Soil, Plant, and Microorganism Interactions Drive Secondary Succession in Alpine Grassland Restoration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plant Communities
2.2. Soil Properties and Microbial Activity
2.3. Soil Microbial Community Composition
2.4. Relationship between Soil Properties, Plant Communities, and Microbial Populations
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of Secondary Succession on Plant and Soil Properties
3.2. Effect of Secondary Succession on Soil Microorganisms
3.3. Relationships among Plants, Soil Properties, and Microbial Succession
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Sites
4.2. Experimental Design and Sampling
4.3. Soil Chemical Analysis
4.4. Microbial Biomass and Enzymatic Activities
4.5. Soil DNA Extraction and Sequencing
4.6. Bioinformatics Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | R0 | R5 | R14 | R16 | R19 | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aboveground biomass (kg ha−1) | 1098 ± 74.8 c | 1476 ± 29.8 b | 2253 ± 52.8 a | 1016 ± 16.1 c | 1437 ± 76.9 d | 77.57 | <0.001 |
Cover (%) | 67.7 ± 2.60 c | 90.7 ± 2.60 ab | 96.3 ± 2.03 a | 87.0 ± 1.53 b | 96.3 ± 2.33 a | 27.49 | <0.001 |
Richness | 10.3 ± 1.33 b | 19.7 ± 1.20 a | 18.3 ± 1.33 a | 20.0 ± 1.15 a | 20.3 ± 1.20 a | 11.37 | 0.001 |
Shannon Index | 2.06 ± 0.05 c | 2.61 ± 0.05 ab | 2.77 ± 0.05 a | 2.55 ± 0.07 b | 2.69 ± 0.09 ab | 18.02 | 0.0001 |
Parameters | R0 | R5 | R14 | R16 | R19 | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOC (g kg−1) | 32.4 ± 0.28 c | 32.8 ± 0.40 c | 35.2 ± 2.26 a | 36.8 ± 0.29 b | 42.6 ± 0.38 a | 15.0 | <0.001 |
TN (g kg−1) | 3.12 ± 0.08 b | 3.65 ± 0.18 a | 3.05 ± 0.07 b | 3.22 ± 0.08 b | 3.68 ± 0.05 a | 8.93 | 0.002 |
TP (g kg−1) | 0.40 ± 0.01 b | 0.43 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.01 b | 0.38 ± 0.00 b | 0.44 ± 0.00 a | 10.4 | 0.001 |
NO3−-N (mg kg−1) | 6.65 ± 1.11 a | 5.94 ± 0.06 a | 3.62 ± 0.11 b | 5.61 ± 0.02 a | 3.42 ± 0.38 b | 7.46 | 0.005 |
NH4+-N (mg kg−1) | 5.98 ± 0.47 b | 9.89 ± 0.62 a | 9.31 ± 0.06 a | 7.02 ± 0.49 b | 10.2 ± 0.19 a | 19.9 | <0.001 |
AP (mg kg−1) | 2.65 ± 0.07 cd | 2.94 ± 0.03 c | 3.83 ± 0.07 b | 2.56 ± 0.18 d | 4.24 ± 0.14 a | 43.8 | <0.001 |
pH | 8.05 ± 0.01 a | 7.72 ± 0.03 b | 6.65 ± 0.09 c | 7.99 ± 0.05 a | 7.86 ± 0.12 ab | 68.6 | <0.001 |
C:N ratio | 10.4 ± 0.27 ab | 9.07 ± 0.43 b | 11.6 ± 0.89 a | 11.5 ± 0.37 a | 11.6 ± 0.14 a | 4.92 | 0.019 |
MBC (mg kg−1) | 744 ± 12.7 a | 468 ± 16.2 c | 383 ± 5.02 e | 430 ± 0.52 d | 552 ± 5.90 b | 208 | <0.001 |
MBN (mg kg−1) | 85.1 ± 3.64 a | 72.5 ± 0.96 b | 68.2 ± 1.32 b | 67.0 ± 0.48 b | 70.8 ± 3.31 b | 9.65 | 0.002 |
MBP (mg kg−1) | 8.63 ± 1.85 d | 30.2 ± 2.33 b | 39.5 ± 0.84 a | 18.9 ± 0.78 c | 8.85 ± 1.88 d | 66.6 | <0.001 |
SMC (%) | 25.0 ± 0.55 b | 25.7 ± 0.64 b | 25.7 ± 0.24 b | 22.0 ± 0.98 c | 32.7 ± 1.42 a | 20.6 | <0.001 |
NAG (μmol g−1 h−1) | 60.7 ± 3.87 c | 210 ± 23.6 a | 145 ± 5.88 b | 32.5 ± 9.88 c | 146 ± 17.2 b | 26.0 | <0.001 |
BG (μmol g−1 h−1) | 184 ± 0.79 d | 1010 ± 62.0 a | 364 ± 17.5 c | 197 ± 24.1 d | 479 ± 6.16 b | 120 | <0.001 |
CBH (μmol g−1 h−1) | 83.2 ± 2.15 d | 163 ± 10.4 a | 138 ± 10.50 b | 71.5 ± 1.10 d | 108 ± 4.23 c | 29.6 | <0.001 |
ACP (μmol g−1 h−1) | 412 ± 2.05 d | 630 ± 28.8 c | 695 ± 15.6 b | 779 ± 15.2 a | 830 ± 1.94 a | 101 | <0.001 |
POX (nmol g−1 h−1) | 262 ± 11.1 a | 280 ± 0.94 a | 224 ± 9.13 b | 206 ± 11.5 b | 199 ± 7.57 b | 15.6 | <0.001 |
PEX (nmol g−1 h−1) | 85.0 ± 1.40 ab | 96.0 ± 1.87 a | 70.6 ± 5.39 b | 83.8 ± 9.40 ab | 92.5 ± 1.70 a | 3.81 | 0.039 |
Parameters | R0 | R5 | R14 | R16 | R19 | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed OTUs | Bacteria | 2822 ± 9.23 a | 2622 ± 49.0 b | 2533 ± 16.6 b | 2598 ± 31.1 b | 2754 ± 38.8 a | 14.1 | 0.0004 |
Fungi | 837 ± 14.4 a | 850 ± 19.6 a | 679 ± 9.50 b | 672 ± 21.9 b | 673 ± 9.50 b | 34.3 | <0.0001 | |
Chao1 | Bacteria | 2902 ± 8.13 a | 2715 ± 14.2 c | 2543 ± 4.79 e | 2685 ± 1.38 d | 2764 ± 8.18 b | 236 | <0.0001 |
Fungi | 838 ± 14.0 a | 851 ± 19.5 a | 679 ± 9.90 b | 673 ± 21.8 b | 674 ± 9.70 b | 34.7 | <0.0001 | |
ACE | Bacteria | 2895 ± 10.9 a | 2712 ± 12.2 c | 2541 ± 4.68 e | 2673 ± 1.99 d | 2762 ± 7.12 b | 242 | <0.0001 |
Fungi | 839 ± 14.1 a | 852 ± 19.6 a | 680 ± 9.80 b | 675 ± 21.9 b | 675 ± 9.70 b | 34.1 | <0.0001 | |
Shannon index | Bacteria | 7.29 ± 0.006 ab | 7.29 ± 0.021 a | 7.21 ± 0.006 c | 7.24 ± 0.021 bc | 7.30 ± 0.015 a | 6.73 | 0.0068 |
Fungi | 5.09 ± 0.17 ab | 5.33 ± 0.11 a | 4.85 ± 0.11 b | 4.75 ± 0.14 bc | 4.41 ± 0.05 c | 8.37 | 0.0031 |
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Han, C.; Liang, D.; Zhou, W.; Xu, Q.; Xiang, M.; Gu, Y.; Siddique, K.H.M. Soil, Plant, and Microorganism Interactions Drive Secondary Succession in Alpine Grassland Restoration. Plants 2024, 13, 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060780
Han C, Liang D, Zhou W, Xu Q, Xiang M, Gu Y, Siddique KHM. Soil, Plant, and Microorganism Interactions Drive Secondary Succession in Alpine Grassland Restoration. Plants. 2024; 13(6):780. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060780
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Chenglong, Defei Liang, Weidi Zhou, Qiuyun Xu, Mingxue Xiang, Yanjie Gu, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. 2024. "Soil, Plant, and Microorganism Interactions Drive Secondary Succession in Alpine Grassland Restoration" Plants 13, no. 6: 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060780