Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Aerial Parts Methanolic Extract: In Vitro Screening of Biological Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytochemical Profile
2.2. Antioxidant Activity
2.3. Nitric Oxide Production Inhibition
2.4. Anti-Obesity Activity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Plant Material and Extraction
4.3. Total Phenolic Content and Flavonoid Content
4.4. GC-MS Analysis
4.5. Analysis of Phenolics
4.5.1. TLC
4.5.2. HPLC-DAD
4.5.3. HPLC-HRMS
4.6. Analysis of Glucosinolates
4.6.1. Extraction and Desulfation
4.6.2. Chemical Analysis and Quantitation
4.6.3. ESI-MS/MS Analysis
4.7. Biological Assays
4.7.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
4.7.2. Linoleic Acid/β-Carotene Bleaching Assay
4.7.3. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells
4.7.4. Pancreatic Lipase Assay
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Rt 1 | RAP 2 |
---|---|---|
Fatty acids | ||
Capric acid | 13.084 | Tr 3 |
9-Oxononanoic acid | 13.833 | 0.1 |
Lauric acid | 15.039 | 0.1 |
14-Methylpentadecanoic acid | 18.119 | 0.2 |
Palmitic acid | 18.136 | 1.1 |
Myristic acid | 18.428 | 1.2 |
Stearic acid | 19.622 | 0.2 |
16-Methyloctadecanoic acid | 19.634 | 0.1 |
3-Hydroxypropyl oleate | 21.194 | 0.4 |
Terpenes | ||
Dihydroactinidiolide | 14.976 | 0.2 |
Neophytadiene | 17.468 | 0.5 |
β-Amyrin acetate | 37.397 | 1.8 |
Phytosterols | ||
β-Sitosterol | 34.065 | 3.2 |
Tremulone | 36.071 | 1.3 |
24-Methylenecycloartanol | 38.089 | 2.7 |
Others | ||
2,6,10,14-Tetramethylheptadecane | 14.090 | tr |
Cyclododecane | 16.102 | tr |
Phytone | 17.525 | 1.0 |
Eicosane | 22.040 | 0.6 |
Heptacosane | 23.474 | 0.9 |
Hexacosane | 24.983 | 0.7 |
Cyclotetracosane | 25.749 | 0.9 |
Compound | Rt 1 | RAP 2 |
---|---|---|
Benzoic acid | 10.815 | 1.5 |
Methylethylmaleimide | 11.604 | 0.6 |
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | 14.644 | 1.6 |
Vanillic acid | 15.193 | 0.5 |
Loliolide | 17.148 | 5.3 |
Phytol | 17.450 | 8.4 |
Peak * | Compound | UV (λ max, nm) | [M + H]+, m/z | MS/MS, m/z, (I%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quercetin-3-O-β-sophoroside-7-O-α-rutinoside | 256.0, 266.3 sh, 350.8 | 935 | 773 (17) [M − 162 + H]+; 611 (62) [M − 162 − 162 + H]+; 449 (17) [M − 162 − 162 − 162 + H]+; 303 (14) [Aglycone + H]+ |
2 | Kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside-7-O-α-rutinoside | 265.4, 323.0 sh, 347.2 | 919 | 757 (24) [M − 162 + H]+; 611 (1) [M − 162 − 146 + H]+; 595 (93) [M − 162 − 162 + H]+; 433 (24) [M − 162 − 162 − 162 + H]+; 287 (22) [Aglycone + H]+ |
3 | Quercetin-3-O-β-sophoroside-7-O-α-rhamnoside | 256.0, 265.5 sh, 348.4 | 773 | 611 (17) [M − 162 + H]+; 449 (93) [M − 162 − 162 + H]+; 303(30) [Aglycone + H]+ |
4 | Kaempferol-3-O-β-sophoroside-7-O-α-rhamnoside | 265.4, 321.8 sh, 344.8 | 757 | 595 (17) [M − 162 + H]+; 433 (100) [M − 162 − 162 + H]+; 287 (38) [Aglycone + H]+ |
5 | Kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside-7-O-α-rhamnoside | 265.4, 321.8 sh, 344.8 | 741 | 595 (60) [M − 146]+; 433 (84) [M − 146 − 162]+; 287 (31) [Aglycone + H]+ |
6 | Quercetin-3-O-β-(sinapoyl)-sophoroside-7-O-α-rhamnosyl-Glucoside | 256.6, 266.6 sh, 331.7 | 1141 | 979 (18) [M − 162 + H]+; 611 (38) [M − 368 − 162 + H]+; 449 (13) [M − 162 − 206 − 162 − 162 + H]+; 303 (8) [Aglycone + H]+ |
7 | Kaempferol-3-O-β-(sinapoyl)-sophoroside-7-O-α-rhamnosyl-glucoside | 267.8, 320.8 sh, 325.8 | 1125 | 1095 (28) [M + H − 30]+; 963 (15) [M − 162 + H]+; 611 (1) [M − 162 − 162 − 192 + H]+; 595 (46) [M − 162 − 162 − 205 + H]+; 287(12) [Aglycone + H]+ |
8 | Quercetin -3-O-β-(feruloyl)-sophoroside-7-O-α-rhamnoside | 256.0, 270.1 sh, 331.7 | 949 | 449 (46) [M − 162 − 176 − 162 + H]+; 303 (12) [Aglycone + H]+ |
9 | Kaempferol-3-O-β-(sinapoyl)-sophoroside-7-O-α-rhamnoside | 266.6, 322.2 | 963 | 817 (1) [M − 146]+; 595 (6) [M − 162 − 206]+; 433 (47) [M − 162 − 206 − 162]+; 287 (14) [Aglycone + H]+ |
10 | Kaempferol-3-O-β-(feruloyl)-sophoroside-7-O-α-rhamnoside | 267.8, 324.6 | 933 | 771 (1) [M − 162 + H]+; 595 (5) [M − 162 − 176 + H]+; 433 (67) [M − 162 − 176 − 162 + H]+; 287 (21) [Aglycone + H]+ |
Sample | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
DPPH Test | β-Carotene Bleaching Test | ||
30 min | 60 min | ||
MeOH extract | 937.70 ± 8.07 c | 72.91 ± 1.91 d | 94.55 ± 4.70 e |
n-Hex | ˃1000 | ˃100 | ˃100 |
DCM | ˃1000 | 46.16 ± 0.91 c | 64.84 ± 1.18 d |
EtOAc | 253.81 ± 1.01 b | 25.15 ± 0.17 b | 31.37 ± 0.14 b |
Ascorbic acid 1 | 2.00 ± 0.01 a | - | - |
Propyl gallate 1 | - | 1.00 ± 0.02 a | 1.00 ± 0.02 a |
Sample | IC50 (µg/mL) |
---|---|
MeOH extract | n.a. |
n-Hex | 298.80 ± 2.52 c |
DCM | 45.86 ± 1.05 a |
EtOAc | 107.80 ± 7.99 b |
Indomethacin 1 | 58.00 ± 0.90 a |
L-NAME 1 | 45.86 ± 0.46 a |
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Marrelli, M.; Argentieri, M.P.; Avato, P.; Conforti, F. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Aerial Parts Methanolic Extract: In Vitro Screening of Biological Activity. Plants 2020, 9, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010089
Marrelli M, Argentieri MP, Avato P, Conforti F. Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Aerial Parts Methanolic Extract: In Vitro Screening of Biological Activity. Plants. 2020; 9(1):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010089
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarrelli, Mariangela, Maria Pia Argentieri, Pinarosa Avato, and Filomena Conforti. 2020. "Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Aerial Parts Methanolic Extract: In Vitro Screening of Biological Activity" Plants 9, no. 1: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010089