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Article

Identification of the Maize PP2C Gene Family and Functional Studies on the Role of ZmPP2C15 in Drought Tolerance

by
Yunyun Pang
1,2,†,
Liru Cao
1,3,†,
Feiyu Ye
1,3,
Chenchen Ma
1,3,
Xiaohan Liang
1,3,
Yinghui Song
1 and
Xiaomin Lu
1,3,*
1
Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Postgraduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
2
School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
3
The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2024, 13(3), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030340
Submission received: 14 December 2023 / Revised: 13 January 2024 / Accepted: 17 January 2024 / Published: 23 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The protein phosphatase PP2C plays an important role in plant responses to stress. Therefore, the identification of maize PP2C genes that respond to drought stress is particularly important for the improvement and creation of new drought-resistant assortments of maize. In this study, we identified 102 ZmPP2C genes in maize at the genome-wide level. We analyzed the physicochemical properties of 102 ZmPP2Cs and constructed a phylogenetic tree with Arabidopsis. By analyzing the gene structure, conserved protein motifs, and synteny, the ZmPP2Cs were found to be strongly conserved during evolution. Sixteen core genes involved in drought stress and rewatering were screened using gene co-expression network mapping and expression profiling. The qRT-PCR results showed 16 genes were induced by abscisic acid (ABA), drought, and NaCl treatments. Notably, ZmPP2C15 exhibited a substantial expression difference. Through genetic transformation, we overexpressed ZmPP2C15 and generated the CRISPR/Cas9 knockout maize mutant zmpp2c15. Overexpressing ZmPP2C15 in Arabidopsis under drought stress enhanced growth and survival compared with WT plants. The leaves exhibited heightened superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) activities, elevated proline (Pro) content, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Conversely, zmpp2c15 mutant plants displayed severe leaf dryness, curling, and wilting under drought stress. Their leaf activities of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT were lower than those in B104, while MDA was higher. This suggests that ZmPP2C15 positively regulates drought tolerance in maize by affecting the antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substance content. Subcellular localization revealed that ZmPP2C15 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiments demonstrated ZmPP2C15’s interaction with ZmWIN1, ZmADT2, ZmsodC, Zmcab, and ZmLHC2. These findings establish a foundation for understanding maize PP2C gene functions, offering genetic resources and insights for molecular design breeding for drought tolerance.

1. Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is widely grown worldwide as a major food crop [1]. In recent years, climate warming and frequent extreme weather events, such as high temperatures and droughts, have significantly impacted corn yield and quality. Drought has become one of the most important abiotic stress factors limiting maize growth, development, and yield [2]. Droughts have led to a number of natural disasters in terms of reduced crop yields [3]. Data show that for maize, drought causes global economic losses averaging between USD 1.5 and USD 20 billion [4]. Therefore, mining the key drought tolerance genes of maize and analyzing their genetic mechanisms provides a theoretical basis for breeding new drought-resistant maize varieties. Ensuring a high and stable corn yield is also of great practical significance.
The protein phosphatase PP2C, the largest family of protein phosphatases in higher plants, is regulated by the dephosphorylation of amino acid residues. Serine and threonine protein phosphatases were the first protein phosphatases identified in plants. Subsequently, genes encoding protein phosphatases were cloned into Arabidopsis thaliana [5], tobacco [6], rice [7], wheat [8], and maize [9]. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that PP2C protein phosphatases are involved in plant growth and development and in a variety of signaling pathways, including abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, abiotic stress response, cell division, and plant immunity. For example, the expression of TaPP2C-A10 is negatively correlated with plant drought tolerance. Transgenic plants exhibit weak drought tolerance at the seedling stage, while gene knockout markedly enhances drought tolerance [10]. AtPP2CF1 overexpression in A. thaliana accelerates inflorescence stem growth by activating cell proliferation and expansion, resulting in plants with a higher biomass yield [11]. Overexpression of tiger nut CePP2C19 enhances tolerance in transgenic A. thaliana [12]. GhDRP1 is involved in the response to drought stress by regulating ABA signaling and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, and GhDRP1 overexpression plays a negative regulatory role in the response to drought stress in cotton [13]. ZmPP2C26 negatively regulates drought stress response and photosynthesis by dephosphorylating ZmMAPK3 and ZmMAPK7 [14]. Finally, OsPP65 regulates the rice response to abiotic stress by independently modulating the ABA and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Moreover, OsPP65 knockdown enhances rice tolerance to osmotic and salt stresses [15]. These studies suggest that PP2C genes enhance plant resistance to abiotic stressors.
Currently, most studies have reported the functions and regulatory mechanisms of PP2C genes in the A subfamily. However, gene functions in other subfamilies of PP2C have been rarely reported. In this study, 102 ZmPP2C genes were identified in the maize genome. We analyzed maize seedling drought-rewatering transcriptome results using gene co-expression networks and expression heat profiling to identify the core node—the PP2C protein phosphatase gene. Using qRT-PCR, we scrutinized the expression of core genes in various tissues and their patterns under drought, NaCl, and ABA treatments. We investigated the drought tolerance of the ZmPP2C15 gene through genetic transformations. We also characterized the reciprocal proteins of ZmPP2C15. These findings lay the foundation for elucidating the functions of the maize PP2C gene family, providing genetic resources and insights for molecular design in drought-resistant breeding, thereby accelerating the development of new drought-resistant maize varieties.

2. Results

2.1. Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of the Maize PP2C Gene Family

In this study, 102 PP2C family genes were identified at the whole-genome level in maize, which were sequentially named ZmPP2C1-ZmPP2C102 based on their location on the chromosome (Supplementary Table S1). The amino acid sequences of the ZmPP2C gene family ranged from 233 to 964 amino acids, indicating that the protein sequences of the family members differed significantly. The isoelectric points ranged from 4.54 to 9.88, and there were 76 acidic proteins. The molecular weight ranged from 10.61 to 93.1 kD, with ZmPP2C7 having the largest molecular weight. Protein stability coefficients ranged from 26.65 to 76.65, with 72.55% for unstable proteins. The hydrophilicity coefficient lay between –1.236 and 0.161, and the fat coefficient ranged from 65.77 to 95.92. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that PP2C proteins are predominantly localized in chloroplasts, cytoplasm, and nuclei, with lesser occurrences in cytoskeletal regions, mitochondria, vesicles, and the plasma membrane.
To analyze the evolutionary relationships of maize PP2C gene family members, 80 A. thaliana PP2C proteins and 102 maize PP2C proteins were used to construct a phylogenetic tree (Figure 1). Moreover, most PP2C genes in maize and A. thaliana are intermixed in each subfamily. The 102 PP2C proteins were grouped into 12 subfamilies (A–K), whereas ZmPP2C12 and ZmPP2C57 did not cluster with any subfamily. This was similar to the grouping of PP2Cs in A. thaliana, or rice. The numbers of ZmPP2Cs in subfamilies A and H were 16 and 20, respectively; the number of ZmPP2Cs in subfamilies J was 1; and the K subfamily contained no ZmPP2Cs. Except for subgroup K, which contained only AtPP2C genes, the distributions in the other maize subfamilies were similar to those of A. thaliana, suggesting that ZmPP2Cs are strongly conserved during evolution.

2.2. Distribution of Maize PP2C Family Members on Chromosomes and Analysis of Gene Structure and Protein-Conserved Motifs

The 102 ZmPP2Cs genes were unevenly distributed across 10 chromosomes (Supplementary Figure S1). There are 14 genes on chromosome 1, and they form a gene cluster at each end of the chromosome. The end of chromosome 9 forms a gene cluster containing 12 genes. Chromosome 3 has the fewest genes but also forms a small cluster of genes at the end of the chromosome. All other chromosomes contained gene clusters in their telomeres. The results showed that maize PP2C genes mostly existed in gene clusters at chromosome telomeres. Genes of the same subfamily did not collocate on the same chromosome, and the number of genes contained in the chromosome did not correlate with chromosome length.
Analysis of the gene structures of the 102 ZmPP2Cs unveiled structural variations (Figure 2A). Those on the same branch of the evolutionary tree exhibited identical or similar gene structures. In maize PP2Cs, both the introns and exons cross-set in the complete gene sequence. Among them, ZmPP2C57 had the highest number of introns, while ZmPP2C22 and ZmPP2C63 lacked introns, and ZmPP2C4/56/75/93 only had one intron. We hypothesized that this might be related to the relative conservation of the ZmPP2C gene structure. Furthermore, an examination of the conserved motifs of ZmPP2C proteins (Figure 2B) demonstrated that proteins with close evolutionary relationships shared highly similar motifs. Notably, ZmPP2C12 and ZmPP2C57 contained only four motifs, whereas most of the remaining ZmPP2C proteins contained ten motifs, with most featuring the 2/3/4/6/7/8/9/11 motif structures. In addition, the number of motifs in ZmPP2C86 was deficient compared with that in other proteins of the same subfamily, which may be caused by base loss during gene tandem duplication.

2.3. Collinearity Analysis between PP2C Gene Families in Sorghum, Rice, Arabidopsis, and Maize

To analyze the similarities and differences between maize and the PP2C genes of other species, a collinearity analysis was performed for maize, Arabidopsis, rice, and sorghum (Figure 3). Replicative relationships were found between maize and Arabidopsis, rice, and sorghum, but the collinearity between maize and the dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis was low (only 15 pairs). Several gene pairs exhibited collinearity among maize, rice, and sorghum. Notably, a sorghum/rice PP2C gene displayed collinearity with multiple maize PP2C genes. Examples include the collinearity between sorghum SbPP2C35 (EER90623) and maize PP2C13/42, as well as between SbPP2C46 (EES17579) and ZmPP2C5/13/75. Additionally, collinearity was identified between rice OsPP2C15 (Os02t0567200) and maize ZmPP2C18/35/49/99. These results indicate that ZmPP2Cs are strongly conserved during evolution and that the evolutionary process in maize is more complex than that in sorghum and rice.

2.4. Analysis of Candidate Genes for ZmPP2Cs under Drought and Rewatering Conditions

Analysis of the expression profiles of ZmPP2Cs at different time points using maize transcriptome data and real-time fluorescence quantification revealed that most ZmPP2Cs were expressed in both tissues and organs (Supplementary Figures S2 and S3). The expression patterns were significantly different. Among them, ZmPP2C48 exhibited the highest expression in female spikes, ZmPP2C44 exhibited the highest expression in male spikes, and ZmPP2C15/21/29/45/47/58/72 exhibited the highest expression in young roots. ZmPP2C97 and ZmPP2C98 showed the highest expression levels in mature leaves, ZmPP2C89 and ZmPP2C93 in mature roots, and ZmPP2C31/35/102 in young leaves. These results suggested that ZmPP2Cs functionally diverged during a long evolutionary process.
Cluster analysis of the expression of ZmPP2C family genes under drought-rewatering based on transcriptome data revealed that these genes showed different expression patterns under drought-rewatering conditions. Additionally, most of the ZmPP2Cs were involved in the response to drought-rewatering treatments (Figure 4A). The expression of ZmPP2C15/23/29/30/81/72/97 increased significantly in the leaves after drought stress and decreased after rewatering, with the opposite pattern of expression in ZmPP2C41/44/19/67. The expression of ZmPP2C6/40/45/77 was significantly increased in the roots under drought stress, subsequently decreasing after rewatering. In contrast, the ZmPP2C82/59/62 genes displayed an opposite expression pattern in roots, decreasing under drought stress and increasing after rewatering. ZmPP2C6 expression increased in both roots and leaves under drought stress and decreased after rewatering. In contrast, the expression of ZmPP2C3/7/37 increased in the roots under drought stress and continued to increase after rewatering. These results suggest that these genes play important roles in drought stress and rewatering processes.
The correlation coefficients of 102 ZmPP2Cs were calculated, and genes with correlation coefficients greater than 0.75 were imported into Cytoscape to construct a gene co-expression network map (Figure 4B). ZmPP2C15/21/29/31/35/44/45/47/48/58/72/89/93/97/98/102 had high K-values and belonged to the core node genes.

2.5. Expression Pattern Analysis of ZmPP2Cs in Response to Drought, ABA, and NaCl Treatments

Analysis of the expression patterns of ZmPP2Cs under drought, ABA, and NaCl treatments revealed that the expression of ZmPP2C21/44/45/47/98 significantly decreased under drought stress (Figure 5A). ZmPP2C15 expression peaked at 84 h and was 147 times higher than that before treatment. ZmPP2C35/48/72/97/102 expression significantly increased under drought stress but decreased after rewatering. The expression of ZmPP2C93 at 36 h was 20.15-fold higher than that before treatment, and the expression increased sharply after rewatering. Under ABA treatment (Figure 5B), ZmPP2C29/31/35/48 expression increased slowly, and ZmPP2C21/44/98 expression decreased significantly. The expression of ZmPP2C15 peaked at 48 h, which was 28.55 times higher than that before treatment. The expression of ZmPP2C72 peaked at 24 h, which was 46.33 times higher than before treatment. The expression of ZmPP2C72 decreased with an increase in treatment time. Under NaCl treatment (Supplementary Figure S4), ZmPP2C21/45/47 expression significantly decreased; in particular, ZmPP2C21 expression after 48 h of stress was 0.04 times higher than that before stress. The expression of ZmPP2C93 increased slowly and was 10.24-fold higher than that before treatment when normal growth conditions were restored for 36 h. ZmPP2C15/97/102 genes were all significantly upregulated. The expression of ZmPP2C15 after 84 h of treatment was 38.79 times higher than that before treatment. ZmPP2C97 expression after 24 h of treatment was 23.18 times higher than that before treatment. After restoration to normal conditions, gene expression decreased but remained higher than before stress treatment.
In summary, ZmPP2Cs exhibited different expression patterns under drought, ABA, and NaCl stress. The expression of ZmPP2C15/72/102 genes was significantly up-regulated under drought, ABA, and NaCl stress. Among them, ZmPP2C15 showed the most significant amount of change under drought stress, indicating that ZmPP2C15 plays an important role in drought stress.

2.6. Phenotypic Analysis of ZmPP2C15 Overexpression in A. thaliana under Drought Stress and Determination of Physiological Indexes

To investigate the function of ZmPP2C15, three transgenic Arabidopsis strains with ZmPP2C15 overexpression (OE-1, OE-2, and OE-3) were selected (Figure 6A). Under normal conditions, the overexpression strain and wild-type (WT; Col) showed no obvious morphological differences in phenotype, consistent growth, or improved growth status. After drought stress, the growth of WT plants was severely inhibited, and the leaves dried, wilted, and died. However, overexpression plants were less affected and wilted to a lesser extent than the WT strains (Figure 6B). The survival rate of the overexpression plants was significantly higher than that of the WT strains (Figure 6C). This suggests that ZmPP2C15 overexpression enhances drought tolerance in A. thaliana. Furthermore, relevant physiological and biochemical indexes were measured, and it was found that there was no significant difference between WT and overexpression plants under normal conditions in terms of MDA and Pro content, as well as SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities (Figure 6D–I). After drought stress, Pro content and SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities were higher in ZmPP2C15 overexpression plants than in WT plants (p < 0.01), whereas MDA content was lower than that in WT plants (p < 0.01).

2.7. Analysis of Drought Tolerance in zmpp2c15 Maize Mutant Plants under Drought Stress

To further investigate the function of ZmPP2C15, two zmpp2c15 mutant lines were generated by gene editing. Both the mutation sites were located in the fourth exon (Figure 7A). Under normal growth conditions, the zmpp2c15 mutant and B104 plants grew in the same state but did not differ significantly. Under drought stress, both mutant and B104 plants exhibited wilting, curling of leaves, and yellowing of leaf tips. However, the wilting of mutant plants was more severe compared with that of B104 plants (Figure 7B). The growth status of both the mutant and B104 plants was severely affected by prolonged stress, but the mutant plants were more severely suppressed, indicating that ZmPP2C15 knockdown reduced drought tolerance in maize. Physiological indexes were measured, and it was found that there were no significant differences in SOD, POD, APX, and CAT enzyme activities and Pro and MDA contents between the mutant and B104 strains before drought stress (Figure 7C–H). The SOD, POD, APX, and CAT enzyme activities and Pro content of the mutant plants were significantly lower than those of B104 after drought stress (p < 0.01), whereas the MDA content was significantly higher than that of B104. These results indicated that the zmpp2c15 mutant had lower activities of osmoregulatory substances and antioxidant enzymes in vivo under drought stress, rendering maize more sensitive to drought.

2.8. Analysis of the Subcellular Localization and Protein Interactions of ZmPP2C15

To further investigate the function and mechanism of action of ZmPP2C15, a ZmPP2C15-pMDC83-GFP fusion expression vector was constructed. This fusion vector was introduced into maize protoplasts, and observations were made using laser confocal microscopy. The results showed that the recombinant vector induced GFP expression in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cells (Figure 8A). Similar green fluorescent proteins were observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus after a bombardment of onion epidermal cells using the gene gun method (Figure 8B). The results showed that the protein encoded by ZmPP2C15 was localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Using ZmPP2C15 as a bait protein, we screened for reciprocal proteins in a Y2H system and identified nine proteins that interacted with ZmPP2C15 (Supplementary Table S2). We co-transformed the reciprocal proteins with ZmPP2C15 in yeast and found that proteins such as the ethylene-responsive transcription factor ZmWIN1, phenylalanine biosynthesis ZmADT2, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase ZmsodC, light-trapping chlorophyll-binding protein Zmcab, and photosystem II light-trapping complex gene ZmLHC2 interacted with ZmPP2C15, as indicated by a blue color on the SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp/X-a-gal plate (Figure 8C). Furthermore, we conducted a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay and observed yellow fluorescent signals in maize protoplasts after the co-transformation of ZmPP2C15 with ZmWIN1, ZmADT2, ZmsodC, Zmcab, and ZmLHC2 (Figure 8D). These results indicate that ZmPP2C15 interacts with ZmWIN1, ZmADT2, ZmsodC, Zmcab, and ZmLHC2.

3. Discussion

Maize PP2C genes, evolving from the same ancestor, showed similarities in structure and function. A total of 102 maize PP2C genes were identified across the maize genome (Supplementary Table S1). Analysis of the positions of genes in this family on chromosomes revealed that 102 ZmPP2Cs were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes (Supplementary Figure S1). Studies on family gene evolution have revealed that tandem replication often leads to the formation of gene clusters [16]. Gene clusters in chromosome telomeres may participate in regulating chromosome replication and termination, thereby ensuring stable gene transmission and expression [17]. This study found that the majority of ZmPP2Cs exist in gene clusters on different chromosomes or at different positions within the same chromosome, and ZmPP2Cs mostly have gene clusters at the telomeres of chromosomes, indicating that members of the ZmPP2C family are conserved. Further analysis of the collinearity between maize, Arabidopsis, rice, and sorghum (Figure 3) revealed a replication relationship between maize and these species, emphasizing the strong conservatism of ZmPP2Cs in the evolutionary process.
PP2C protein phosphatases are the largest family of protein phosphatases in plants and play important roles in plant growth and development, cell differentiation, and stress responses [18,19]. PP2C protein phosphatases of the A subfamily are capable of responding to drought stress and play important roles in signal transduction [10,20,21]. However, other PP2C subfamilies have been reported less frequently. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomic data and screened the ZmPP2C15 gene of the F subfamily using gene co-expression network maps and expression patterns (Figure 4A,B). Using qRT-PCR and transcriptome data analysis, we found that ZmPP2C15 was expressed in all maize tissues and organs (Attachments 2–3). Studies have previously established the expression of OsPP2C09 and TaPP2C-a10 in all tissues of rice and wheat [22,23], aligning with our findings. We found that the expression of ZmPP2C15 was significantly upregulated under drought, ABA, and NaCl treatments, suggesting that ZmPP2C15 is involved in the response to adversity stress (Figure 5A,B; Attachment 4). Moreover, ZmPP2C55, ZmPP2C28, and ZmPP2C71 respond to drought, salt, high temperatures, and exogenous ABA treatments [18]. Furthermore, ramie BnPP2C1, BnPP2C26, and BnPP2C27 respond to drought, high salt, and ABA treatments [24]. Thus, the results of the present study are consistent with those of the aforementioned studies.
In recent years, with the development of transgenic technology, many researchers have adopted transgenic plants to characterize gene functions. TaPP2C-a10 acts as a negative regulator, as evidenced by Arabidopsis lines overexpressing TaPP2C-a10, which displayed early signs of wilting and death under drought stress [23]. Similarly, CePP2C19 overexpression in A. thaliana resulted in less leaf yellowing and improved growth under drought stress, whereas silencing of CePP2C19 significantly reduced drought tolerance in tiger nut plants [12]. In maize, ZmPP2C55 overexpression lines exhibited better growth under drought stress, contrasting with the wilting and yellowing observed in WT plants [19]. In our study, we found that Arabidopsis ZmPP2C15 overexpression plants were less affected by drought stress, and the plant growth status and survival rate were higher than those of plants overexpressing WT (Figure 6B,C). In contrast, zmpp2c15 maize mutant plants were the first to wilt and exhibit dried leaves under drought stress (Figure 7B). The results indicate that ZmPP2C15 can be induced to be expressed under drought stress, thereby playing a positive regulatory role. Our results align with those of previous studies, demonstrating that PP2C protein phosphatase can function under drought stress. As important protective enzymes in plant cells, antioxidant enzymes, whose activity increases significantly under drought stress, scavenge the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in plants, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis [25,26]. SOD, POD, and CAT activities are higher in ZmPP2C2 overexpressing tobacco plants under low-temperature stress [27]. Both POD and SOD activities are higher in ZmPP2C55-overexpressing maize plants than in WT plants under drought stress [19]. In this study, we found that POD, SOD, CAT, and APX activities were higher in ZmPP2C15 overexpressing Arabidopsis than in the WT strain under drought stress (Figure 6D–F). In contrast, zmpp2c15 mutant plants had lower POD, SOD, CAT, and APX activities than those of the B104 plants (Figure 7C–F). These results indicated that ZmPP2C15 overexpression enhanced the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species in the plant, attenuated the degree of cell membrane damage, and enhanced the drought tolerance of the plant, which is consistent with the results of previous studies. Pro content, an osmoregulatory substance in the plant cytoplasm, is widely used to evaluate plant drought tolerance. In the present study, under drought stress, ZmPP2C15 overexpressing Arabidopsis displayed a higher Pro content compared to WT, while zmpp2c15 mutant plants exhibited a lower Pro content than B104 (Figure 6G and Figure 7G). MDA content responds to the degree of plant injury under drought stress. The MDA content in ZmPP2C2 overexpressing tobacco plants was lower than that in WT plants under low-temperature stress [27]. Furthermore, MDA levels are lower in ZmPP2C55-overexpressing maize plants under drought stress [19]. In this study, we found that under drought stress, ZmPP2C15 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants had a lower MDA content than that of WT plants (Figure 6I), whereas zmpp2c15 mutant plants had a higher MDA content than those of B104 plants (Figure 7H). This indicated that ZmPP2C15 overexpression increased drought tolerance in plants, which is consistent with the results of previous studies. These results indicate that ZmPP2C15 responds to drought stress and acts as a positive regulator.
Additionally, subcellular localization results demonstrated that ZmPP2C15 was situated in the nucleus and cytoplasm, consistent with previous studies on OsPP65 and AtPP2CG1 (Figure 8A,B). In addition, MdPP2C24/37, CePP2C19, GhPP2C1, and ZmPP2C85 are localized in the nucleus [27,28,29,30], and BpPP2C1 and GhPP1C2 are localized in the cell membrane and nucleus [31,32]. These results indicated that genes in the PP2C family exist in different locations from those in the cell, and their functions are different.
The Y2H assay is commonly used to screen target genes for reciprocal proteins, although it may produce false positives. BiFC enables intuitive and rapid detection of the localization of target proteins in cells and reciprocal proteins [33,34]. PP2CAs are the central components of ABA signaling and interact directly with ABA receptors and the protein kinase SnRK2s [19,35,36]. Interestingly, the F subfamily gene ZmPP84 is not involved in the ABA signaling pathway but rather interacts with the MAPKK family member ZmMEK1 [37]. In our study, we screened interacting proteins of ZmPP2C15, including the ethylene-responsive transcription factor ZmWIN1, phenylalanine biosynthesis factor ZmADT2, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase ZmsodC, light-trapping chlorophyll-binding protein Zmcab, and photosystem II light-trapping complex ZmLHC2 (Figure 8C,D). We found that ZmPP2C15 did not bind to PYL or SnRKs in response to drought stress, which is consistent with the results of a previous study [36]. This suggests that different PP2C family genes are involved in different regulatory pathways in response to drought stress. However, further investigation is needed regarding the specific response mechanism of ZmPP2C15.
In summary, the results of this study indicate that drought stress can significantly improve drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis after ZmPP2C15 overexpression. However, the drought tolerance of maize mutants decreased after the ZmPP2C15 knockout. Therefore, we conclude that ZmPP2C15 responds to drought stress and positively regulates under such conditions, offering potential for enhancing maize tolerance to drought stress and aiding in the breeding of new drought-resistant maize varieties. In the future, we will further reveal the detailed regulatory mechanisms of ZmPP2C15, such as protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, protein interactions, and potential protein modifications.

4. Material Methods

4.1. Identification of the Maize PP2C Gene Family

Maize protein sequences were downloaded from the Ensembl Plant database (http://plants.ensembl.org/Zea_mays/Info/Index, accessed on 11 April 2022). Hidden Markov model mapping of the PP2C protein structural domain (PF00481) was downloaded from the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/, accessed on 11 April 2022). The maize ZmPP2C gene was identified using HMMER3.0 (http://hmmer.org/download.html, accessed on 11 April 2022) with an E-value of <1 × 10−5. The resulting gene sequences were sequentially submitted to the SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 12 April 2022), NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 12 April 2022), and CDD (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd/term, accessed on 12 April 2022) websites for conserved structural domain analysis. Sequences that did not contain the complete structural domain of PP2C were eliminated to determine the final maize PP2C protein.

4.2. Bioinformatics Analysis of the ZmPP2C Gene Family

The obtained maize PP2C genes were sequentially named according to their positions on the chromosomes. The ExPASy ProtParam website (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/, accessed on 14 April 2022) was used to predict the amino acid number, isoelectric point, molecular mass, instability coefficient, hydrophilicity, and lipid coefficient of PP2C. WoLFPSORT (https://psort.hgc.jp/, accessed on 14 April 2022) was used to predict the subcellular localization of the PP2C proteins. Multiple sequence comparisons of A. thaliana and maize PP2C proteins were carried out using MEGA6.0 built-in Clustal Ww software, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method [38]. The MEME website (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme, accessed on 20 April 2022) was used to analyze the conserved motifs of the ZmPP2C proteins, with a maximum motif output value of 20 [39]. TBtools was used to visualize the gene structure of ZmPP2Cs. The locations of the maize PP2C gene family members on the chromosomes were mapped using the online mapping tool MG2C (http://mg2c.iask.in/mg2c_v2.0/, accessed on 21 April 2022). The TBtools MCscan algorithm was used to analyze the synteny of PP2C genes in maize, Arabidopsis, sorghum, and rice.

4.3. Expression Profiling and Co-Expression Network Map Analysis of ZmPP2Cs

A local BLAST search of 102 ZmPP2Cs was performed using transcriptome data of maize seedling leaves (T0Y, T5dY, and TR3dY) and roots (T0G, T5dG, and TR3dG) under drought stress and rewatering treatments. Differentially expressed genes of ZmPP2Cs were screened based on stringent criteria (│Log2 (fold change)│ ≥ 2, FDR < 0.05 as screening conditions). We used FPKM values based on transcriptome data to map gene expression patterns into heat maps using the TBtools. To screen for core node genes, we imported correlation coefficients greater than 0.75 into Cytoscape 3.8.2 software to map gene co-expression networks [40].

4.4. Plant Growing Conditions and Treatments

Maize B104, characterized by full and uniformly sized grains, was chosen for testing. Planted in nutrient soil, it was cultivated in a light incubator (28 °C, 16 h light/8 h dark). When the corn grew to the three-leaf stage, we applied a drought-rewatering treatment to the corn seedlings with the same growth. We measured the soil moisture content using a soil temperature and humidity meter (SYS-WSD, Changchun, China), which ranged from 45% to 50% during drought stress and 98% when watering was resumed. Root and leaf samples were collected before drought stress, at 5 d of stress (T0Y, T5dY), and at 3 d of rewatering (TR3dY); and similarly, for grain samples (T0G, T5dG, TR3dG). Transcriptome sequencing was performed with five plants as samples, each with three biological replicates.
Maize B73 was used as the study material and cultured in a light incubator (28 °C, 16 h light/8 h dark). Uniformly growing maize seedlings at the three-leaf stage were subjected to stress: 20% PEG-6000 for drought stress, 200 mmol/L NaCl for salt stress, and 5 μmol/L ABA for ABA treatment. Leaf tissues were randomly selected at various time points (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 h) and at 12 and 36 h after stress relief and stored at −80 °C. Three biological replicates were used for each treatment.

4.5. RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis, and qRT-PCR Analysis

Corn leaves (0.1 g) were ground in liquid nitrogen, and the total RNA was extracted using a TRIzol extraction kit (Invitrogen, Beijing, China). We used a concentration meter to detect the concentration and purity of RNA and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis to detect total RNA quality. Subsequently, 1 μg of total RNA was taken and reverse transcribed into cDNA (Prime-ScriptTM RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser, TaKaRa, Beijing, China). The resulting cDNA was diluted to a final concentration of 100 μg·μL−1, serving as a template for gene amplification in subsequent qRT-PCR analyses. Primers were designed using NCBI for the 16 screened ZmPP2Cs, with maize actin 18S as an internal reference. The primers are shown in Supplementary Table S3. The diluted cDNA was used as a template and analyzed via qRT-PCR using the Hieff qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (No Rox) (YEASEN, Shanghai, China). The reaction mixture consisted of 10 μL of enzyme (Hieff qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix), 0.4 μL of each primer, 1 μL of cDNA, and 8.2 μL of ddH2O. The reaction program comprised pre-denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, denaturation at 95 °C for 10 s, and annealing at 60 °C for 30 s for 40 cycles. The relative gene expression was calculated using the 2−∆∆CT method, with three replicates per treatment [41]. The relative expression level (2−∆∆Ct0 h) of untreated control plants was categorized as 1.

4.6. Construction of Arabidopsis Overexpression Vectors, Obtaining Positive Plants, and Verifying Drought Tolerance

We constructed the overexpression vector ZmPP2C15-pFGC5941 and used the Agrobacterium infiltration inflorescence method to infiltrate A. thaliana, obtaining three independent transgenic lines. Seeds overexpressing pure ZmPP2C15 and WT seeds were sterilized with 75% alcohol and coated in 1/2 MS medium for one week. Seedlings with uniform growth were transferred to nutrient soil for incubation and subjected to natural drought stress (soil water content 45–50%) when they grew five leaves. Phenotypic changes and measured physiological indexes were observed.

4.7. Construction of Maize Mutant Vectors, Obtaining Mutant Plants, and Verifying Drought Tolerance

The shear target of ZmPP2C15 was selected (website: http://www.genome.arizona.edu/crispr/CRISPRsearch.html, accessed on 5 September 2022), and the primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S3. Next, we amplified the sgRNA, purified the recovered PCR product, and constructed the CRISPR/Cas9 vector pBUE411 for ZmPP2C15. The correctly sequenced bacteriophage was extracted, and the plasmid was transferred into Agrobacterium GV3101 for the genetic transformation of maize. After obtaining the mutant seeds for target site detection, B104 and pure mutant seeds were sown in a greenhouse. When the soil moisture content reached 80%, natural drought stress treatment was applied until the soil moisture content reached 45%. Subsequently, changes in the phenotypes of the B104 and zmpp2c15 mutants were analyzed for physiological and biochemical indexes.

4.8. Subcellular Localization of ZmPP2C15

A fusion expression vector of ZmPP2C15-pMDC83 green fluorescent protein (GFP) was constructed. Protoplasts were extracted using yellowing seedlings of maize B73, and the recombinant plasmids were introduced into the protoplasts using the PEG4000 method and then cultured in the dark at 28 °C for 12–18 h [42]. The subcellular localization was observed using a laser confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM980, Oberkochen, Germany). A transient expression vector, ZmPP2C15-HBT, was constructed. We used the gene gun method to bombard onion epidermal cells [43]. The bombarded onion epidermis was cultured in hypertonic medium for about 12 h and then transferred to MS medium and cultured at 28 °C for 12 h. Subcellular localization was observed using a laser confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM980).

4.9. Validation of Protein Interactions Using Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) and BiFC

For Y2H experiments, we constructed ZmPP2C15- pGBKT7 fusion in expression vectors. Toxicity and self-activation assays were performed using ZmPP2C15. Transformation was performed using the Matchmaker Gold Y2H System, and proteins that interacted with ZmPP2C15 were screened.
The expression vector ZmPP2C15-PXY104 was constructed, while ZmWIN1, ZmADT2, ZmsodC, Zmcab, and ZmLHC2 were constructed using vector PXY106. The fusion expression vector was introduced into maize protoplasts and cultured in the dark at 28 °C for 12–18 h. Finally, the fluorescence signal was observed under a laser confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM980).

4.10. Measurement of Physiological Indicators

Free proline (Pro) content was determined using the acid ninhydrin method. The SOD activity was determined using the nitro-blue tetrazolium method. The POD activity was determined using the Guaiacol method. The MDA content was determined using the thiobarbituric acid method. Finally, the CAT content was determined using the potassium permanganate titration method, and the APX content was determined using ultraviolet spectrophotometry [44].

4.11. Statistical Analysis

All experiments were performed in triplicate. We used Excel 2010 for data processing, Graphpad Pism 9.5 for graphing, and SPSS 22 to analyze the data for significant differences. The data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis employed the Student’s t-test, with * p ≤ 0.05 and ** p ≤ 0.01 denoting significance.

5. Conclusions

In the present study, 102 ZmPP2Cs were identified in the maize genome, and comprehensive analyses of their structural features, phylogeny, and expression profiles were conducted. Sixteen core genes responding to drought stress were screened, and their expression changes under drought and ABA treatments were analyzed. In addition, the knockout of ZmPP2C15 reduced the enzyme activity of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT, as well as Pro content, while increasing MDA content, resulting in weakened drought tolerance in maize. However, after overexpression of ZmPP2C15, the trend of changes in these indicators was the opposite and improved the drought tolerance of Arabidopsis. The subcellular localization of ZmPP2C15 in the nucleus and cytoplasm, along with its interaction with various proteins, including ZmWIN1 and ZmADT2, provides valuable insights into the evolution and functional aspects of the ZmPP2C gene family in maize and holds significance for the development of new drought-resistant maize varieties.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants13030340/s1, Supplementary Figure S1: Location of maize PP2C gene family members on the chromosome; Supplementary Figure S2: Expression patterns of ZmPP2Cs genes in various organs and under different stresses in maize; Supplementary Figure S3: Expression of ZmPP2Cs genes in different tissues of maize; Supplementary Figure S4: Expression of ZmPP2Cs gene under NaCl treatment; Supplementary Table S1: Maize PP2C gene family member information; Supplementary Table S2: Functional analysis of pGBKT7-ZmPP2C15 interacting proteins; Supplementary Table S3: Information on all primers covered in the article.

Author Contributions

Y.P. and X.L. (Xiaomin Lu) conceived and designed the study. L.C., F.Y., X.L. (Xiaohan Liang), Y.S. and C.M. performed the laboratory experiments. X.L. (Xiaomin Lu) and L.C. performed data analysis and interpretation. Y.P. wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was sponsored by the Outstanding Youth Technology Fund of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2022JQ02), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201708), the Key Research Project of the Shennong Laboratory (SN01-2022-02), and the Major Science and Technology Projects in Henan Province (221100110300).

Data Availability Statement

The datasets presented in this paper can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in BioProject. The BioProject ID is PRJNA942991.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Phylogenetic trees of PP2C family members between Zea mays (Zm) and A. thaliana (At). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, with 1000 repetitions. Except for ungrouped PP2C proteins, all PP2Cs were classified into 12 subfamilies (A–K), with each subfamily indicated by a different color. The members of the F subfamily are divided into two subfamilies, and the subfamilies are named F1 and F2.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic trees of PP2C family members between Zea mays (Zm) and A. thaliana (At). A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, with 1000 repetitions. Except for ungrouped PP2C proteins, all PP2Cs were classified into 12 subfamilies (A–K), with each subfamily indicated by a different color. The members of the F subfamily are divided into two subfamilies, and the subfamilies are named F1 and F2.
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Figure 2. Gene structure of ZmPP2C family members. (A) Exon intron structure analysis of ZmPP2C genes. Exons and introns are represented by orange rectangles and thin stripes, respectively, and untranslated regions (UTRs) are represented by green rectangles. (B) Distribution of all ZmPP2C protein motifs recognized by MEME. Different colored rectangles represent different protein motifs.
Figure 2. Gene structure of ZmPP2C family members. (A) Exon intron structure analysis of ZmPP2C genes. Exons and introns are represented by orange rectangles and thin stripes, respectively, and untranslated regions (UTRs) are represented by green rectangles. (B) Distribution of all ZmPP2C protein motifs recognized by MEME. Different colored rectangles represent different protein motifs.
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Figure 3. Synteny analysis of PP2C family genes in different species. At: Arabidopsis thaliana; Os: rice; Sb: sorghum; Zm: maize. The number on the horizontal line for each species represents the chromosome to which it belongs.
Figure 3. Synteny analysis of PP2C family genes in different species. At: Arabidopsis thaliana; Os: rice; Sb: sorghum; Zm: maize. The number on the horizontal line for each species represents the chromosome to which it belongs.
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Figure 4. Gene co-expression network map and expression pattern analysis. (A) Analysis of PP2C gene expression in maize under drought-recovered water. In T0Y, T5dY, TR3dY, T0G, T5dG, and TR3dG, “Y” denotes leaf samples, “G” signifies root samples, and “T0, T5d, TR3d” represent pre-drought, 5 d after drought, and 3 d after rewatering, respectively. The red and green-blue gradients in the heatmap indicate an increase or decrease in gene FPKM values, respectively. (B) Co-expression network diagram analysis of maize PP2C genes. Lines in the graph indicate correlations between genes; circles in the graph represent ZmPP2Cs genes; and large purple circles indicate genes that are more highly correlated with other genes.
Figure 4. Gene co-expression network map and expression pattern analysis. (A) Analysis of PP2C gene expression in maize under drought-recovered water. In T0Y, T5dY, TR3dY, T0G, T5dG, and TR3dG, “Y” denotes leaf samples, “G” signifies root samples, and “T0, T5d, TR3d” represent pre-drought, 5 d after drought, and 3 d after rewatering, respectively. The red and green-blue gradients in the heatmap indicate an increase or decrease in gene FPKM values, respectively. (B) Co-expression network diagram analysis of maize PP2C genes. Lines in the graph indicate correlations between genes; circles in the graph represent ZmPP2Cs genes; and large purple circles indicate genes that are more highly correlated with other genes.
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Figure 5. Expression levels of ZmPP2C genes under drought and ABA treatment. “h” denotes hours, and “R” signifies rewatering. (A) Drought, 20% PEG-6000 treatments; (B) ABA, 5 µ mol/L ABA treatment. Error bars show standard deviations (mean ± SD and n = 3), with asterisks indicating significant differences (ANOVA; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
Figure 5. Expression levels of ZmPP2C genes under drought and ABA treatment. “h” denotes hours, and “R” signifies rewatering. (A) Drought, 20% PEG-6000 treatments; (B) ABA, 5 µ mol/L ABA treatment. Error bars show standard deviations (mean ± SD and n = 3), with asterisks indicating significant differences (ANOVA; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01).
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Figure 6. Phenotypic and physiological indexes of Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing ZmPP2C15 under drought stress. (A) ZmPP2C15 expression in Arabidopsis. (B) Performance of WT and transgenic plants before and after natural drought treatment, Bar = 5 cm. (C) Survival of WT and transgenic plants under drought stress. (D) POD activity. (E) SOD activity. (F) CAT activity. (G) Pro content. (H) APX activity. (I) MDA content. Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates. ** indicates significant differences (p < 0.01) between WT and transgenic plants.
Figure 6. Phenotypic and physiological indexes of Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing ZmPP2C15 under drought stress. (A) ZmPP2C15 expression in Arabidopsis. (B) Performance of WT and transgenic plants before and after natural drought treatment, Bar = 5 cm. (C) Survival of WT and transgenic plants under drought stress. (D) POD activity. (E) SOD activity. (F) CAT activity. (G) Pro content. (H) APX activity. (I) MDA content. Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates. ** indicates significant differences (p < 0.01) between WT and transgenic plants.
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Figure 7. Phenotype and physiological indexes of the ZmPP2C15 maize mutant under drought stress. (A) Knockout targets of ZmPP2C15 mutant plants. (B) Phenotypic changes in B104 and mutant plants before and after natural drought treatment. Bar = 5 cm. (C) SOD activity. (D) POD activity. (E) APX activity. (F) CAT activity. (G) Pro content. (H) MDA content. Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates. ** indicates significant differences (p < 0.01) between WT and transgenic plants.
Figure 7. Phenotype and physiological indexes of the ZmPP2C15 maize mutant under drought stress. (A) Knockout targets of ZmPP2C15 mutant plants. (B) Phenotypic changes in B104 and mutant plants before and after natural drought treatment. Bar = 5 cm. (C) SOD activity. (D) POD activity. (E) APX activity. (F) CAT activity. (G) Pro content. (H) MDA content. Data represent mean ± SD of three replicates. ** indicates significant differences (p < 0.01) between WT and transgenic plants.
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Figure 8. Analysis of subcellular localization and protein interactions of ZmPP2C15. (A) Fluorescent protein observed in maize protoplasts. (B) Fluorescent protein observed in onion epidermal cells. The fusion protein was instantaneously expressed in maize protoplasts under the control of the CaMV35S promoter and observed under a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Green represents GFP signal, and differential interference difference (DIC) images are shown. Scale bar = 20 μm. (C) Y2H, AD: pGADT7 vector; BD: pGBKT7 vector. 1, 10-1, 10-2: Yeast cells were coated at serial dilutions of 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000 and cultured on SD/-Trp/-Leu and SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp/X-a-gal media. (D) BiFC validation of reciprocal proteins of ZmPP2C15. cYFP: PXY-104 vector; nYFP: PXY-106 vector. Bar = 20 μm.
Figure 8. Analysis of subcellular localization and protein interactions of ZmPP2C15. (A) Fluorescent protein observed in maize protoplasts. (B) Fluorescent protein observed in onion epidermal cells. The fusion protein was instantaneously expressed in maize protoplasts under the control of the CaMV35S promoter and observed under a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Green represents GFP signal, and differential interference difference (DIC) images are shown. Scale bar = 20 μm. (C) Y2H, AD: pGADT7 vector; BD: pGBKT7 vector. 1, 10-1, 10-2: Yeast cells were coated at serial dilutions of 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000 and cultured on SD/-Trp/-Leu and SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp/X-a-gal media. (D) BiFC validation of reciprocal proteins of ZmPP2C15. cYFP: PXY-104 vector; nYFP: PXY-106 vector. Bar = 20 μm.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pang, Y.; Cao, L.; Ye, F.; Ma, C.; Liang, X.; Song, Y.; Lu, X. Identification of the Maize PP2C Gene Family and Functional Studies on the Role of ZmPP2C15 in Drought Tolerance. Plants 2024, 13, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030340

AMA Style

Pang Y, Cao L, Ye F, Ma C, Liang X, Song Y, Lu X. Identification of the Maize PP2C Gene Family and Functional Studies on the Role of ZmPP2C15 in Drought Tolerance. Plants. 2024; 13(3):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030340

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pang, Yunyun, Liru Cao, Feiyu Ye, Chenchen Ma, Xiaohan Liang, Yinghui Song, and Xiaomin Lu. 2024. "Identification of the Maize PP2C Gene Family and Functional Studies on the Role of ZmPP2C15 in Drought Tolerance" Plants 13, no. 3: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030340

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