Polyphenol Characterization and Skin-Preserving Properties of Hydroalcoholic Flower Extract from Himantoglossum robertianum (Orchidaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Flower Morphological Characterization
2.2. Phytochemical Characterization
2.3. Antioxidant and Free-Radical Scavenging Activity
2.4. Effects of HFE on Keratinocytes and Skin Enzymes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Reagents and Cells
4.3. Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy Analyses
4.4. Hydroalcoholic Flower Extract (HFE) Preparation
4.5. Chemical Characterization
4.5.1. Total Phenols
4.5.2. Flavonoids
4.5.3. Vanillin Index
4.5.4. Proanthocyanindin and Anthocyanin Content
4.5.5. Polyphenol Profile by Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (RP-LC-DAD)
4.6. Antioxidant and Free-Radical Scavenging Activities
4.6.1. Scavenging Activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Free Radical
4.6.2. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
4.6.3. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP)
4.6.4. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
4.6.5. β-Carotene Bleaching Assay
4.6.6. Iron-Chelating Activity
4.7. Biological Assays
4.7.1. Collagenase and Elastase Inhibition Assays
4.7.2. Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotection Assays
4.7.3. In Vitro Wound Healing Assay
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phytochemical Screening | HFE |
---|---|
Total phenols (mg GAE 1/100 g FW) | 243.7 ± 26.2 |
Flavonoids (mg QuE 2/100 g FW) | 398.1 ± 9.8 |
Anthocyanins (mg ChE 3/100 g FW) | 4.89 ± 0.05 |
Proanthocyanidins (mg CyE 4/100 g FW) | 0.05 ± 0.001 |
Vanillin index (mg CatE 5/100 gFW) | 3.31 ± 0.03 6 |
Polymerization index | 66.2 |
Peak n. 1 | Compound | Rt 2 (min) | λmax (nm) | mg/100 g FW 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | ||||
1 | Protocatecuic acid | 15.057 | 260; 294 | 7.8 ± 0.06 |
2 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | 25.543 | 255 | 0.09 ± 0.001 |
4 | Chlorogenic acid | 31.399 | 294; 326 | 10.85 ± 0.44 |
5 | Caffeic acid | 33.614 | 232; 323 | 11.52 ± 0.37 |
6 | Vanillic acid | 35.252 | 260; 292 | 0.08 ± 0.002 |
8 | Coumaric acid | 43.811 | 233; 310 | 3.33 ± 0.02 |
Flavan-3-ols | ||||
3 | Catechin | 29.451 | 234; 279 | 2.63 ± 0.02 |
7 | Epicatechin | 42.062 | 232; 280 | 9.87 ± 0.38 |
Flavones | ||||
10 | Isovitexin | 55.300 | 270; 337 | 3.82 ± 0.04 |
11 | Naringenin-7-O-glucoside | 55.878 | 284; 340 | 0.98 ± 0.02 |
12 | Vitexin | 57.145 | 268; 338 | 5.47 ± 0.05 |
13 | Rutin | 59.281 | 256; 356 | 5.08 ± 0.03 |
14 | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside | 61.975 | 266; 348 | 21.1 ± 0.25 |
15 | Roifolin | 64.619 | 266; 338 | 9.23 ± 0.08 |
16 | Luteolin | 74.693 | 254; 350 | 0.86 ± 0.04 |
17 | Apigenin | 76.417 | 236; 338 | 3.01 ± 0.07 |
Coumarins | ||||
9 | Scopoletin | 47.373 | 296; 344 | 48.85 ± 0.48 |
Antioxidant Assay | HFE |
---|---|
IC50 1 μg/mL (95% C.L. 2) | |
DPPH | 211.1 (181.1–245.3) 3 |
FRAP | 8.85 (7.69–10.18) |
TEAC | 25.04 (20.41–30.71) |
ORAC | 2.52 (2.19–2.9) |
β-carotene bleaching | 31.43 (22.12–44.66) |
Iron-chelating activity | 440.8 (330.1–588.6) |
Peak n. 1 | Compound | Rt (min) | λmax (nm) | Regression Coefficient (R2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Protocatecuic acid | 15.055 | 260; 294 | 0.9999 |
2 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | 25.545 | 255 | 0.9997 |
3 | Catechin | 29.453 | 234; 279 | 0.9997 |
4 | Chlorogenic acid | 31.401 | 294; 326 | 0.9999 |
5 | Caffeic acid | 33.617 | 232; 323 | 0.9998 |
6 | Vanillic acid | 35.254 | 260; 292 | 0.9996 |
7 | Epicatechin | 42.065 | 232; 280 | 0.9999 |
8 | Coumaric acid | 43.813 | 233; 310 | 0.9999 |
9 | Scopoletin | 47.375 | 296; 344 | 0.9999 |
10 | Isovitexin | 55.302 | 270; 337 | 0.9997 |
11 | Naringenin-7-O-glucoside | 55.881 | 284; 340 | 0.9998 |
12 | Vitexin | 57.145 | 268; 338 | 0.9996 |
13 | Rutin | 59.282 | 256; 356 | 0.9997 |
14 | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside | 61.977 | 266; 348 | 0.9998 |
15 | Roifolin | 64.620 | 266; 338 | 0.9999 |
16 | Luteolin | 74.695 | 254; 350 | 0.9999 |
17 | Apigenin | 76.418 | 236; 338 | 0.9998 |
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Bazzicalupo, M.; Burlando, B.; Denaro, M.; Barreca, D.; Trombetta, D.; Smeriglio, A.; Cornara, L. Polyphenol Characterization and Skin-Preserving Properties of Hydroalcoholic Flower Extract from Himantoglossum robertianum (Orchidaceae). Plants 2019, 8, 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110502
Bazzicalupo M, Burlando B, Denaro M, Barreca D, Trombetta D, Smeriglio A, Cornara L. Polyphenol Characterization and Skin-Preserving Properties of Hydroalcoholic Flower Extract from Himantoglossum robertianum (Orchidaceae). Plants. 2019; 8(11):502. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110502
Chicago/Turabian StyleBazzicalupo, Miriam, Bruno Burlando, Marcella Denaro, Davide Barreca, Domenico Trombetta, Antonella Smeriglio, and Laura Cornara. 2019. "Polyphenol Characterization and Skin-Preserving Properties of Hydroalcoholic Flower Extract from Himantoglossum robertianum (Orchidaceae)" Plants 8, no. 11: 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110502