Short-Term Effect of the Combined Application of Rice Husk Biochar and Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Radish Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plant Growth of Radish under Various Treatments
2.2. Germination and Radish Yield Response to Different Treatments
2.3. Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) under Different Treatments
2.4. Standardized Regression Coefficients
2.5. Soil Chemical Properties after Cultivation
3. Discussion
3.1. Response of Plant Growth to Different Biochar Treatments
3.2. Radish Germination, Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Different Treatments
3.3. Effect of Biochar Application alone and Combined with Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Soil Chemical Properties after the Experiment
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Site, Treatments, and Radish Cultivation
4.2. Plant Growth, Radish Yield Measurements, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
4.3. Measurement of Soil Chemical Properties
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Germination (%) | Radish Yield (g pot−1) | Dry Biomass Yield (g pot−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Root | Leaves | Root | ||
C | 73.3 ± 6.67 a | 0.20 ± 0.03 de | 0.10 ± 0.03 bcd | 0.06 ± 0.004 de | 0.016 ± 0.002 bcd |
B10 | 73.0 ± 12.5 a | 0.22 ± 0.04 e | 0.11 ± 0.02 d | 0.07 ± 0.01 e | 0.017 ± 0.004 d |
B25 | 93.3 ± 6.67 a | 0.23 ± 0.05 d | 0.12 ± 0.02 c | 0.08 ± 0.01 d | 0.018 ± 0.006 c |
B10:CHM | 93.3 ± 6.67 a | 3.00 ± 0.26 c | 2.11 ± 0.43 b | 0.33 ± 0.05 c | 1.02 ± 0.110 b |
B25:CHM | 93.3 ± 6.67 a | 4.11 ± 0.25 b | 7.38 ± 0.75 a | 0.46 ± 0.03 b | 2.09 ± 0.325 a |
B10:CHM:NPK | 93.3 ± 6.67 a | 8.09 ± 0.35 a | 5.03 ± 0.78 a | 0.91 ± 0.03 a | 1.46 ± 0.370 a |
B25:CHM:NPK | 100 ± 0.00 a | 7.97 ± 0.64 a | 9.86 ± 1.96 a | 0.82 ± 0.08 a | 2.28 ± 0.545 a |
p value | 0.08 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Treatments | NUE (g g−1 N) | REN (%) | PE (g g−1 N) | AE (g g−1 N) | NHI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B10 | 0.60 ± 0.15 c | 0.5 ± 0.36 d | 0.03 ± 0.01 d | 0.009 ± 0.15 c | 13.1 ± 3.19 b |
B25 | 0.24 ± 0.04 d | 0.6 ± 0.24 c | 0.05 ± 0.06 c | 0.006 ± 0.04 d | 9.5 ± 2.49 c |
B10:CHM | 3.70 ± 0.76 b | 7.5 ± 1.38 b | 0.50 ± 0.08 ab | 3.54 ± 0.76 b | 53.5 ± 6.11 a |
B25:CHM | 9.11 ± 0.93 a | 11.6 ± 1.49 a | 0.93 ± 0.09 a | 8.99 ± 0.93 a | 67.0 ± 3.76 a |
B10:CHM:NPK | 8.38 ± 1.30 a | 17.3 ± 2.35 a | 0.55 ± 0.02 b | 8.23 ± 1.30 a | 48.4 ± 7.91 a |
B25:CHM:NPK | 11.7 ± 2.33 a | 18.5 ± 2.31 a | 0.75 ± 0.12 a | 11.63 ± 2.33 a | 56.5 ± 7.17 a |
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Response Variables | Explanatory Variables | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf Yield | Root Yield | NUE | RE | PE | AE | NHI | |
Biochar | 0.04 | 0.32 * | 0.28 * | 0.12 | 0.31 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.13 |
Chicken Manure | 0.49 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.91 *** | 0.58 *** | 0.99 *** |
NPK Fertilizer | 0.61 *** | 0.30 * | 0.35 ** | 0.52 *** | −0.08 | 0.34 ** | −0.16 |
Treatments | pH | EC (µS cm−1) | Total N (%) | NH4-N (mg kg−1) | NO3-N (mg kg−1) | Available P (mg kg−1) | Ex. K (cmol(c) kg−1) | Ex. Mg (cmol(c) kg−1) | Ex. Ca (cmol(c) kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | 7.3 ± 0.19 ab | 12.5 ± 2.2f | 0.016 ± 0.011 b | 7.11 ± 0.8 cd | 1.28 ± 0.1 b | 241.1 ± 5.2 cd | 0.09 ± 0.02 d | 1.12 ± 0.1 d | 12.8 ± 0.7 ab |
B10 | 7.3 ± 0.05 ab | 20.5 ± 2.3e | 0.009 ± 0.003 d | 7.28 ± 0.6 d | 2.15 ± 0.4 a | 258.5 ± 20.0 cd | 0.18 ± 0.01 c | 2.02 ± 0.5 c | 14.5 ± 0.1 ab |
B25 | 7.6 ± 0.04 a | 41.5 ± 5.6d | 0.015 ± 0.002 c | 7.33 ± 0.4 c | 2.04 ± 0.6 a | 267.6 ± 15.2 d | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 2.70 ± 0.5 b | 13.8 ± 1.0 b |
B10:CHM | 7.6 ± 0.04 a | 118.5 ± 4.3c | 0.025 ± 0.005 a | 11.50 ± 1.2 b | 2.70 ± 0.4 a | 310.5 ± 10.8 c | 0.20 ± 0.01 ab | 4.82 ± 0.3 a | 14.9 ± 0.3 a |
B25:CHM | 7.8 ± 0.05 a | 131.5 ± 6.3b | 0.033 ± 0.008 a | 14.89 ± 1.0 a | 3.44 ± 0.5 a | 439.9 ± 28.1 b | 0.32 ± 0.06 a | 6.61 ± 0.5 a | 17.1 ± 0.4 a |
B10:CHM:NPK | 7.7 ± 0.01 a | 140.5 ± 5.5b | 0.034 ± 0.002 a | 15.80 ± 1.6 a | 4.22 ± 0.5 a | 525.8 ± 28.4 b | 0.26 ± 0.002 b | 7.20 ± 1.6 a | 15.1 ± 0.2 a |
B25:CHM:NPK | 7.4 ± 0.03 b | 187.5 ± 4.1a | 0.050 ± 0.001 a | 17.65 ± 1.1 a | 3.89 ± 0.9 a | 674.4 ± 30.8 a | 0.42 ± 0.03 a | 6.35 ± 0.6 a | 14.3 ± 0.9 a |
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Measurement | Units | |
---|---|---|
Total N | % | 0.02 |
Total C | % | 0.03 |
C/N | 1.68 | |
Available NH4+-N | mg kg−1 | 11.7 |
Available NO3--N | mg kg−1 | 0.23 |
Available Phosphorus | mg kg−1 | 125.3 |
Exchangeable K content | cmol(c) kg−1 | 0.006 |
Exchangeable Ca content | cmol(c) kg−1 | 9.84 |
Exchangeable Mg content | cmol(c) kg−1 | 0.88 |
pH | 7.86 | |
EC | μS cm−1 | 21 |
Measurements | Unit | |
---|---|---|
Pyrolysis temperature | °C | 900–1000 |
pH | 6.45 | |
EC | (µS cm−1) | 856.3 |
CEC | (cmol(c) kg−1) | 25.4 |
Exchangeable K | (mg kg−1) | 14960 |
Exchangeable Mg | (mg kg−1) | 421.1 |
Exchangeable Ca | (mg kg−1) | 2415 |
Ash | % | 44.9 |
Volatile Matter | % | 18.7 |
Total N | % | 0.81 |
Total C | % | 33.7 |
C/N | 41.8 |
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Mon, W.W.; Ueno, H. Short-Term Effect of the Combined Application of Rice Husk Biochar and Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Radish Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency. Plants 2024, 13, 2376. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172376
Mon WW, Ueno H. Short-Term Effect of the Combined Application of Rice Husk Biochar and Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Radish Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2376. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172376
Chicago/Turabian StyleMon, War War, and Hideto Ueno. 2024. "Short-Term Effect of the Combined Application of Rice Husk Biochar and Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Radish Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency" Plants 13, no. 17: 2376. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172376