Sugar–Acetic Acid–Ethanol–Water Mixture as a Potent Attractant for Trapping the Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Peach–Apple Mixed-Planting Orchards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Monitoring of Adult Moths by SAEWM- and Sex-Pheromone-Baited Traps
2.1.1. Seasonal Flight of OFM
2.1.2. Diurnal Flight of OFM
2.2. Effect of Trap Hanging Heights on Sex Ratio of OFM Adults Trapped
2.3. Effects of SAEWM on Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae
3. Discussion
3.1. Monitoring of OFM by SAEWM
3.2. Trapping Effects of SAEWM on OFM
3.3. Trapping Effects of SAEWM on Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae
3.4. Effect of SAEWM on Ratio of Natural Enemies/Pests
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Experimental Methods
4.2.1. Trap Deployment
4.2.2. Seasonal Flight of OFM
4.2.3. Diurnal Flight of OFM
4.2.4. Trapping Natural Enemies
4.2.5. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Orchard Type | Trap Hanging Height (m) | Sex-Pheromone Trap | Sugar–Acetic Acid–Ethanol–Water Solutions Trap | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number Trapped (moths·trap–1) | Percentage of OFM Adults Trapped at Each Height (%) | Percentage of Adult Females Trapped at Each Height (%) | Number Trapped (moths·trap–1) | Percentage of OFM Adults Trapped at Each Height (%) | Percentage of Adult Females Trapped at Each Height (%) | ||
Peach orchard | 0 | 33.50 ± 6.03d | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.75 ± 0.50d | 0.08 | 100.00 |
1 | 330.00 ± 28.23c | 6.27 | 0.30 | 12.75 ± 2.50 d | 1.29 | 88.24 | |
1.5 | 999.00 ± 80.61b | 18.99 | 0.50 | 115.75 ± 15.52c | 11.75 | 89.85 | |
2 | 1986.75 ± 99.56a | 37.77 | 0.57 | 366.50 ± 34.28b | 37.21 | 94.13 | |
2.5 | 1911.00 ± 229.79a | 36.33 | 0.52 | 489.25 ± 22.68a | 49.67 | 93.56 | |
Apple orchard | 0 | 62.50 ± 6.86e | 1.11 | 0.00 | 0.75 ± 0.96d | 0.09 | 100.00 |
1 | 632.50 ± 22.16d | 11.18 | 0.43 | 12.50 ± 2.08d | 1.53 | 84.00 | |
1.5 | 1070.25 ± 150.42c | 18.93 | 0.65 | 72.75 ± 5.85c | 8.93 | 87.97 | |
2 | 1711.50 ± 137.79b | 30.27 | 0.53 | 259.50 ± 27.23b | 31.84 | 89.88 | |
2.5 | 2178.25 ± 223.06a | 38.52 | 0.60 | 469.50 ± 12.15a | 57.61 | 91.85 |
Type of Natural Enemy Trapped | Trap Hanging Height (m) | Peach Orchard | Apple Orchard | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number Trapped (insects·trap–1) | Percentage of Insects Trapped at Each Height (%) | Number of Trapped (insects·trap–1) | Percentage of Insects Trapped at Each Height (%) | ||
Coccinellidae insects | 0 | 6.00 ± 2.16 d | 0.92 | 39.75 ± 4.03 d | 2.76 |
1 | 61.75 ± 3.30 c | 9.48 | 207.75 ± 3.20 c | 14.45 | |
1.5 | 167.75 ± 18.66 b | 25.75 | 342.75 ± 18.98 b | 23.84 | |
2 | 238.25 ± 16.72 a | 36.57 | 418.00 ± 18.60 a | 29.07 | |
2.5 | 177.75 ± 7.93 b | 27.28 | 429.50 ± 16.54 a | 29.87 | |
Chrysopidae insects | 0 | 5.25 ± 1.89 d | 0.28 | 21.50 ± 3.51 e | 1.21 |
1 | 282.75 ± 6.34 c | 15.22 | 360.50 ± 11.03 d | 20.31 | |
1.5 | 554.00 ± 20.05 a | 29.82 | 403.75 ± 13.15 c | 22.75 | |
2 | 560.75 ± 19.41 a | 30.18 | 547.25 ± 18.17 a | 30.83 | |
2.5 | 455.00 ± 22.41 b | 24.49 | 442.00 ± 18.67 b | 24.90 |
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Zhai, H.; Yu, X.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, D. Sugar–Acetic Acid–Ethanol–Water Mixture as a Potent Attractant for Trapping the Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Peach–Apple Mixed-Planting Orchards. Plants 2019, 8, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100401
Zhai H, Yu X, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang D. Sugar–Acetic Acid–Ethanol–Water Mixture as a Potent Attractant for Trapping the Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Peach–Apple Mixed-Planting Orchards. Plants. 2019; 8(10):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100401
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhai, Hao, Xianmei Yu, Yanan Ma, Yong Zhang, and Dan Wang. 2019. "Sugar–Acetic Acid–Ethanol–Water Mixture as a Potent Attractant for Trapping the Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Peach–Apple Mixed-Planting Orchards" Plants 8, no. 10: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100401