | 12.60 c | 19.50 b | 7.53 b | 12.83 a |
7 | 28.93 a | 1.83 a | 18.57 a | 1.90 a | 1.57 c | 1.40 b | 9.80 c | 18.55 c | 17.00 c | 10.93 a | 8.87 b |
8 | 27.30 a | 1.70 a | 17.83 a | 1.40 b | 1.40 c | 1.53 b | 8.50 d | 14.60 c | 14.87 c | 10.40 a | 7.93 b |
9 | 28.00 a | 1.63 a | 17.53 a | 1.50 b | 1.77 b | 1.57 b | 9.37 c | 16.40 c | 18.60 b | 11.40 a | 11.30 a |
10 | 31.03 a | 1.87 a | 16.40 b | 1.80 a | 1.70 c | 1.73 b | 9.63 c | 12.90 c | 23.33 a | 7.63 b | 5.60 b |
11 | 29.40 a | 1.60 a | 17.17 b | 1.47 b | 1.60 c | 2.10 a | 9.53 c | 18.40 c | 18.57 b | 8.40 b | 8.40 b |
12 | 29.63 a | 1.53 a | 16.00 b | 1.43 b | 1.37 c | 1.57 b | 7.03 e | 13.40 c | 17.37 c | 8.47 b | 9.35 b |
13 | 30.57 a | 1.73 a | 16.83 b | 1.97 a | 2.03 a | 1.40 b | 12.50 a | 32.07 b | 18.30 b | 12.13 a | 15.67 a |
14 | 30.10 a | 1.83 a | 15.93 b | 1.60 b | 1.80 b | 1.63 b | 8.40 d | 17.53 c | 22.90 a | 8.80 b | 10.33 b |
15 | 29.87 a | 1.87 a | 17.93 a | 1.60 b | 1.67c | 1.90 a | 8.77 d | 14.60 c | 17.53 c | 8.63 b | 13.07 a |
16 | 29.40 a | 1.87 a | 15.37 b | 1.57 b | 1.60 c | 1.50 b | 11.17 b | 12.13 c | 23.53 a | 7.90 b | 9.50 b |
17 | 28.00 a | 1.77 a | 16.17 b | 1.77 a | 1.63 c | 1.63 b | 8.63 d | 17.17 c | 18.90 b | 6.33 b | 9.80 b |
18 | 27.07 a | 1.87 a | 18.43 a | 1.83 a | 1.87 b | 1.40 b | 10.30 c | 30.77 b | 19.37 b | 12.37 a | 11.20 a |
19 | 29.63 a | 2.03 a | 16.47 b | 1.53 b | 1.57 c | 2.07 a | 6.27 e | 15.13 c | 16.93 c | 7.70 b | 11.30 a |
20 | 29.17 a | 1.67 a | 18.63 a | 1.47 b | 1.53 c | 1.57 b | 10.73 b | 24.87 b | 19.50 b | 10.13 a | 7.80 b |
Gen | Nutrients | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g·kg−1 | mg·kg−1 | ||||||||||
N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn | B | |
1 | 15.63 b | 1.10 b | 27.50 a | 6.10 a | 0.87 d | 1.53 a | 6.67 c | 28.53 a | 19.30 c | 9.40 a | 23.23 a |
2 | 18.90 a | 1.07 b | 21.43 b | 4.47 b | 1.13 b | 1.97 a | 4.07 e | 24.80 b | 35.03 a | 9.97 a | 19.33 a |
3 | 18.20 a | 1.10 b | 26.20 a | 4.53 b | 1.00 c | 1.60 a | 6.53 c | 20.85 b | 16.87 d | 9.63 a | 24.27 a |
4 | 16.80 a | 1.07 b | 26.53 a | 6.30 a | 1.23 a | 1.37 a | 7.13 b | 22.10 b | 22.67 b | 11.70 a | 22.77 a |
5 | 15.63 b | 1.03 c | 17.70 c | 4.93 b | 0.73 d | 1.57 a | 6.13 c | 22.27 b | 18.20 c | 10.63 a | 23.63 a |
6 | 17.27 a | 1.23 a | 29.40 a | 4.07 c | 0.90 c | 1.90 a | 6.93 b | 19.95 b | 13.77 d | 9.47 a | 19.20 a |
7 | 15.63 b | 1.03 c | 25.27 a | 4.63 b | 0.70 e | 1.47 a | 5.80 d | 22.07 b | 11.30 e | 9.27 a | 20.30 a |
8 | 14.70 c | 1.07 b | 18.93 c | 3.60 c | 0.53 f | 1.47 a | 5.00 d | 32.23 a | 8.90 e | 9.20 a | 19.50 a |
9 | 16.10 b | 1.07 b | 22.53 b | 3.53 c | 0.67 e | 1.30 a | 5.40 d | 23.75 b | 14.97 d | 9.03 a | 19.57 a |
10 | 17.97 a | 1.03 c | 27.83 a | 5.13 b | 1.07 b | 1.23 a | 6.87 b | 21.00 b | 17.77 c | 11.07 a | 24.20 a |
11 | 14.23 c | 1.10 b | 23.93 a | 4.37 b | 0.77 d | 1.50 a | 6.33 c | 19.80 b | 11.93 e | 9.23 a | 17.50 a |
12 | 16.57 b | 1.00 c | 26.37 a | 5.00 b | 0.93 c | 1.37 a | 6.17 c | 20.90 b | 20.03 c | 9.17 a | 17.53 a |
13 | 18.43 a | 1.27 a | 25.50 a | 4.27 b | 1.10 b | 1.67 a | 7.40 b | 21.80 b | 13.53 d | 10.17 a | 23.30 a |
14 | 14.00 c | 1.00 c | 25.67 a | 4.93 b | 0.83 d | 1.37 a | 5.70 d | 19.40 b | 23.70 b | 9.60 a | 21.23 a |
15 | 15.17 c | 1.17 a | 24.17 a | 4.30 b | 0.77 d | 1.25 a | 5.47 d | 24.55 b | 9.60 e | 9.23 a | 24.17 a |
16 | 19.40 a | 1.20 a | 29.00 a | 4.63 b | 1.03 b | 1.43 a | 8.63 a | 21.30 b | 18.57 c | 10.40 a | 20.43 a |
17 | 17.50 a | 1.13 b | 23.63 a | 3.47 c | 0.93 c | 1.90 a | 6.17 c | 19.97 b | 10.93 e | 12.20 a | 15.70 a |
18 | 17.97 a | 1.10 b | 26.60 a | 4.73 b | 0.90 c | 1.47 a | 6.53 c | 21.60 b | 14.57 d | 9.77 a | 23.30 a |
19 | 14.93 c | 1.10 b | 26.23 a | 4.50 b | 0.80 d | 1.57 a | 5.13 d | 22.63 b | 9.30 e | 10.23 a | 19.33 a |
20 | 18.43 a | 1.13 b | 25.30 a | 4.67 b | 0.80 d | 1.90 a | 7.23 b | 24.10 b | 23.17 b | 11.80 a | 21.97 a |
Gen | Nutrients | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg·ton−1 | g·ton−1 | ||||||||||
N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Cu | Fe | Mn | Zn | B | |
1 | 37.48 e | 2.44 c | 34.46 b | 5.73 b | 2.03 f | 2.35 g | 12.61 e | 32.31 f | 30.80 e | 12.71 g | 24.56 d |
2 | 38.72 d | 2.36 d | 31.37 c | 4.86 d | 2.83 a | 2.92 b | 9.10 i | 55.89 a | 45.89 a | 16.54 c | 22.33 e |
3 | 38.03 d | 2.44 c | 32.49 c | 4.44 e | 2.22 e | 2.82 c | 15.27 b | 39.98 d | 32.14 d | 16.80 c | 28.91 b |
4 | 42.15 b | 2.65 a | 34.75 b | 6.57 a | 2.66 b | 2.51 e | 15.29 b | 29.11 g | 34.15 c | 16.64 c | 25.31 d |
5 | 36.92 e | 2.31 d | 26.81 e | 4.74 d | 1.89 h | 2.40 f | 12.80 e | 26.42 i | 27.93 f | 12.45 g | 27.02 c |
6 | 40.73 c | 2.56 b | 37.94 a | 4.48 e | 2.12 f | 3.11 a | 14.16 c | 26.90 i | 28.39 f | 14.18 e | 26.53 c |
7 | 35.36 f | 2.27 e | 31.51 c | 4.41 e | 1.83 i | 2.12 i | 12.27 f | 29.64 g | 22.00 i | 15.31 d | 19.82 f |
8 | 33.46 g | 2.17 f | 27.34 e | 3.39 g | 1.59 j | 2.26 h | 10.67 h | 32.22 f | 18.75 j | 14.86 d | 18.68 f |
9 | 36.95 e | 2.25 e | 32.03 c | 3.89 f | 2.08 f | 2.35 g | 12.37 f | 31.87 f | 27.60 f | 16.82 c | 24.25 d |
10 | 40.48 c | 2.40 c | 33.92 b | 5.14 c | 2.27 d | 2.42 f | 13.45 d | 26.07 i | 33.35 c | 14.50 e | 21.62 e |
11 | 36.22 f | 2.19 f | 31.56 c | 4.24 e | 1.97 g | 2.91 b | 12.89 e | 29.93 g | 24.83 g | 13.79 f | 19.30 f |
12 | 37.92 d | 2.06 g | 32.03 c | 4.62 d | 1.86 i | 2.33 g | 10.48 h | 26.04 i | 29.07 f | 13.78 f | 20.13 f |
13 | 43.37 a | 2.65 a | 36.86 a | 5.40 c | 2.78 a | 2.68 d | 17.62 a | 47.59 b | 28.08 f | 19.63 a | 33.94 a |
14 | 38.20 d | 2.44 c | 34.36 b | 5.27 c | 2.28 d | 2.54 e | 12.05 f | 30.96 f | 39.17 b | 15.43 d | 25.83 c |
15 | 38.59 d | 2.58 b | 34.53 b | 4.70 d | 2.09 f | 2.67 d | 12.09 f | 31.79 f | 23.18 h | 14.82 d | 30.11 b |
16 | 38.53 d | 2.43 c | 31.62 c | 4.25 e | 2.09 f | 2.24 h | 15.41 b | 23.99 j | 32.69 d | 13.51 f | 21.07 e |
17 | 36.29 f | 2.31 d | 29.32 d | 3.75 f | 2.06 f | 2.66 d | 11.67 g | 27.96 h | 23.95 g | 13.31 f | 18.63 f |
18 | 37.56 e | 2.49 c | 35.93 a | 5.08 c | 2.35 c | 2.33 g | 14.07 c | 43.54 c | 28.11 f | 18.28 b | 26.97 c |
19 | 37.58 e | 2.63 a | 33.67 b | 4.60 d | 1.99 g | 3.00 b | 9.36 i | 29.89 g | 22.02 i | 14.29 e | 24.05 d |
20 | 38.26 d | 2.24 e | 33.06 b | 4.31 e | 1.90 h | 2.63 d | 14.37 c | 37.96 e | 32.49 d | 16.73 c | 21.08 e |
Summary of analysis of variance | |||||||||||
Genotype | 37.46 ** | 50.83 ** | 26.87 ** | 59.38 ** | 287.35 ** | 75.89 ** | 216.56 ** | 280.72 ** | 286.48 ** | 77.16 ** | 90.81 ** |
Mean | 38.14 | 2.39 | 32.78 | 4.69 | 2.14 | 2.56 | 12.90 | 33.00 | 29.23 | 15.22 | 24.01 |
Cv % | 1.94 | 1.99 | 3.34 | 3.97 | 1.75 | 2.50 | 2.25 | 2.94 | 2.55 | 2.82 | 3.63 |
Chemical Characteristics | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg·dm−3 | cmolc·dm−3 | |||||||||||
P | K | Na | S | B | Zn | Mn | Cu | Fe | Ca | Mg | Al | H + Al |
58.5 | 86.0 | 3.0 | 18.0 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 9.1 | 0.9 | 48.0 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 4.5 |
pH | V (%) | S.B (cmolc·dm−3) | OM (dag·dm−3) | |||||||||
5.0 | 34.0 | 2.3 | 2.0 | |||||||||
Particle-size fractions (g·kg−1) | Textural classification | |||||||||||
Sand | Silt | Clay | Clay sandy loam | |||||||||
602 | 126 | 272 |
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Rodrigues, M.J.L.; da Silva, C.A.; Braun, H.; Partelli, F.L. Nutritional Balance and Genetic Diversity of Coffea canephora Genotypes. Plants 2023, 12, 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071451
Rodrigues MJL, da Silva CA, Braun H, Partelli FL. Nutritional Balance and Genetic Diversity of Coffea canephora Genotypes. Plants. 2023; 12(7):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071451
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigues, Maria Juliete Lucindo, Cleidson Alves da Silva, Heder Braun, and Fábio Luiz Partelli. 2023. "Nutritional Balance and Genetic Diversity of Coffea canephora Genotypes" Plants 12, no. 7: 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071451