Climate Change Impacts on and Response Strategies for Kiwifruit Production: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Climate Change and Its Manifestations in Subtropical Regions
2.1. Global Temperature Rise and Its Impact on Kiwifruit Production
2.2. Frosting and Its Impact on Kiwifruit-Producing Regions
2.3. Changes in Extreme Weather Events: Droughts, Floods, and Typhoons
3. Effects of Climate Change on Kiwifruit Trees
3.1. Phenological Changes: Flowering, Fruiting, and Ripening
3.2. Shift in Distribution Ranges and Suitable Growing Regions
3.3. Impact on Plant Physiology: Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Water Stress
3.4. Increased Susceptibility to Pests and Diseases
4. Economic and Social Implications for Kiwifruit Production
4.1. Losses in Kiwifruit Production and Yield
4.2. Impacts on Livelihoods of Kiwifruit Farmers and Agricultural Communities
4.3. Market Fluctuations and Global Trade Dynamics of Kiwifruit
5. Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Kiwifruit Cultivation
5.1. Breeding and Selection of Climate-Resilient Kiwifruit Cultivars
5.2. Agronomic Practices: Irrigation, Mulching, Rain-Shelter Cultivation System, and Shade Management for Kiwifruit Orchards
5.3. Soil Conservation and Land-Use Planning Specific to Kiwifruit Farming
6. Case Studies and Success Stories of Kiwifruit Farming
6.1. Examples of Climate Change Adaptation in Kiwifruit Cultivation
6.1.1. Phenology Management
6.1.2. Water Resource Management
6.1.3. Pest and Disease Control
7. Methods
8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No. | Global Climate Change or Its Effect | Specific Impact on Kiwifruit Production | Location | Study Details or Observations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Global temperature rise | Decreased winter chilling, leading to reduced viability for ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. | Te Puke, New Zealand | Production becoming non-viable by century’s end due to insufficient chilling. | [37] |
2 | Temperature fluctuations | Impact on photosynthesis and vine health; severe leaf damage at high temperatures. | Global | Photosynthetic rate impairment and irreversible leaf damage at 52 °C. | [39] |
3 | Frosting events | Increased risk of spring frost damage. | Boseong, Korea | Rising risks due to earlier frost dates and accelerated bud burst. | [41,42] |
4 | Droughts and floods | Disruption in photosynthesis and fruit quality; increased abscisic acid levels during droughts. | New Zealand, Global | Water stress management crucial; impact of droughts and floods on yield and fruit quality. | [43,44] |
5 | Typhoons and strong winds | Structural damage to plants, disrupted fruit setting, and lowered pollination rates. | Global | Strong wind causes significant orchard damage and affects various growth stages. | [42,45] |
6 | Phenological changes | Increase in flowering days; shifts in flowering and fruiting periods. | Korea, New Zealand | Northward expansion and earlier flowering of ‘Haegeum’; less winter chilling affecting ‘Hayward’ in Te Puke. | [37,46] |
7 | Shifts in suitable growing regions | Expansion of kiwifruit cultivation to new areas due to warming temperatures. | Korea | Cultivation spreads to new regions, like Sacheon and Jeju Island. | [47] |
8 | Physiological impacts | Altered photosynthesis and respiration rates due to temperature and humidity stress. | Global | Need for water management to sustain photosynthetic activity; respiration inhibited above 44.5 °C. | [39,48,49] |
9 | Increased pests and diseases | Heightened prevalence of Psa and susceptibility to new pathogens. | Global | Rising temperatures foster conditions favorable for pathogens like Psa. | [50,51,52,53,54,55,56] |
S. No. | Category | Strategy/Approach | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Breeding and Selection | Climate-resilient cultivars | Developing kiwifruit cultivars with heat tolerance, drought resistance, and disease resilience to withstand extreme weather events. | [39,100,101,102,103] |
High-temperature tolerance genes | Identifying heat shock transcription factor (Hsf) genes in A. chinensis and A. eriantha to breed heat-stress-resistant cultivars. | [104] | ||
2 | Agronomic Practices | Irrigation management | Utilizing drip and sprinkler irrigation to minimize water loss and optimize water use efficiency based on soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and plant growth. | [105,106] |
Mulching | Applying organic or synthetic mulch to conserve soil moisture, suppress weeds, moderate soil temperatures, and prevent erosion. | [107,108] | ||
Rain-shelter cultivation system | Implementing rain-shelter systems to protect kiwifruit flowers from heavy rainfall, reduce disease incidence, and improve fruit quality. | [109,110,111] | ||
Shade management | Using shade nets or strategically planted trees to reduce sunburn damage and create favorable microclimates within orchards. | [112,113,114] | ||
3 | Soil Conservation and Land-Use Planning | Conservation tillage (no-till farming) | Minimizing soil disturbance to preserve organic matter, enhance microbial activity, improve water retention, and reduce erosion. | [115] |
Cover cropping | Planting cover crops to protect soil from erosion, improve soil structure, suppress weeds, and enhance nutrient cycling and beneficial soil microbial communities. | [116,117,118] | ||
Strategic land-use planning | Implementing zoning, land capability assessments, and agro-ecological planning to optimize land use, preserve biodiversity, and minimize environmental impacts. | [119,120,121] | ||
Managing shifts in land use | Transitioning from traditional crops to kiwifruit orchards, addressing challenges like soil erosion and nutrient loss, and promoting sustainable land management. | [122,123,124,125] |
S. No. | Category | Strategy/Approach | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Phenology management | Adaptive planting | Adjust planting dates and select cultivars tolerant to heat and drought to match growth cycles with new climatic conditions. | [132] |
Microclimate management | Use of shade netting to manage orchard temperatures and moisture, reducing heat and water stress. | [133] | ||
2 | Breeding | Selection of climate-resilient cultivars | Develop and use kiwifruit cultivars with improved drought and heat tolerance, like A. arguta and A. eriantha. | [100] |
Heat-resistant cultivars | Focus on species with higher heat resistance for breeding, such as A. rufa and Jintao cultivars. | [39,134,135] | ||
3 | Orchard management | Photo-selective nets | Implement pearl photo-selective nets in orchards to create optimal microclimates, enhance productivity, and manage diseases like bacterial kiwifruit canker. | [114] |
Hail netting | Use colored hail netting to optimize fruit quality and orchard productivity. | [136,137] | ||
4 | Water management | Advanced irrigation technologies | Use drip irrigation systems and soil moisture sensors to optimize water use efficiency. | [138] |
Deficit drip irrigation | Apply less water than full crop requirements to improve water productivity and kiwifruit quality. | [105,109,139,140] | ||
Rainwater harvesting | Implement systems to collect and store rainwater, supplementing irrigation needs during dry periods. | [141] | ||
5 | Waterlogging mitigation | Grafting onto waterlogging-tolerant rootstocks | Use KR5 rootstock for better resilience of kiwifruit plants under waterlogging conditions. | [142] |
6 | Pest and disease control | Integrated pest management (IPM) | Implement IPM strategies to replace conventional pesticide use, reducing health risks and environmental impact. | [143] |
Development of disease-resistant cultivars | Breed and utilize kiwifruit cultivars resistant to diseases like Psa3, enhancing resilience to climate-related pathogens. | [52,144,145,146] |
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Rajan, P.; Natraj, P.; Kim, M.; Lee, M.; Jang, Y.J.; Lee, Y.J.; Kim, S.C. Climate Change Impacts on and Response Strategies for Kiwifruit Production: A Comprehensive Review. Plants 2024, 13, 2354. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172354
Rajan P, Natraj P, Kim M, Lee M, Jang YJ, Lee YJ, Kim SC. Climate Change Impacts on and Response Strategies for Kiwifruit Production: A Comprehensive Review. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2354. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172354
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajan, Priyanka, Premkumar Natraj, Misun Kim, Mockhee Lee, Yeon Jin Jang, Young Jae Lee, and Seong Cheol Kim. 2024. "Climate Change Impacts on and Response Strategies for Kiwifruit Production: A Comprehensive Review" Plants 13, no. 17: 2354. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172354