Fine-Root Distribution and Soil Physicochemical Property Variations in Four Contrasting Urban Land-Use Types in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Variation in Soil Properties by Land-Use Type
2.2. Edaphic Drivers of Fine-Root Mass
2.3. Variations in Standing Fine-Root Biomass and Necromass across Four Land-Use Types
2.4. Vertical Distribution of Fine-Root Biomass and Necromass in Four Land-Use Types
3. Discussion
3.1. Variation in Soil Physical and Chemical Properties across Land-Use Types
3.2. Variation in Standing Root Mass and Fine-Root Vertical Distribution across Land-Use Types
3.3. Implications for Sustainable Urban Planning
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Site
4.2. Soil Sampling
4.3. Fine-Root Mass Inventory
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Properties | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sites | Sand | Silt | Clay | Soil Texture | SBD | |||||||||
ZJ | a | b | c | ab | ||||||||||
0–10 cm | 87 (0) | 10 (0) | 3 (0.01) | sand | 1.27 (0.07) | |||||||||
10–30 cm | 85 (0.02) | 11 (0.02) | 4 (0) | loamy sand | 1.41 (0.07) | |||||||||
MP | c | a | b | a | ||||||||||
0–10 cm | 65 (0.01) | 27 (0.01) | 8 (0.01) | sandy loam | 1.52 (0.09) | |||||||||
10–30 cm | 67 (0.01) | 25 (0.01) | 8 (0) | sandy loam | 1.58 (0.07) | |||||||||
QA | b | b | b | ab | ||||||||||
0–10 cm | 78 (0.01) | 13 (0.01) | 9 (0.01) | sandy loam | 1.43 (0.07) | |||||||||
10–30 cm | 73 (0.03) | 16 (0.01) | 11 (0.02) | sandy loam | 1.45 (0.09) | |||||||||
PD | ab | b | a | b | ||||||||||
0–10 cm | 73 (0.05) | 13 (0.02) | 13 (0.02) | sandy loam | 1.23 (0.06) | |||||||||
10–30 cm | 69 (0.04) | 15 (0.03) | 16 (0.01) | sandy loam | 1.37 (0.09) | |||||||||
Chemical Properties | ||||||||||||||
Exchangeable Cations | ||||||||||||||
pH | EC | OM | AP | TN | C/N | NH4+-N | NO3−-N | CEC | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Al3+ | |
ZJ | a | c | c | b | a | b | a | a | b | a | ||||
0–10 cm | 6.23 | 0.07 | 2.66 | 121.2 | 0.1 | 12.24 | 2.06 | 16.86 | 3.74 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 2.28 | 0.57 | 0.1 |
(0.07) | (0.01) | (0.43) | (51.2) | (0.01) | (0.88) | (0.13) | (3.04) | (0.18) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.22) | (0.04) | (0.00) | |
10–30 cm | 6.23 | 0.05 | 0.91 | 39.4 | 0.02 | 14.16 | 1.73 | 10.23 | 4.41 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 3.19 | 0.56 | 0.1 |
(0.06) | (0.00) | (0.14) | (25.3) | (0.00) | (1.49) | (0.34) | (2.25) | (0.46) | (0.07) | (0.03) | (0.09) | (0.12) | (0.00) | |
MP | a | bc | c | b | b | b | a | a | a | a | ||||
0–10 cm | 6.9 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 296.5 | 0.06 | 10.63 | 2.25 | 7.6 | 4.92 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 3.31 | 1.25 | 0.1 |
(0.48) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (240.6) | (0.02) | (0.92) | (0.20) | (2.38) | (0.99) | (0.10) | (0.01) | (0.68) | (0.25) | (0.00) | |
10–30 cm | 6.85 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 62.6 | 0.04 | 10.58 | 2.29 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 2.86 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
(0.46) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (29.7) | (0.01) | (0.94) | (0.34) | (0.34) | (0.20) | (0.05) | (0.03) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.00) | |
QA | b | ab | b | a | b | a | b | b | c | b | ||||
0–10 cm | 4.4 | 0.34 | 4.16 | 23.1 | 0.07 | 38.65 | 3.54 | 3.94 | 7.88 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.63 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
(0.16) | (0.08) | (0.71) | (0.8) | (0.02) | (5.96) | (1.10) | (1.22) | (0.53) | (0.00) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
10–30 cm | 4.55 | 0.28 | 4.22 | 12.4 | 0.06 | 49.22 | 3.1 | 3.45 | 7.2 | 0.1 | 0.41 | 0.62 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
(0.07) | (0.06) | (0.89) | (1.0) | (0.03) | (10.41) | (1.34) | (1.49) | (1.13) | (0.02) | (0.17) | (0.07) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
PD | b | a | a | a | b | ab | b | c | c | a | ||||
0–10 cm | 4.18 | 0.46 | 6.86 | 27.2 | 0.11 | 39.45 | 5.29 | 5.92 | 5.82 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.12 |
(0.06) | (0.04) | (0.73) | (1.0) | (0.02) | (3.72) | (0.89) | (0.99) | (1.56) | (0.01) | (0.12) | (0.09) | (0.00) | (0.02) | |
10–30 cm | 4.36 | 0.33 | 5.32 | 24.0 | 0.05 | 70.05 | 2.29 | 2.39 | 4.56 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
(0.05) | (0.04) | (0.79) | (8.5) | (0.01) | (2.55) | (0.42) | (0.48) | (1.68) | (0.02) | (0.07) | (0.12) | (0.01) | (0.01) |
Site | Biomass (g m−2) | Necromass (g m−2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<2 mm | 2–5 mm | <5 mm | <2 mm | 2–5 mm | <5 mm | ||
Fine root mass | |||||||
ZJ | 246.24 (17.23) a | 193.85 (50.69) a | 440.09 (65.28) ab | 7.18 (1.90) bc | 81.31 (25.17) a | 88.49 (25.29) a | |
MP | 48.25 (21.28) b | 50.05 (32.2) a | 98.30 (47.48) b | 1.06 (0.57) c | 0 b | 1.06 (0.57) b | |
QA | 404.87 (56.82) a | 295.43 (117.81) a | 700.30 (153.69) a | 45.46 (9.51) a | 19.04 (14.22) b | 64.49 (8.59) a | |
PD | 366.77 (55.10) a | 120.44 (30.91) a | 487.21 (57.35) a | 25.62 (7.17) ab | 8.71 (6.01) b | 34.33 (12.62) ab | |
ANOVA Summary | |||||||
Variation source | df | <2 mm | 2–5 mm | <5 mm | <2 mm | 2–5 mm | <5 mm |
Site | 3 | <0.0001 | 0.054 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Soil depth | 5 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Site x soil depth | 15 | <0.0001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Site | ZJ | MP | QA | PD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tree density (tree ha−1) | NA | 700 | 900 | 800 |
Mean height (m) | 3.7 | 13.8 | 12.5 | |
Mean DBH (cm) | 15.5 | 30.3 | 24.2 | |
Basal area (m2 ha−1) | 13.4 | 43.7 | 39.4 | |
Dominant species | Zoysia japonica | Malus pumila | Quercus acutissima | Pinus densiflora |
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Tran, L.T.N.; An, J.Y.; Carayugan, M.B.; Hernandez, J.O.; Rahman, S.A.; Youn, W.B.; Carvalho, J.I.; Jo, M.S.; Han, S.H.; Nguyen, H.-H.; et al. Fine-Root Distribution and Soil Physicochemical Property Variations in Four Contrasting Urban Land-Use Types in South Korea. Plants 2024, 13, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020164
Tran LTN, An JY, Carayugan MB, Hernandez JO, Rahman SA, Youn WB, Carvalho JI, Jo MS, Han SH, Nguyen H-H, et al. Fine-Root Distribution and Soil Physicochemical Property Variations in Four Contrasting Urban Land-Use Types in South Korea. Plants. 2024; 13(2):164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020164
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Lan Thi Ngoc, Ji Young An, Mark Bryan Carayugan, Jonathan O. Hernandez, SK Abidur Rahman, Woo Bin Youn, Julia Inacio Carvalho, Min Seon Jo, Si Ho Han, Hai-Hoa Nguyen, and et al. 2024. "Fine-Root Distribution and Soil Physicochemical Property Variations in Four Contrasting Urban Land-Use Types in South Korea" Plants 13, no. 2: 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020164