Effect of Cluster-Zone Leaf Removal at Different Stages on Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Phenolic and Volatile Profiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Meteorological Conditions and Grape Physicochemical Parameters
2.2. Impact of Cluster-Zone Leaf Removal on Grape Phenolic Profiles
2.2.1. Anthocyanins
2.2.2. Flavonols
2.2.3. Flavan-3-Ols
2.3. Grape Volatile Aromas of Grapes and Their Glycosylated Precursors
2.3.1. C6/C9 Compounds
2.3.2. Terpenes
Compounds | Vintage and Variety | LR1 | LR2 | LR3 | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Hexanol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 874.97 ± 251.56 ab | 1085.27 ± 73.2 a | 676.77 ± 134.92 b | 341.77 ± 129.16 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 220.17 ± 26.08 | 225.96 ± 20.03 | 207.19 ± 44.75 | 253.82 ± 19.91 | |
2022 Marselan | 83.72 ± 6.07 | 117.07 ± 8.24 | 96.58 ± 42.14 | 84.09 ± 21.44 | |
(E)-3-Hexen-1-ol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.76 ± 0.61 b | 2.71 ± 0.35 a | 1.12 ± 0.28 bc | 0.63 ± 0.27 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.58 ± 0.1 | 0.59 ± 0.17 | 0.55 ± 0.13 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | |
2022 Marselan | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.05 | |
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 20.38 ± 5.37 ab | 25.46 ± 2.93 a | 16.06 ± 0.69 b | 22.07 ± 5.77 ab |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 20.96 ± 1.88 b | 32.48 ± 3.28 a | 23.93 ± 1.95 b | 18.96 ± 5.76 b | |
2022 Marselan | 3.34 ± 1.19 b | 6.9 ± 0.95 a | 2.75 ± 0.46 b | 2.07 ± 0.53 b | |
(E)-2-Hexen-1-ol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 34.03 ± 9.32 b | 48.4 ± 5.91 a | 28.54 ± 3.75 b | 12.54 ± 2.92 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 19.18 ± 3.51 b | 23.42 ± 2.38 a | 19.87 ± 2.68 b | 18.92 ± 1.35 b | |
2022 Marselan | 3.96 ± 0.51 | 5.81 ± 0.91 | 4.28 ± 1.29 | 3.99 ± 0.92 | |
1-Nonanol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.3 ± 0.32 | 0.16 ± 0.07 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.01 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | |
2022 Marselan | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | |
Hexanal | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 904.47 ± 137.91 c | 807.81 ± 77.27 c | 1168.99 ± 120.22 b | 1599.76 ± 106.62 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1741.02 ± 358.73 | 1715.35 ± 292.47 | 1689.5 ± 368.8 | 1601.67 ± 136.81 | |
2022 Marselan | 1369.63 ± 246.2 a | 968.46 ± 191.35 bc | 1266.12 ± 78.37 ab | 880.32 ± 136.6 c | |
(E)-2-Hexenal | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 841.82 ± 26.55 c | 1046.99 ± 82.52 b | 1218.98 ± 144.06 b | 1468.17 ± 103.45 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2370.67 ± 207.95 | 2732.25 ± 594.85 | 2281.23 ± 393.2 | 2654.72 ± 379.37 | |
2022 Marselan | 2047.78 ± 207.24 a | 1935.81 ± 136.68 a | 1984.76 ± 186.49 a | 1556.95 ± 116.68 b | |
Nonanal | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.17 ± 0.16 b | 0.96 ± 0.28 b | 2.16 ± 0.32 a | 1.9 ± 0.55 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.21 ± 0.22 | 1.8 ± 0.33 | 1.14 ± 0.19 | 1.47 ± 0.5 | |
2022 Marselan | 1 ± 0.2 ab | 0.69 ± 0.09 ab | 1.01 ± 0.14 a | 0.67 ± 0.22 b | |
(E,E)-2,4-Hexadienal | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.24 ± 1.56 b | 4.16 ± 1.54 b | 5.48 ± 0.57 ab | 7.02 ± 0.62 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 12.11 ± 2.14 | 12.21 ± 2.05 | 10.44 ± 1.78 | 11.58 ± 1.29 | |
2022 Marselan | 10.08 ± 1.34 a | 9.28 ± 0.9 ab | 10.2 ± 0.41 a | 7.79 ± 0.18 b | |
Hexanoic acid | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.04 ± 0.38 | 2.8 ± 0.42 | 2.94 ± 0.18 | 2.7 ± 0.45 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.62 ± 1.54 b | 4.6 ± 2.31 ab | 4.81 ± 0.69 ab | 5.33 ± 2.12 a | |
2022 Marselan | 2.97 ± 0.4 b | 5.03 ± 1.3 a | 3.12 ± 0.19 b | 3.9 ± 0.72 ab | |
1-Hexanol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 15.19 ± 2.64 | 11.36 ± 1 | 13.81 ± 3.6 | 10.85 ± 3.68 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 21.79 ± 1.65 | 20.39 ± 4.45 | 23.55 ± 4.77 | 24.28 ± 3.79 | |
2022 Marselan | 47.37 ± 9.74 | 51.83 ± 5.79 | 43.23 ± 2.26 | 52.98 ± 8.87 | |
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.86 ± 0.52 a | 2.21 ± 1.24 b | 2.61 ± 0.63 ab | 2.52 ± 0.72 ab |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 8.82 ± 1.05 | 7.26 ± 1.19 | 9.74 ± 1.73 | 7.92 ± 1.3 | |
2022 Marselan | 30.93 ± 2.91 | 33.23 ± 6.82 | 30.03 ± 9.57 | 34.51 ± 3.56 | |
(E)-2-Hexen-1-ol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 10.78 ± 3.01 | 8.07 ± 1.22 | 7.94 ± 0.72 | 9.46 ± 2.82 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 9.69 ± 6.1 ab | 5.22 ± 0.35 b | 7.06 ± 0.97 ab | 13.56 ± 3.74 a | |
2022 Marselan | 5.92 ± 0.12 | 6.36 ± 1.01 | 6.61 ± 2.62 | 6.62 ± 0.73 | |
1-Nonanol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 ab | |
2022 Marselan | 0.1 ± 0.02 b | 0.15 ± 0.03 a | 0.1 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.04 ab | |
Total C6/C9 Alcohol (Free) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 931.27 ± 217.85 a | 1162 ± 62.43 a | 722.61 ± 111.78 ab | 377.05 ± 108.29 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 260.9 ± 25.03 | 282.46 ± 20.62 | 251.55 ± 38.1 | 292.23 ± 13.08 | |
2022 Marselan | 122.62 ± 45.8 | 130.07 ± 6.52 | 103.89 ± 35.79 | 105.43 ± 26.47 | |
Total C6/C9 Aldehyde | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1750.7 ± 125.44 c | 1859.92 ± 81.62 c | 2395.61 ± 200.13 b | 3076.84 ± 169.43 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 4125.02 ± 464.15 | 4461.61 ± 712.14 | 3982.32 ± 623.14 | 4269.42 ± 413.69 | |
2022 Marselan | 3428.49 ± 368.16 a | 2914.2 ± 260.77 ab | 3262.09 ± 207.93 a | 2445.73 ± 70.64 b | |
Total C6/C9 Alcohol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 29.88 ± 3.25 | 21.69 ± 1.66 | 24.43 ± 2.79 | 22.88 ± 5.72 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 40.36 ± 5.15 | 32.9 ± 4.32 | 40.4 ± 5.01 | 45.83 ± 2.55 | |
2022 Marselan | 86.97 ± 7.88 | 91.57 ± 5.85 | 79.97 ± 11.71 | 94.24 ± 10.49 | |
Total C6/C9 Compounds | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2714.9 ± 180.58 b | 3046.4 ± 78.31 ab | 3145.6 ± 148.2 ab | 3479.48 ± 266.47 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 4427.91 ± 440.03 | 4781.57 ± 710.35 | 4279.08 ± 588.76 | 4612.81 ± 408.39 | |
2022 Marselan | 3641.05 ± 346.82 a | 3140.8 ± 265.17 ab | 3449.08 ± 222.87 a | 2650.3 ± 35.54 b |
2.3.3. Norisoprenoids and Carotenoids
2.3.4. Aromatic Compounds
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Standards
3.2. Vineyard Experimental Design
3.3. Meteorological Data
3.4. Physicochemical Parameter Measurement
3.5. Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
3.5.1. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Skins
3.5.2. Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
3.5.3. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
3.6. Quantitative Analysis of Aroma Compounds
3.6.1. Free-Form Aroma Compound Analysis by HS-SPME-GC-MS
3.6.2. Bound-Form Volatile Compound Analysis by SPE-HS-SPME-GC-MS
3.6.3. Identification and Quantification of Aroma Compounds
3.7. Quantitative Analysis of Carotenoids
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vintage and Variety | Treatment | Weight of 100 Grapes (g) | Total Soluble Solids (°Brix) | pH Value | Titratable Acidity (g/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | LR1 | 128.40 ± 4.04 | 20.43 ± 0.5 | 3.37 ± 0.02 ab | 7.26 ± 0.19 ab |
LR2 | 134.60 ± 12.15 | 19.97 ± 0.12 | 3.4 ± 0.03 a | 6.82 ± 0.11 b | |
LR3 | 139.93 ± 5.99 | 20.03 ± 0.45 | 3.39 ± 0.01 a | 7.13 ± 0.34 ab | |
None | 133.60 ± 7.92 | 20.4 ± 0.44 | 3.32 ± 0.03 b | 7.51 ± 0.14 a | |
p value | ns | ns | 0.0147 | 0.0252 | |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | LR1 | 118.29 ± 2.76 | 20.3 ± 1.31 | 3.23 ± 0.02 | 4.38 ± 0.05 b |
LR2 | 126.09 ± 2.31 | 21.23 ± 0.42 | 3.26 ± 0.01 | 4.27 ± 0.08 b | |
LR3 | 119.88 ± 3.39 | 20.97 ± 0.78 | 3.24 ± 0.01 | 4.29 ± 0.01 b | |
None | 126.13 ± 6.37 | 21.43 ± 0.75 | 3.21 ± 0.03 | 4.53 ± 0.06 a | |
p value | ns | ns | ns | 0.0018 | |
2022 Marselan | LR1 | 112.70 ± 3.62 | 21.4 ± 0.36 | 3.37 ± 0.03 | 6.75 ± 0.11 b |
LR2 | 113.00 ± 1.22 | 21.63 ± 0.4 | 3.34 ± 0.03 | 6.94 ± 0.09 ab | |
LR3 | 105.33 ± 4.4 | 21.07 ± 0.47 | 3.34 ± 0.03 | 6.82 ± 0.11 b | |
None | 106.93 ± 8.77 | 21.53 ± 0.06 | 3.35 ± 0.02 | 7.17 ± 0.36 a | |
p value | ns | ns | ns | 0.0124 |
Compounds | Vintage and Variety | LR1 | LR2 | LR3 | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monomeric anthocyanins | |||||
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 223.05 ± 19.4 a | 181.29 ± 10.79 b | 223.4 ± 15.58 a | 219.02 ± 4.21 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 214.15 ± 3.83 b | 273.57 ± 8.91 a | 216.1 ± 16.04 b | 186.79 ± 4.7 c | |
2022 Marselan | 187.29 ± 8 a | 152.68 ± 2.52 b | 187.03 ± 7.31 a | 152.55 ± 6.58 b | |
Peonidin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 624.8 ± 21.57 a | 558.62 ± 14.1 b | 579.79 ± 26.91 b | 567.67 ± 4.17 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 518.32 ± 5.72 b | 572.32 ± 7.23 a | 497.24 ± 17.02 c | 504.31 ± 4.66 bc | |
2022 Marselan | 408.65 ± 8.92 a | 377.38 ± 2.46 b | 402.11 ± 3.63 a | 331.67 ± 9.6 c | |
Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 651.97 ± 59.17 | 608.53 ± 43.32 | 649.67 ± 58.29 | 657.27 ± 25.22 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 636.64 ± 31.18 b | 788.8 ± 32.27 a | 590.21 ± 38.14 b | 600.22 ± 21.39 b | |
2022 Marselan | 669.39 ± 64.53 a | 523.95 ± 21.05 bc | 572.28 ± 36.71 b | 456.52 ± 31.79 c | |
Petunidin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 343.8 ± 26.4 | 334.12 ± 16.98 | 353.27 ± 32.2 | 340.53 ± 7.94 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 357.85 ± 10.45 b | 424.37 ± 13.65 a | 322.91 ± 16.44 c | 331.18 ± 9.1 c | |
2022 Marselan | 560.93 ± 41.04 a | 470.3 ± 11.56 bc | 503.81 ± 32.49 b | 427.25 ± 13.24 c | |
Malvidin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1822.93 ± 64.3 a | 1919.16 ± 53.43 a | 1803.66 ± 84.17 a | 1673.74 ± 11.37 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1937.1 ± 37.06 b | 2035.78 ± 39.18 a | 1723.4 ± 36.79 d | 1844.14 ± 25.95 c | |
2022 Marselan | 2767.63 ± 58.28 a | 2774.62 ± 25.77 a | 2767.31 ± 68.72 a | 2634.22 ± 55.26 b | |
Acylated anthocyanins | |||||
Cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 39.16 ± 4.52 a | 27.77 ± 1.54 b | 39.87 ± 4.37 a | 38.67 ± 1.16 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 33.45 ± 1.61 b | 43.88 ± 0.71 a | 31.29 ± 3.51 bc | 28.13 ± 1.65 c | |
2022 Marselan | 21.24 ± 1.81 a | 14.99 ± 0.49 b | 20.77 ± 2.17 a | 14.33 ± 1.26 b | |
Peonidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 238.9 ± 8.33 a | 221.38 ± 4.73 b | 239.26 ± 12.19 a | 220.04 ± 1.6 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 215.5 ± 2.98 b | 233.56 ± 2.54 a | 199.54 ± 7.32 c | 209.89 ± 3.58 b | |
2022 Marselan | 167.69 ± 5.03 a | 157.67 ± 0.52 b | 159.18 ± 6.45 b | 128.69 ± 1.9 c | |
Delphinidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 142.43 ± 13.39 | 136.38 ± 7.4 | 146.51 ± 14.88 | 148.5 ± 2.63 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 141.68 ± 6.01 b | 174.29 ± 7.49 a | 128.87 ± 9.13 b | 130.58 ± 3.03 b | |
2022 Marselan | 115.2 ± 12.15 a | 92.67 ± 4.73 b | 99.13 ± 9.81 ab | 72.28 ± 6.72 c | |
Petunidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 196.67 ± 18.36 | 190.03 ± 9.96 | 214.61 ± 22.59 | 197.62 ± 4.16 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 213.62 ± 8.67 b | 245.08 ± 7.28 a | 177.87 ± 14.37 c | 186.02 ± 8.41 c | |
2022 Marselan | 232.46 ± 15.14 a | 195.91 ± 8.16 bc | 215.55 ± 18.98 ab | 173.26 ± 7.34 c | |
Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1397.61 ± 57 a | 1426.52 ± 38.75 a | 1407.32 ± 80.01 a | 1231.66 ± 5.99 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1602.35 ± 47.26 a | 1628.64 ± 32.29 a | 1390.87 ± 36.59 c | 1472.92 ± 30.21 b | |
2022 Marselan | 1789.73 ± 42.95 b | 1875.68 ± 37.02 a | 1774.26 ± 51.32 bc | 1702.95 ± 22.29 c | |
Coumaroylated anthocyanins | |||||
Cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-p-coumaryl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 8.85 ± 1.15 | 8.87 ± 0.91 | 9.51 ± 1.14 | 9.09 ± 0.59 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 12.56 ± 0.29 b | 15.56 ± 0.63 a | 10.65 ± 1.48 c | 8.55 ± 0.59 d | |
2022 Marselan | 30.74 ± 2.59 a | 20.1 ± 0.9 c | 27.2 ± 1.6 b | 20.54 ± 0.35 c | |
Peonidin-3-O-(6-O-p-coumaryl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 139.2 ± 6.84 a | 149.23 ± 7.46 a | 143.31 ± 7.58 a | 121.44 ± 1.1 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 146.4 ± 3.2 a | 152.98 ± 4.59 a | 126.22 ± 7.02 b | 123.6 ± 3.55 b | |
2022 - | 233.78 ± 5.14 a | 219.18 ± 1.68 b | 224.19 ± 7.14 b | 186.85 ± 0.67 c | |
Delphinidin-3-O-(6-O-p-coumaryl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.4 ± 0.24 c | 2.4 ± 0.19 a | 1.04 ± 0.19 b | 1.39 ± 0.21 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.34 ± 0.95 c | 3.14 ± 0.78 a | 1.95 ± 0.96 ab | 1.17 ± 0.34 bc | |
2022 Marselan | 27.29 ± 3.84 a | 20.3 ± 1.12 b | 21.6 ± 1.32 b | 16.13 ± 1.12 c | |
Petunidin-3-O-(6-O-p-coumaryl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 25.39 ± 2.39 bc | 33.4 ± 2.8 a | 29.45 ± 3.04 ab | 24.04 ± 0.87 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 34.52 ± 1.64 b | 38.8 ± 1.86 a | 29.53 ± 2.49 c | 27.07 ± 0.99 c | |
2022 Marselan | 160.39 ± 16.73 a | 142.61 ± 4.05 ab | 142.03 ± 7.41 ab | 125.78 ± 3.21 b | |
Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-p-coumaryl) glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 458.99 ± 22.13 b | 524.69 ± 31.73 a | 491.13 ± 26.8 ab | 390.34 ± 10.33 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 537.49 ± 13.06 a | 525.23 ± 18.11 a | 444.06 ± 25.78 b | 446.76 ± 10.79 b | |
2022 Marselan | 1373.12 ± 64.74 b | 1463.14 ± 33.96 a | 1350.81 ± 31.7 b | 1329.69 ± 28.43 b | |
Total anthocyanins | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 6314.18 ± 321.38 | 6322.37 ± 231.46 | 6331.81 ± 386.6 | 5841.04 ± 64.99 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 6601.96 ± 159.33 b | 7156 ± 163.02 a | 5890.69 ± 224.22 c | 6101.32 ± 120.66 c | |
2022 Marselan | 8745.53 ± 330.49 a | 8501.18 ± 112.14 a | 8467.28 ± 280.59 a | 7772.72 ± 139.37 b | |
Acetylation rate (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 31.91 ± 0.11 ab | 31.67 ± 0.21 b | 32.13 ± 0.18 a | 31.44 ± 0.12 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 33.42 ± 0.27 a | 32.5 ± 0.07 c | 32.71 ± 0.21 bc | 33.23 ± 0.12 ab | |
2022 Marselan | 26.6 ± 0.15 b | 26.91 ± 0.16 b | 26.79 ± 0.12 b | 27.49 ± 0.15 a | |
Coumaroylation rate (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 10.02 ± 0.01 c | 11.36 ± 0.24 a | 10.82 ± 0.17 b | 9.35 ± 0.09 d |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 11.08 ± 0.03 a | 10.28 ± 0.14 b | 10.35 ± 0.24 b | 9.95 ± 0.14 b | |
2022 Marselan | 20.87 ± 0.25 b | 21.6 ± 0.33 ab | 21.27 ± 0.44 b | 21.94 ± 0.21 a | |
Methylation rate (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 83.14 ± 0.57 b | 84.74 ± 0.35 a | 83.98 ± 0.88 b | 81.62 ± 0.27 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 84.27 ± 0.27 ab | 81.85 ± 0.27 c | 82.79 ± 0.92 b | 84.34 ± 0.17 a | |
2022 Marselan | 88 ± 0.52 b | 90.58 ± 0.39 a | 89.82 ± 0.82 b | 90.3 ± 0.23 a |
Compounds | Vintage and Variety | LR1 | LR2 | LR3 | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.05 ± 0.09 b | 3.97 ± 0.36 a | 3.77 ± 0.48 a | 2.21 ± 0.07 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 8.38 ± 0.4 b | 8.38 ± 0.32 b | 9.18 ± 0.44 a | 5.86 ± 0.46 c | |
2022 Marselan | 4.74 ± 0.39 a | 3.96 ± 0.34 bc | 4.48 ± 0.45 ab | 3.74 ± 0.3 c | |
kaempferol-3-O-galactoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.78 ± 0.03 b | 0.92 ± 0.05 a | 0.92 ± 0.07 a | 0.51 ± 0.01 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.28 ± 0.15 b | 2.29 ± 0.12 b | 2.57 ± 0.18 a | 1.46 ± 0.1 c | |
2022 Marselan | 1.25 ± 0.1 a | 0.96 ± 0.01 bc | 1.13 ± 0.16 ab | 0.91 ± 0.09 c | |
kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.48 ± 0.01 b | 0.54 ± 0.05 a | 0.43 ± 0.03 b | 0.36 ± 0.02 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.06 ± 0.05 a | 1.13 ± 0.05 a | 1.05 ± 0.08 a | 0.73 ± 0.06 b | |
2022 Marselan | 0.47 ± 0.03 a | 0.41 ± 0.01 b | 0.41 ± 0.05 ab | 0.38 ± 0.02 b | |
quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 20.48 ± 0.36 b | 24.65 ± 1.48 a | 23.22 ± 1.21 a | 17.29 ± 0.38 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 32.57 ± 0.96 a | 32.19 ± 1.02 a | 28.89 ± 1.02 b | 24.57 ± 1.34 c | |
2022 Marselan | 28.54 ± 0.86 a | 24.86 ± 0.72 b | 25.41 ± 1.45 b | 24.45 ± 0.91 b | |
quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 6.99 ± 0.36 b | 9.23 ± 0.84 a | 8.28 ± 0.56 a | 5.39 ± 0.13 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 16.05 ± 0.87 a | 15.36 ± 0.8 ab | 13.85 ± 0.76 b | 10.43 ± 0.96 c | |
2022 Marselan | 6.95 ± 0.62 a | 5.26 ± 0.51 b | 5.6 ± 0.98 b | 4.94 ± 0.47 b | |
quercetin-3-O-glucuronide | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 20.17 ± 0.53 | 22.06 ± 1.69 | 19.4 ± 1.68 | 19.98 ± 1.47 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 34.9 ± 0.74 a | 34.89 ± 1.2 a | 28.42 ± 1.75 b | 27.39 ± 1.73 b | |
2022 Marselan | 28.55 ± 0.64 a | 23.33 ± 0.24 c | 22.21 ± 2.32 c | 26.09 ± 0.51 b | |
quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 4.7 ± 0.37 b | 5.63 ± 0.25 a | 3.21 ± 0.54 c | 1.67 ± 0.39 d | |
2022 Marselan | 6.33 ± 0.59 a | 6.74 ± 0.34 a | 4.04 ± 1.07 b | 4.19 ± 0.22 b | |
quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.9 ± 0.01 b | 0.89 ± 0.09 b | 0.89 ± 0.09 b | 1.17 ± 0.06 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.71 ± 0.12 a | 2.37 ± 0.14 b | 2.16 ± 0.2 bc | 1.96 ± 0.24 c | |
2022 Marselan | 3.21 ± 0.15 a | 2.09 ± 0.04 b | 2.15 ± 0.23 b | 2.36 ± 0.04 b | |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 4.79 ± 0.1 c | 6.41 ± 0.48 a | 5.69 ± 0.37 b | 4.16 ± 0.26 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 7.43 ± 0.23 a | 7.32 ± 0.27 a | 7.08 ± 0.28 a | 5.37 ± 0.38 b | |
2022 Marselan | 6.76 ± 0.2 a | 5.89 ± 0.26 bc | 5.4 ± 0.48 c | 6.14 ± 0.25 b | |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.95 ± 0.05 b | 1.17 ± 0.11 a | 0.97 ± 0.08 b | nd |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.51 ± 0.07 ab | 1.54 ± 0.09 a | 1.36 ± 0.07 b | 0.93 ± 0.1 c | |
2022 Marselan | 2.91 ± 0.09 a | 2.4 ± 0.3 ab | 1.9 ± 0.21 b | 2.71 ± 0.44 a | |
myricetin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 43.68 ± 0.6 b | 54.96 ± 5.22 a | 52.62 ± 4.67 a | 36.84 ± 2.55 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 64.47 ± 3 a | 62.18 ± 3.83 ab | 57.47 ± 3.77 b | 46.95 ± 2.62 c | |
2022 Marselan | 74.74 ± 5.29 a | 56.31 ± 4.17 b | 61.59 ± 3.43 b | 70.87 ± 2.47 a | |
myricetin-3-O-galactoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.4 ± 0.1 a | 1.67 ± 0.2 a | 1.69 ± 0.19 a | 0.98 ± 0.08 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.5 ± 0.12 a | 2.34 ± 0.11 a | 2 ± 0.03 b | 1.58 ± 0.24 c | |
2022 Marselan | 1.84 ± 0.1 a | 1.14 ± 0.14 c | 1.31 ± 0.12 c | 1.59 ± 0.06 b | |
myricetin-3-O-glucuronide | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.9 ± 0.04 b | 4.53 ± 0.39 a | 3.94 ± 0.33 b | 3.31 ± 0.25 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 6.14 ± 0.25 a | 6.04 ± 0.29 a | 5.27 ± 0.42 b | 4.46 ± 0.26 c | |
2022 Marselan | 5.93 ± 0.46 a | 4.16 ± 0.21 b | 4.36 ± 0.4 b | 5.59 ± 0.17 a | |
laricitrin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.18 ± 0.05 bc | 4.18 ± 0.37 a | 3.61 ± 0.21 b | 2.81 ± 0.19 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 5.23 ± 0.15 a | 4.57 ± 0.19 b | 4.53 ± 0.23 b | 3.83 ± 0.24 c | |
2022 Marselan | 7.48 ± 0.37 a | 6.62 ± 0.31 b | 6.27 ± 0.41 b | 7.45 ± 0.36 a | |
syringetin-3-O-glucoside | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.32 ± 0.01 b | 2.96 ± 0.21 a | 2.29 ± 0.16 b | 2.22 ± 0.17 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.21 ± 0.1 a | 2.66 ± 0.08 b | 2.58 ± 0.11 bc | 2.41 ± 0.14 c | |
2022 Marselan | 6.41 ± 0.33 ab | 5.95 ± 0.28 bc | 5.44 ± 0.4 c | 7.07 ± 0.45 a | |
Total flavonols | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 113.06 ± 1.73 b | 138.14 ± 11.45 a | 127.73 ± 10 ab | 97.23 ± 5.41 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 193.14 ± 7.38 a | 188.88 ± 8.17 a | 169.61 ± 9.79 b | 139.61 ± 9.04 c | |
2022 Marselan | 186.13 ± 4.59 a | 150.08 ± 6.81 c | 151.7 ± 11.47 c | 168.47 ± 6.18 b | |
Proportion of kaempferol flavonols (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.81 ± 0.04 a | 3.93 ± 0.02 a | 4 ± 0.16 a | 3.19 ± 0.19 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 6.07 ± 0.06 b | 6.24 ± 0.1 b | 7.55 ± 0.04 a | 5.77 ± 0.06 c | |
2022 Marselan | 3.47 ± 0.28 ab | 3.55 ± 0.09 a | 3.96 ± 0.17 a | 2.98 ± 0.11 b | |
Proportion of quercetin flavonols (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 42.94 ± 0.33 b | 41.17 ± 0.39 c | 40.57 ± 0.4 c | 45.09 ± 0.52 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 47.09 ± 0.26 a | 47.89 ± 0.53 a | 45.12 ± 0.09 b | 47.28 ± 0.3 a | |
2022 Marselan | 39.56 ± 1.64 a | 41.52 ± 0.82 a | 39.11 ± 0.91 a | 36.83 ± 0.15 b | |
Proportion of Isorhamnetin flavonols (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 5.08 ± 0.06 b | 5.48 ± 0.04 a | 5.22 ± 0.05 b | 4.28 ± 0.07 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 4.63 ± 0.03 b | 4.69 ± 0.06 b | 4.98 ± 0.09 a | 4.51 ± 0.04 b | |
2022 Marselan | 5.2 ± 0.16 a | 5.53 ± 0.27 a | 4.81 ± 0.09 b | 5.25 ± 0.17 a | |
Proportion of myricetin flavonols (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 43.31 ± 0.41 bc | 44.25 ± 0.43 ab | 45.58 ± 0.41 a | 42.28 ± 0.58 c |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 37.85 ± 0.26 | 37.34 ± 0.67 | 38.15 ± 0.21 | 37.97 ± 0.41 | |
2022 Marselan | 44.3 ± 1.89 ab | 41.02 ± 1.19 b | 44.39 ± 1.11 ab | 46.33 ± 0.31 a | |
Proportion of laricitrin flavonols (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.82 ± 0.02 b | 3.02 ± 0.03 a | 2.83 ± 0.05 b | 2.89 ± 0.05 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.71 ± 0.04 a | 2.42 ± 0.01 b | 2.67 ± 0.03 a | 2.75 ± 0.04 a | |
2022 Marselan | 4.02 ± 0.09 b | 4.41 ± 0.05 a | 4.13 ± 0.04 b | 4.42 ± 0.13 a | |
Proportion of syringetin flavonols (%) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.05 ± 0.03 b | 2.15 ± 0.03 b | 1.8 ± 0.03 c | 2.28 ± 0.04 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.66 ± 0.02 a | 1.41 ± 0.03 c | 1.52 ± 0.02 b | 1.73 ± 0.04 a | |
2022 Marselan | 3.44 ± 0.11 b | 3.97 ± 0.1 a | 3.59 ± 0.07 b | 4.19 ± 0.15 a |
Compounds | Vintage and Variety | LR1 | LR2 | LR3 | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-Cymene | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.47 ± 0.17 | 0.35 ± 0.13 | 0.54 ± 0.21 | 0.38 ± 0.11 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.14 ± 0.02 b | 0.3 ± 0.09 a | 0.3 ± 0.11 a | 0.37 ± 0.06 a | |
2022 Marselan | 1.87 ± 0.86 | 1.78 ± 0.96 | 1.67 ± 0.91 | 0.9 ± 0.27 | |
p-Cymenene | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.01 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.1 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.02 a | |
2022 Marselan | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | |
Linalol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.11 ± 0.01 ab | 0.1 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0 b | 0.14 ± 0.03 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
2022 Marselan | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | |
Levomenthol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.72 ± 0.08 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.18 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.47 ± 0.06 b | 0.54 ± 0.11 ab | 0.47 ± 0.03 b | 0.71 ± 0.18 a | |
2022 Marselan | 0.64 ± 0.09 a | 0.44 ± 0.02 b | 0.42 ± 0.04 b | 0.41 ± 0.1 b | |
α-Terpineol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
2022 Marselan | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | |
γ-Terpineol | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
2022 Marselan | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | |
Levomenthol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.37 ± 0.43 | 2.21 ± 0.23 | 2.03 ± 0.19 | 1.99 ± 0.37 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.92 ± 0.08 a | 1.68 ± 0.03 b | 2.64 ± 0.21 ab | 1.68 ± 0.15 b | |
2022 Marselan | 1.52 ± 0.05 | 2.01 ± 0.62 | 1.45 ± 0.09 | 2.02 ± 0.73 | |
α-Terpineol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.08 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.27 ± 0.08 a | 0.1 ± 0.04 b | 0.2 ± 0.06 ab | 0.13 ± 0.07 ab | |
2022 Marselan | 0.37 ± 0.09 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.17 | 0.31 ± 0.07 | |
β-Citronellol (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.04 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
2022 Marselan | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.29 ± 0.08 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | |
Total Terpenes (Free) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.52 ± 0.22 | 1.13 ± 0.17 | 1.49 ± 0.27 | 1.45 ± 0.11 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.71 ± 0.06 b | 0.98 ± 0.05 ab | 0.9 ± 0.12 ab | 1.23 ± 0.18 a | |
2022 Marselan | 2.98 ± 0.71 | 2.8 ± 0.87 | 2.68 ± 0.75 | 1.81 ± 0.36 | |
Total Terpenes (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.24 ± 0.27 a | 2.62 ± 0.16 ab | 2.43 ± 0.18 b | 2.36 ± 0.32 b |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.2 ± 0.78 a | 1.78 ± 0.03 b | 2.85 ± 0.21 ab | 1.81 ± 0.18 b | |
2022 Marselan | 2.12 ± 0.09 | 2.76 ± 0.62 | 2.23 ± 0.15 | 2.67 ± 0.67 | |
Total Terpenes | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 4.76 ± 0.41 | 3.75 ± 0.33 | 3.92 ± 0.36 | 3.81 ± 0.4 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.91 ± 0.73 | 2.76 ± 0.05 | 3.75 ± 0.31 | 3.03 ± 0.34 | |
2022 Marselan | 5.1 ± 0.67 | 5.56 ± 0.35 | 4.91 ± 0.66 | 4.47 ± 0.4 |
Compounds | Vintage and Variety | LR1 | LR2 | LR3 | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norisoprenoids | |||||
6-methyl-5-Hepten-2-one | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.31 ± 0.07 a | 0.21 ± 0.04 b | 0.3 ± 0.02 a | 0.27 ± 0.02 ab |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 0.2 ± 0.01 b | 0.26 ± 0.09 ab | 0.33 ± 0.06 a | |
2022 Marselan | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.08 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | |
Vitispirane | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | 0.04 ± 0.02 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | 0.04 ± 0.02 b | 0.04 ± 0.02 b | 0.15 ± 0.03 a | |
2022 Marselan | 0.62 ± 0.29 | 0.93 ± 0.27 | 0.81 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.36 | |
β-Ionone | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0 b | 0.12 ± 0.03 a | |
2022 Marselan | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | |
Theaspirane | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
2022 Marselan | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.06 | |
β-Damascenone | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.78 ± 0.59 c | 3.15 ± 0.93 c | 6.94 ± 1.26 b | 11.3 ± 2.08 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.67 ± 1.09 c | 4.85 ± 2.15 bc | 6.28 ± 2.11 b | 14.03 ± 1.39 a | |
2022 Marselan | 19.02 ± 3.97 | 23.57 ± 0.87 | 25.62 ± 4.6 | 21.89 ± 5.63 | |
cis-Geranyl acetone | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.34 ± 0.08 | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.27 ± 0.03 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.13 ± 0.03 b | 0.18 ± 0.04 b | 0.23 ± 0.09 ab | 0.46 ± 0.25 a | |
2022 Marselan | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.17 | 0.32 ± 0.12 | |
β-Damascenone (Bound) | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | nd | nd | nd | nd |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.32 ± 0.15 a | 0.11 ± 0.02 b | 0.32 ± 0.04 a | 0.22 ± 0.05 ab | |
2022 Marselan | 0.21 ± 0.04 b | 0.45 ± 0.13 a | 0.42 ± 0.04 a | 0.53 ± 0.12 a | |
Carotenoids | |||||
β-catotene | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 3.28 ± 0.09 b | 3.18 ± 0.33 b | 3.78 ± 0.23 a | 3.5 ± 0.21 ab |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 4.88 ± 0.58 | 4.89 ± 0.62 | 3.75 ± 0.42 | 4.35 ± 0.81 | |
2022 Marselan | 6.46 ± 0.43 ab | 5.99 ± 0.5 b | 5.88 ± 0.26 b | 7.31 ± 0.21 a | |
Xanthophyll | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 24.55 ± 6.35 | 24.27 ± 1.47 | 29.7 ± 0.18 | 27.54 ± 3.26 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 33.58 ± 7.2 a | 36.04 ± 3.37 a | 25.65 ± 0.97 b | 25.75 ± 2.1 b | |
2022 Marselan | 31.83 ± 5.03 | 31.76 ± 4.16 | 32.58 ± 4.01 | 39.23 ± 2.67 | |
Zeaxanthin | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.84 ± 0.51 a | 1.79 ± 0.14 c | 2.64 ± 0.31 ab | 2.11 ± 0.03 bc |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 5.17 ± 0.57 | 5.27 ± 0.73 | 4 ± 0.75 | 4.85 ± 0.84 | |
2022 Marselan | 3.79 ± 0.43 ab | 3.27 ± 0.42 b | 3.63 ± 0.38 ab | 4.31 ± 0.28 a | |
Antheraxanthin | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 0.5 ± 0.13 | 0.47 ± 0.16 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.17 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.15 ± 0.2 | 1.09 ± 0.33 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 1.17 ± 0.2 | |
2022 Marselan | 1.13 ± 0.15 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 1.09 ± 0.23 | 1.16 ± 0.08 | |
Violaxanthin | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.07 ± 0.12 b | 1.22 ± 0.35 ab | 1.55 ± 0.43 ab | 1.87 ± 0.38 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.81 ± 0.32 | 1.88 ± 0.79 | 1.91 ± 0.6 | 2.29 ± 1.15 | |
2022 Marselan | 3.99 ± 1.65 | 3.23 ± 0.86 | 2.68 ± 0.08 | 3.17 ± 0.44 | |
Neoxanthin | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.07 ± 0.26 b | 1.1 ± 0.1 b | 1.44 ± 0.29 ab | 1.9 ± 0.21 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 1.13 ± 0.17 | 1.38 ± 0.21 | 1.43 ± 0.32 | 1.57 ± 0.51 | |
2022 Marselan | 2.82 ± 1.13 | 2.39 ± 0.98 | 2.15 ± 0.07 | 3.03 ± 0.24 | |
Total Norisoprenoids | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.55 ± 0.4 c | 3.77 ± 0.75 c | 7.72 ± 0.97 b | 12.02 ± 1.66 a |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 2.4 ± 0.96 b | 5.48 ± 1.77 b | 7.23 ± 1.78 b | 15.33 ± 1.38 a | |
2022 Marselan | 21.1 ± 3.58 | 25.93 ± 0.56 | 27.85 ± 3.71 | 24.25 ± 4.78 | |
Total carotenoids | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 33.31 ± 6.8 | 32.03 ± 1.62 | 39.72 ± 0.22 | 37.46 ± 3.88 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 47.72 ± 6.77 ab | 50.55 ± 4.55 a | 37.57 ± 2.54 b | 39.97 ± 1.75 ab | |
2022 Marselan | 50 ± 6.17 | 47.66 ± 6.91 | 48.01 ± 4.78 | 58.21 ± 2.87 | |
V/(V + A + Z) (%) a | 2021 Cabernet Sauvignon | 24.63 ± 2.81 | 35.03 ± 7.57 | 32.13 ± 6.44 | 39.82 ± 8.16 |
2022 Cabernet Sauvignon | 22.24 ± 2.5 | 22.22 ± 3.38 | 28.01 ± 2.58 | 27.43 ± 10.97 | |
2022 Marselan | 43.75 ± 9.57 | 42.53 ± 3.36 | 36.36 ± 2.96 | 36.57 ± 4.29 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Yao, X.; Wu, Y.; Lan, Y.; Cui, Y.; Shi, T.; Duan, C.; Pan, Q. Effect of Cluster-Zone Leaf Removal at Different Stages on Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Phenolic and Volatile Profiles. Plants 2024, 13, 1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111543
Yao X, Wu Y, Lan Y, Cui Y, Shi T, Duan C, Pan Q. Effect of Cluster-Zone Leaf Removal at Different Stages on Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Phenolic and Volatile Profiles. Plants. 2024; 13(11):1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111543
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Xuechen, Yangpeng Wu, Yibin Lan, Yanzhi Cui, Tonghua Shi, Changqing Duan, and Qiuhong Pan. 2024. "Effect of Cluster-Zone Leaf Removal at Different Stages on Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Phenolic and Volatile Profiles" Plants 13, no. 11: 1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111543