Changes in the Carotenoids of Zamia dressleri Leaves during Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Carotenoids in Young and Old Leaflets
2.2. Changes in Red and Yellow Carotenoids during Development
2.3. Changes in the Native Carotenoid Composition
2.4. Changes in Zamia-specific Carotenoids
Compound Days | Zamia dressleri | Zamia neurophylidia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 22 | 43 | 148 | 0 | 148 | |
Neoxanthin (Y) | 2.6 | 6.7 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 15.4 | 11.9 |
Violaxanthin (Y) | 3.1 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 7.9 | 4.7 | 9.4 |
Capsoneoxanthin (R) | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.6 | nd | nd | nd |
cis-Capsorubin a (R) | 2.9 | 2.6 | 1.5 | nd | nd | nd |
Antheraxanthin (Y) | 2.8 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 9.5 | 1.5 |
Capsorubin (R) | 42.6 | 28.2 | 13.1 | nd | nd | nd |
Lutein (Y) | 11.5 | 7.5 | 35.0 | 41.7 | 41.0 | 44.0 |
cis-Capsorubin b (R) | 3.9 | 4.4 | 1.9 | nd | nd | nd |
Capsanthin (R) | 7.9 | 8.9 | 5.2 | nd | nd | nd |
Zeaxanthin (Y) | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 1.7 |
Cryptocapsin (R) | 3.3 | 1.0 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
α-Carotene (Y) | 4.6 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 19.0 | 5.0 | 17.0 |
β-Carotene (Y) | 4.2 | 6.2 | 11.5 | 9.5 | 18.4 | 10.0 |
cis-β-Carotene (Y) | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.1 |
Others * (R) + (Y) | 5.6 | 11.7 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 1.1 | 3.4 |
Total (µg/g) | 646 | 148 | 149 | 143 | 95 | 129 |
Chlorophyll a | 316 | 160 ** | 485 | 646 | ||
Chlorophyll b | 165 | 87 ** | 179 | 332 |
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection
3.2. Extraction and Saponification of Carotenoids
3.3. Simultaneous Determination of Red and Yellow Carotenoids
- ccap = concentration of capsorubin (red carotenoids);
- clut = concentration of lutein (yellow carotenoids).
- Solution for ccap using Equation (1):
3.4. Analysis of the Carotenoids by HPLC-DAD
3.5. Identification of the Peaks
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Days | Mass of Leaflet g | Yellow µg (Total) | Yellow µg/g Leaflet | Red µg (Total) | Red µg/g Leaflet | Days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 77 ± 14 | 169 ± 6 | 218 ± 32 | 477 ± 10 | 0 |
4 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 219 ± 48 | 131 ± 8 | 516 ± 69 | 309 ± 15 | 4 |
8 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 369 ± 33 | 95 ± 6 | 726 ± 76 | 186 ± 7 | 8 |
15 | 9.5 ± 1.0 | 681 ± 98 | 71 ± 2 | 1023 ± 113 | 108 ± 7 | 15 |
22 | 15.1 ± 0.7 | 1006 ± 94 | 67 + 3 | 1233 ± 101 | 81 ± 2 | 22 |
29 | 18.8 ± 1.2 | 1318 ± 129 | 70 ± 2 | 1140 ± 118 | 61 ± 2 | 29 |
36 | 19.1 ± 1.0 | 1751 ± 188 | 91 ± 4 | 904 ± 90 | 48 ± 2 | 36 |
43 | 18.9 ± 0.9 | 2091 ± 84 | 111 ± 3 | 713 ± 59 | 38 ± 1 | 43 |
58 | 18.9 ± 1.1 | 2332 ± 123 | 123 ± 3 | 568 ± 56 | 30 ± 2 | 58 |
73 | 19.4 ± 1.4 | 2660 ± 85 | 138 ± 3 | 497 ± 30 | 26 ± 1 | 73 |
88 | 17.7 ± 0.8 | 2713 ± 152 | 153 ± 4 | 320 ± 67 | 18 ± 2 | 88 |
118 | 17.4 ± 0.7 | 2865 ± 310 | 172 ± 4 | 164 ± 34 | 9 ± 2 | 118 |
148 | 17.0 ± 0.5 | 2488 ± 165 | 143 ± 5 | 51 ± 7 | 3 ± 1 | 148 |
178 | 18.2 ± 0.5 | 1911 ± 128 | 105 ± 6 | nd | nd | 178 |
Compound | A1% at 445 nm | A1% at 510 nm |
---|---|---|
Lutein | 2550.0 | 82.6 |
Capsorubin | 1353.3 | 2013.6 |
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Murillo, E.; Nagy, V.; Menchaca, D.; Deli, J.; Agócs, A. Changes in the Carotenoids of Zamia dressleri Leaves during Development. Plants 2024, 13, 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091251
Murillo E, Nagy V, Menchaca D, Deli J, Agócs A. Changes in the Carotenoids of Zamia dressleri Leaves during Development. Plants. 2024; 13(9):1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091251
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurillo, Enrique, Veronika Nagy, Dania Menchaca, József Deli, and Attila Agócs. 2024. "Changes in the Carotenoids of Zamia dressleri Leaves during Development" Plants 13, no. 9: 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091251