Morphological Differentiation, Yield, and Cutting Time of Lolium multiflorum L. under Acid Soil Conditions in Highlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Yield Performance
2.2. Cutting Time
2.3. Morphological Characteristics
3. Discussion
3.1. Performance Yield
3.2. Cutting Time
3.3. Morphological Differentiation
3.4. Fodder Preparation, Handling and Storage
3.4.1. Soil Preparation and Sowing
3.4.2. Crop Management
3.4.3. Forage Storage
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Place and Duration of Study
4.2. Experimental Units
4.3. Experimental Material
4.4. Sampling
4.5. Evaluation Characteristics
- -
- Cycle 1: In the 2017–2018 season.
- -
- Cycle 2: During the 2018–2019 campaign.
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Green Forage (Mg. ha−1) | Biomass (Mg. ha−1) | Seeds (kg. ha−1) | Protein (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | ||||
LM-43 | 20.15 b | 3.64 b | 189.95 b | 11.95 b |
LM-58 | 20.97 a | 4.49 a | 259.23 a | 13.48 a |
SE | 0.21 | 0.06 | 13.56 | 0.29 |
Locations | ||||
Baños del Inca | 22.19 a | 4.3 a | 251.98 | 13.31 |
Chalamarca | 18.83 c | 3.95 b | 218.24 | 12.50 |
Cochamarca | 21.26 ab | 3.77 b | 207.95 | 13.04 |
Huayrapongo | 22.10 a | 4.35 a | 217.40 | 12.18 |
Otuzco | 20.71 b | 4.06 ab | 254.75 | 13.34 |
Pampa Grande | 18.26 c | 3.95 b | 197.20 | 11.94 |
SE | 0.36 | 0.11 | 23.49 | 0.48 |
p-value | ||||
Genotype (G) | 0.0104 | <0.001 | 0.0047 | 0.0037 |
Locations (L) | <0.001 | 0.0061 | 0.8743 | 0.7580 |
Factors | Biomass | Protein | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg. ha−1. cut−1 | Mg. ha−1. yr−1 | % | Mg. ha−1. cut−1 | Mg. ha−1. yr−1 | |
Cutting time | |||||
30 days | 1.55 c | 18.87 c | 14.84 a | 0.23 c | 2.80 b |
45 days | 4.05 b | 32.83 b | 12.74 b | 0.52 b | 4.19 a |
60 days | 8.07 a | 49.10 a | 10.03 c | 0.81 a | 4.91 a |
SE | 0.24 | 1.60 | 0.44 | 0.036 | 0.26 |
p-value | |||||
Cuts (C) | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.000 | 0.0006 |
Locations (L) | 0.4008 | 0.5376 | 0.9755 | 0.9599 | 0.8896 |
C × L | 0.6303 | 0.6192 | 0.0036 | 0.2076 | 0.1817 |
Characters | LM-58 | LM-43 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Level of Expression | Forms of Growth | Level of Expression | Forms of Growth | |
Growth habit | Intermediate | Semi-erect | Medium | Erect |
Intensity of green colour (leaf) | Dark | Dark green | Medium | Light green |
Width (last sheet) | Wide (0.6 to 0.8) | 0.8 cm | Medium (0.4 to 0.6) | 0.6 cm |
Number of seeds per spikelet | Very high > 11 | 13 | High (9 to 10) | 10 |
Growth rate per day (cm) | Early | 1.6 | Intermediate | 1.2 |
Age at fourth leaf (days) | Early (30 to 35) | 28 | Intermediate (35 to 40) | 35 |
Basal area in cm (basal coverage) | Medium (70 to 100 cm2) | 78.5 cm2 | Medium (70 to 100 cm2) | 66.6 cm2 |
Length-to-width ratio (last leaf) | Medium | Medium (32 L. × 0.8 A.) | Medium | Medium (28 L. × 0.6 A.) |
Inflorescence, spikelet density | Medium (35) | ±0.7 | Medium (28) | ±0.9 |
Expression of the ligule | Notorious | Visible | Notorious | Visible |
Expression of atria | Notorious | Visible | Notorious | Visible |
Character | Observation Period | States | Score |
---|---|---|---|
Growth habit | Plant | Semi-erect | 3 |
Leaf length in vegetative state (33 to 38) | Leaflet | Long | 7 |
Leaf width in vegetative state (0.8–1.0) | Limbo | Media | 5 |
The intensity of the green colour | Leaflet | Dark | 7 |
Width after vernalisation (basal coverage) | Plant | Medium | 5 |
Height (after vernalisation) | Plant | High (60–70) | 7 |
Tendency to form inflorescences (without vernalisation) | Plant | Medium | 5 |
Flag leaf length | Leaflet | Medium | 5 |
Width | Leaflet | Wide (0.6 to 0.8) | 7 |
Length/width ratio | Leaflet | Medium | 5 |
Length of most extended stem, including inflorescences (when fully developed) | Stem | Long (45 to 55) | 7 |
Length including inflorescences (when fully developed) | Panicle | Long (25 to 30) | 7 |
Number of spikelets | Panicle | Very high (>11) | 9 |
Spikelet density | Panicle | Medium | 5 |
External length of basal spikelet | Glumes | Long (0.8 to 1.0) | 7 |
Length of basal spikelet, excluding the ridge | Glumes | Long (1.5 to 2.0) | 7 |
Growth rate (cm/day) | Plant | High (1.4 to 1.8) | 3 |
Form | Leaflet | Lanceolate medium | 3 |
Length at 30 days | Plant | Long (33 to 39) | 7 |
Presence of atria | Leaflet | Medium | 5 |
Expression of the ligule | Limbo | Regularly noted | 7 |
Age at fourth leaf (cm) | Leaflet | High (35 to 40) | 5 |
Number of seeds per spikelet | Grain | High (12 to 14) | 7 |
Short slogan | Grain | Dark cream | 5 |
Length of the locker | Grain | Cut | |
Time of beginning of flowering (green fodder) | Flowering | High (60 to 70 days) | 5 |
Growing season (grain production) | Harvest | High (100 to 110 days) | 7 |
Presence of edges | Grain | Present | 3 |
Campaign | Characters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colour of the Slogan | Grain Presence of Edge | |||||
Level of Expression | Off-Type Plants | Maximum Number | Level of Expression | Off-Type Plants | Maximum Number | |
First | Dark cream | 0 | 3 | Present | 0 | 3 |
Second | Dark cream | 0 | 3 | Present | 0 | 3 |
Campaign | Characters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetative Cycle | Start of Flowering | |||||||
Level of Expression | Average (Days) | SD. | CV. | Level of Expression | Average (Days) | SD. | CV. | |
First | Semi-early | 105.0 | 2.94 | 2.80% | Earliness | 40.2 | 1.17 | 2.91% |
Second | Semi-early | 105.8 | 2.87 | 2.73% | Earliness | 39.7 | 1.03 | 2.59% |
Locations | Agricultural Campaign | Altitude | District | Geographical Coordinates | Chemical Composition of the Soil | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P (ppm) | K (ppm) | pH | OM (%) | Al (mEq/100 g) | ||||||
Otuzco | 2018–2019 | 2680 | Baños del Inca | −7.131402 | −78.469430 | 16.22 | 225 | 4.5 | 1.54 | 0.10 |
Cochamarca | 2016–2017 | 2820 | Gregorio Pita | −7.181967 | −78.467969 | 8.11 | 195 | 4.3 | 2.13 | 0.90 |
Huayrapongo | 2015–2016 | 2650 | Baños del Inca | −7.181967 | −78.467970 | 33.70 | 271 | 6.1 | 3.82 | 0.00 |
Pampa Grande | 2014–2015 | 2680 | Cajabamba | −7.611059 | −78.070150 | 6.20 | 170 | 3.8 | 3.55 | 0.50 |
Chalamarca | 2014–2015 | 2760 | Chota | −7.279996 | −78.218141 | 18.22 | 186 | 4.9 | 4.12 | 0.70 |
Baños del Inca | 2014–2015 | 2650 | Cajamarca | −7.159426 | −78.461260 | 10.90 | 330 | 7.0 | 2.25 | 0.00 |
Period (Years) | Activity | Description |
---|---|---|
1995 | Collection and installation of experimental material. | Sowing (germination beds). |
1996–1998 | Characterisation of genotypes | Selection and sowing of 680 seedlings (genotypes). |
1999–2000 | Selection multiplication | Characterisation of genotypes (growth habit, anthesis, and pests and diseases). |
2001–2003 | Multiplication selection | Characterisation and selection of the best genotypes. |
2004–2006 | Research | Selection and evaluation of elite genotypes in green forage, dry matter, and seed. |
2006–2008 | Research | Polycrosses between the 10 elite genotypes in experimental field. To fix superior characters. |
2009–2011 | Field testing by growers | Selection and evaluation of 10 superior genotypes in forage production, nutritive value, and tolerance to pests and diseases. |
2011–2016 | Adaptation and efficiency trials in growers’ fields. | First campaign–Producers’ field adaptation and efficiency trials. |
2016–2019 | Adaptation and efficiency trials in growers’ fields. | Second campaign—Adaptation and efficiency trials in growers’ fields. |
Parts | Features |
---|---|
Plant | Vegetative growth habit (without vernalisation). Tendency to form inflorescences (without vernalisation). Width after vernalisation (basal area in cm). Height after vernalisation. Length of most extended stem, including inflorescences (when fully developed). |
Leaflet | Leaf length (in a vegetative state). Leaf width (in a vegetative state). The intensity of the green colour. Flag leaf length (last leaf). Width (previous sheet). Length/width ratio (previous leaf). Leaf shape. Presence of atria. Expression of the ligule; Motto colour. |
Inflorescence | Length, including inflorescences (when fully developed). Number of spikelets. Spikelet density. Length of outer glume of basal spikelet. Length of basal spikelet, excluding the ridge. Number of seeds per spikelet. Grain presence of edge. Time of beginning of flowering. |
Other | Growth rate per day. Plant length at 30 days. Growing season for grain seed. |
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Carrasco-Chilón, W.; Cervantes-Peralta, M.; Mendoza, L.; Muñoz-Vílchez, Y.; Quilcate, C.; Nuñez-Melgar, D.C.; Vásquez, H.; Alvarez-García, W.Y. Morphological Differentiation, Yield, and Cutting Time of Lolium multiflorum L. under Acid Soil Conditions in Highlands. Plants 2024, 13, 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162331
Carrasco-Chilón W, Cervantes-Peralta M, Mendoza L, Muñoz-Vílchez Y, Quilcate C, Nuñez-Melgar DC, Vásquez H, Alvarez-García WY. Morphological Differentiation, Yield, and Cutting Time of Lolium multiflorum L. under Acid Soil Conditions in Highlands. Plants. 2024; 13(16):2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162331
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrasco-Chilón, William, Marieta Cervantes-Peralta, Laura Mendoza, Yudith Muñoz-Vílchez, Carlos Quilcate, David Casanova Nuñez-Melgar, Héctor Vásquez, and Wuesley Yusmein Alvarez-García. 2024. "Morphological Differentiation, Yield, and Cutting Time of Lolium multiflorum L. under Acid Soil Conditions in Highlands" Plants 13, no. 16: 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162331