Association Mapping of Seed Coat Color Characteristics for Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Anthocyanin Content and Seed Coat Color Analysis and Correlation Analysis
2.2. Genetic Diversity and Relationships and Population Structure among 10 NILs of Colored Waxy Maize and Two Parental Lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2ho” Variety Waxy Maize
2.3. AMA among 10 NILs Using SSR Markers and Anthocyanin Content and Seed Coat Color Characteristics
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials and Seed Trait Analysis
4.2. DNA Extraction and SSR Amplification Analysis
4.3. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NILs | Kuromanin | Peonidin | R | V | L* | a* | b* | 750 nm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16CLP26 | 1.5 | 0.895 | 59.1 | 59.1 | 26.3 | 151.2 | 139.2 | 0.394 |
16CLP30 | 0.187 | 0.164 | 120.8 | 120.9 | 86.2 | 151.9 | 143.6 | 0.479 |
16CLP32 | 0.305 | 0.28 | 88.3 | 88.3 | 46.4 | 159.1 | 145.7 | 0.467 |
16CLP34 | 1.42 | 0.355 | 124.7 | 124.7 | 80.0 | 160.2 | 146.3 | 0.498 |
16CLP39 | 19.5 | 7.34 | 20.8 | 20. 9 | 7.43 | 134.2 | 129.7 | 0.278 |
16CLP19 | 0.707 | 0.495 | 68.7 | 68.7 | 32.7 | 153.9 | 141.3 | 0.416 |
16CLP23 | 1.09 | 0.579 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 31.4 | 153.8 | 141.4 | 0.413 |
16CLP41 | 0.175 | 0.016 | 115.9 | 115.9 | 67.2 | 163.7 | 152.8 | 0.467 |
16CLP47 | 5.73 | 1.29 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 6.91 | 132.6 | 129.2 | 0.269 |
16CLP16 | 1.20 | 0.683 | 45.6 | 45.6 | 20.9 | 143.7 | 134.9 | 0.381 |
Mean | 3.18 | 1.21 | 72.9 | 72.9 | 40.5 | 150.4 | 140.4 | 0.406 |
Min | 0.175 | 0.016 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 6.91 | 132.6 | 129.2 | 0.269 |
Max | 19.5 | 7.34 | 124.7 | 124.7 | 86.2 | 163.7 | 152.8 | 0.498 |
SD | 5.66 | 2.07 | 37.2 | 37.1 | 27.1 | 10.01 | 7.07 | 0.076 |
Peonidin | R | V | L* | a* | b* | 750 nm | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuromanin | 0.988 ** | −0.618 | −0.618 | −0.54 | −0.708 * | −0.669 * | −0.737 * |
Peonidin | −0.595 | −0.595 | −0.531 | −0.657 * | −0.633 * | −0.687 * | |
R | 1.000 ** | 0.980 ** | 0.874 ** | 0.915 ** | 0.953 ** | ||
V | 0.980 ** | 0.874 ** | 0.915 ** | 0.953 ** | |||
L* | 0.760 * | 0.824 ** | 0.893 ** | ||||
a* | 0.974 ** | 0.936 ** | |||||
b* | 0.920 ** |
Chromosome | No. of SSR Loci | Total Alleles | Mean of Alleles | MAF | GD | PIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ch.1 | 26 | 76 | 2.92 | 0.551 | 0.545 | 0.463 |
Ch.2 | 27 | 71 | 2.63 | 0.583 | 0.496 | 0.410 |
Ch.3 | 27 | 74 | 2.74 | 0.599 | 0.512 | 0.427 |
Ch.4 | 35 | 101 | 2.89 | 0.574 | 0.533 | 0.450 |
Ch.5 | 24 | 65 | 2.71 | 0.601 | 0.513 | 0.433 |
Ch.6 | 25 | 75 | 3.00 | 0.597 | 0.514 | 0.445 |
Ch.7 | 41 | 111 | 2.71 | 0.583 | 0.511 | 0.426 |
Ch.8 | 28 | 74 | 2.64 | 0.607 | 0.499 | 0.414 |
Ch.9 | 25 | 67 | 2.68 | 0.580 | 0.518 | 0.428 |
Ch.10 | 27 | 87 | 3.22 | 0.642 | 0.496 | 0.442 |
Total | 285 | 801 | - | - | - | - |
Mean | 29 | 80.1 | 2.81 | 0.592 | 0.514 | 0.434 |
Min | 24 | 65 | 2.63 | 0.551 | 0.496 | 0.410 |
Max | 41 | 111 | 3.22 | 0.642 | 0.545 | 0.463 |
Trait | Marker | Chr. | GLM | Marker R2 | Trait | Marker | Chr. | GLM | Marker R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuromanin | bnlg1017 | 2 | ** | 0.963 | L* | umc1030 | 3 | * | 0.506 |
bnlg238 | 6 | ** | 0.946 | umc2215 | 1 | * | 0.765 | ||
umc1131 | 9 | ** | 0.948 | a* | bnlg1017 | 2 | * | 0.870 | |
umc1447 | 5 | ** | 0.937 | umc1024 | 2 | * | 0.489 | ||
umc1490 | 6 | ** | 0.993 | umc1030 | 3 | * | 0.612 | ||
umc1798 | 2 | ** | 0.953 | umc1063 | 6 | * | 0.593 | ||
umc1935 | 5 | ** | 0.930 | umc1490 | 6 | * | 0.727 | ||
umc1946 | 2 | ** | 0.937 | umc2122 | 10 | * | 0.617 | ||
umc2172 | 10 | * | 0.949 | umc2196 | 6 | ** | 0.804 | ||
umc2196 | 6 | ** | 0.962 | umc2255 | 3 | ** | 0.723 | ||
umc2255 | 3 | * | 0.457 | b* | bnlg1017 | 2 | * | 0.896 | |
umc2320 | 6 | * | 0.415 | umc1012 | 3 | * | 0.582 | ||
Peonidin | bnlg1017 | 2 | ** | 0.988 | umc1030 | 3 | * | 0.575 | |
bnlg238 | 6 | ** | 0.973 | umc1061 | 10 | * | 0.590 | ||
umc1131 | 9 | ** | 0.974 | umc1063 | 6 | * | 0.583 | ||
umc1447 | 5 | ** | 0.973 | umc1490 | 6 | * | 0.601 | ||
umc1490 | 6 | ** | 0.987 | umc2122 | 10 | * | 0.608 | ||
umc1798 | 2 | ** | 0.988 | umc2196 | 6 | * | 0.721 | ||
umc1935 | 5 | ** | 0.973 | umc2255 | 3 | * | 0.621 | ||
umc1946 | 2 | ** | 0.973 | 750 nm | umc1030 | 3 | * | 0.553 | |
umc2172 | 10 | ** | 0.987 | umc1063 | 6 | * | 0.591 | ||
umc2196 | 6 | ** | 0.984 | umc1365 | 5 | * | 0.409 | ||
umc2255 | 3 | * | 0.473 | umc1490 | 6 | ** | 0.769 | ||
umc2320 | 6 | * | 0.405 | umc2122 | 10 | * | 0.582 | ||
R | umc1030 | 3 | * | 0.568 | umc2196 | 6 | * | 0.727 | |
umc1063 | 6 | * | 0.598 | umc2255 | 3 | * | 0.597 | ||
umc2122 | 10 | * | 0.591 | ||||||
umc2196 | 6 | * | 0.628 | ||||||
umc2215 | 1 | * | 0.732 | ||||||
umc2255 | 3 | * | 0.516 | ||||||
V | umc1030 | 3 | * | 0.568 | |||||
umc1063 | 6 | * | 0.598 | ||||||
umc2122 | 10 | * | 0.591 | ||||||
umc2196 | 6 | * | 0.628 | ||||||
umc2215 | 1 | * | 0.732 | ||||||
umc2255 | 3 | * | 0.516 |
Abbreviation | Character | When/How Measured | Category |
---|---|---|---|
Kuromanin | Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside chloride | after harvest | ppm (μg/mL) |
Peonidin | Peonidin-3-glucoside | after harvest | ppm (μg/mL) |
R | Red color value of RGB color space | after harvest | Red color degree (0~255) |
V | Value of HSV color space | after harvest | Darkness–lightness (0~255) |
L* | L* value of CIELAB color space | after harvest | Darkness–lightness (0~255) |
a* | a* value of CIELAB color space | after harvest | Greenness–redness (0~255) |
b* | b* value of CIELAB color space | after harvest | Blueness–yellowness (0~255) |
750 nm | Hyperspectral image measurement | after harvest | Visible light (400~1000 nm region) |
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Heo, T.H.; Park, H.; Kim, N.-W.; Cho, J.; Mo, C.; Ryu, S.-H.; Choi, J.-K.; Park, K.J.; Sa, K.J.; Lee, J.K. Association Mapping of Seed Coat Color Characteristics for Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. Plants 2024, 13, 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152126
Heo TH, Park H, Kim N-W, Cho J, Mo C, Ryu S-H, Choi J-K, Park KJ, Sa KJ, Lee JK. Association Mapping of Seed Coat Color Characteristics for Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers. Plants. 2024; 13(15):2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152126
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeo, Tae Hyeon, Hyeon Park, Nam-Wook Kim, Jungeun Cho, Changyeun Mo, Si-Hwan Ryu, Jae-Keun Choi, Ki Jin Park, Kyu Jin Sa, and Ju Kyong Lee. 2024. "Association Mapping of Seed Coat Color Characteristics for Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers" Plants 13, no. 15: 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152126