Metabolome and Mycobiome of Aegilops tauschii Subspecies Differing in Susceptibility to Brown Rust and Powdery Mildew Are Diverse
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Metabolite Profiles of Ae. tauschii Seeds
2.2. Fungal Microbiome (Mycobiome)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Metabolome Analysis
4.3. Extraction of DNA, PCR and Sequencing
4.3.1. Isolation of Epiphytic Fungi
4.3.2. Sequencing ITS
4.3.3. Quantitative PCR
4.4. Systemic Analysis of Fungal Community and Metabolic Pathways
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
- Our studies confirmed the difference in the seed metabolomic profiles of the studied accessions of Ae. tauschii which differed in field conditions in regard to their resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew fungi. The resistant accession of Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata k-1958 had a higher content of the main metabolites of glycolysis—glucose and pyruvic acid. The higher content of sucrose and stachyose in the grains of the resistant accession Ae tauschii k-1958 probably indicates the participation of maltose and stachyose in the formation of resistance of Ae tauschii to fungal pathogens. The content of plant metabolites acting as key components of systemic resistance induction, including salicylic, azelaic, and pipecolic acids, as well as galactinol, glycerol, and sitosterol was also significantly higher in the seeds of the resistant accession k-1958.
- Differences in the metabolome of Ae. tauschii seeds provided a different mycobiome of epiphytic micromycetes. The genera Alternaria, Blumeria, and Cladosporium dominated on the seeds of the mycobiome of susceptible accession Ae. tauschii ssp. meyeri k-340. The genera Cladosporium and Alternaria dominated on the seeds of resistant accession k-1958. Pathogens causing leaf diseases of plants were also found in the mycobiome of only the susceptible accession Ae. tauschii ssp. meyeri k-340, including Parastogonospora (1.15%) and Puccinia (0.14%). The mycobiome of the resistant accession k-1958 is characterized by a higher occurrence of saprotrophic microorganisms, many of which can be defined as potential biocontrol agents. These results on the composition of epiphytic micromycetes in the seed mycobiome of Ae. tauschii are preliminary and should be confirmed using a large number of seeds from diverse accessions differing in susceptibility to fungal diseases.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metabolites | Metabolites Contents, ppm | |
---|---|---|
k-340 | k-1958 | |
Salicylic acid * | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.04 |
Pyrogallol * | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.03 |
Azelaic acid * | 1.86 ± 0.20 | 2.73 ± 0.17 |
Pipecolic acid * | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.03 |
Glycerol * | 59.68 ± 3.98 | 76.71 ± 3.21 |
Galactinol * | 77.58 ± 2.80 | 151.05 ± 8.82 |
Sitosterol | 186.34 ± 26.21 | 304.23 ± 10.27 |
Blast ID | Phylum | Genus Anamorph/Teleomorph | Disease in Wheat | Relative Abundance, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
k-1958 | k-340 | ||||
Cladosporium | Ascomycota | Cladosporium/Davidiella | Non-pathogenic/black head mold/black point smudge | 47.14 ± 22.11 | 12.35 ± 3.07 |
Alternaria infectoria | Ascomycota | Alternaria | Black point | 15.53 ± 5.19 | 30.67 ± 2.43 |
Blumeria graminis | Ascomycota | Blumeria | Powdery mildew | 0 | 7.30 ± 1.99 |
Vishniacozyma | Basidiomycota | Vishniacozyma | Non-pathogenic | 6.15 ± 3.35 | 3.58 ± 0.49 |
Sporobolomyces roseus | Basidiomycota | Sporobolomyces | Non-pathogenic | 2.06 ± 1.55 | 0.40 ± 0.04 |
Parastogonospora | Ascomycota | Parastogonospora/Phaeosphaeria | Spot blotch | 0 | 1.28 ± 0.83 |
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Pishchik, V.N.; Chizhevskaya, E.P.; Kichko, A.A.; Aksenova, T.S.; Andronov, E.E.; Chebotar, V.K.; Filippova, P.S.; Shelenga, T.V.; Belousova, M.H.; Chikida, N.N. Metabolome and Mycobiome of Aegilops tauschii Subspecies Differing in Susceptibility to Brown Rust and Powdery Mildew Are Diverse. Plants 2024, 13, 2343. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172343
Pishchik VN, Chizhevskaya EP, Kichko AA, Aksenova TS, Andronov EE, Chebotar VK, Filippova PS, Shelenga TV, Belousova MH, Chikida NN. Metabolome and Mycobiome of Aegilops tauschii Subspecies Differing in Susceptibility to Brown Rust and Powdery Mildew Are Diverse. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2343. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172343
Chicago/Turabian StylePishchik, Veronika N., Elena P. Chizhevskaya, Arina A. Kichko, Tatiana S. Aksenova, Evgeny E. Andronov, Vladimir K. Chebotar, Polina S. Filippova, Tatiana V. Shelenga, Maria H. Belousova, and Nadezhda N. Chikida. 2024. "Metabolome and Mycobiome of Aegilops tauschii Subspecies Differing in Susceptibility to Brown Rust and Powdery Mildew Are Diverse" Plants 13, no. 17: 2343. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172343