Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Genetic Resources and Their Distribution Pattern within and between Inner, Middle, and Outer Leaves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Standards
2.2. Plant Materials
2.3. Sample Pretreatment, Extraction, and Analysis of GSLs
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Variation in GSL Content between Germplasm Collections
3.2. Intra- and Inter-Leaf Distribution of GSLs in Kimchi Cabbage
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S/No | Accession No. | Scientific Name * | Crop Name | Given Name | Origin | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | IT260816 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | CHINA-YAAS-2010-103 | China | Breeding line |
2 | IT 260822 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | CHINA-YAAS-2010-109 | China | Breeding line |
3 | IT 100390 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100390 | Taiwan | - |
4 | IT 260819 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | CHINA-YAAS-2010-106 | China | Breeding line |
5 | IT 100414 | Brassica rapa L. | Turnip | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100414 | Taiwan | - |
6 | IT 260820 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | CHINA-YAAS-2010-107 | China | Breeding line |
7 | IT 100416 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100416 | Taiwan | - |
8 | IT 100413 | Brassica rapa L. | Turnip | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100413 | Taiwan | - |
9 | IT 100388 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100388 | Taiwan | - |
10 | IT 100408 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100408 | Taiwan | - |
11 | IT 260824 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | CHINA-YAAS-2010-111 | China | Breeding line |
12 | IT 228167 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | 36197 | Taiwan | - |
13 | IT 100404 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100404 | Taiwan | - |
14 | IT 100352 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100352 | Taiwan | - |
15 | IT 293231 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | WIR68 | Ethiopia | Cultivar |
16 | IT 100412 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100412 | Taiwan | - |
17 | IT 100411 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100411 | Taiwan | - |
18 | IT 100371 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100371 | Taiwan | - |
19 | IT 135409 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Shingatsuna | Japan | Landrace |
20 | IT 32750 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Ching Pao 26 | China | Cultivar |
21 | IT 100406 | Brassica rapa L. | Mibuna | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100406 | Taiwan | |
22 | IT 100353 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100353 | Taiwan | |
23 | IT 100372 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100372 | Taiwan | |
24 | Commercial | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Hangamssam 1 | South Korea | Cultivar |
25 | IT 100366 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100366 | Taiwan | |
26 | IT 100393 | Brassica rapa L. | Leaf mustard | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100393 | Taiwan | |
27 | IT 100395 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100395 | Taiwan | |
28 | IT 163625 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Yeongdeog Sandongchae-2 | South Korea | Landrace |
29 | Commercial | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Weoldongdaewang | South Korea | Cultivar |
30 | IT 199678 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | WIR33507 | China | Landrace |
31 | IT 199706 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | WIR30643 | China | Landrace |
32 | IT 32733 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Song Dao Xin 2 | China | Cultivar |
33 | IT 32738 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Weonsi-1984-Kimchicabbage32738 | South Korea | - |
34 | IT 219574 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Kang re jieqiuxiayangbaoxinbai 50 tian | China | Cultivar |
35 | IT 262102 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Namyeon1-ho | North korea | Cultivar |
36 | IT 100383 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100383 | Taiwan | - |
37 | IT 120112 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Shuang Ching 156 | China | Cultivar |
38 | IT 163707 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | JangsuSandongchae | South Korea | Landrace |
39 | IT 166984 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Tianjin qing | China | Landrace |
40 | IT 163708 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Muju Sandongchae1 | South Korea | Landrace |
41 | Commercial | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Balgang 3-ho | South Korea | Cultivar |
42 | Commercial | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Alchandul | South Korea | Cultivar |
43 | IT 215003 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Jeonnam Haenam-2000-36 | South Korea | Landrace |
44 | IT 199670 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Dak-se | South Korea | Landrace |
45 | IT 206799 | Brassica oleracea L. | Cabbage | NPL-KIG-1997-278 | South Korea | - |
46 | IT 216342 | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Baoshou 3 | China | Cultivar |
47 | IT 100409 | Brassica juncea L. Czern. | Leaf mustard | AVRDC-KJH-1985-100409 | Taiwan | - |
48 | Commercial | Brassica rapa L. | Kimchi cabbage | Hangamssam2 | South Korea | Cultivar |
Glucosinolates | RT (min) | MRM Transition | CID (ev) | Dwell Time (sec) | Calibration Curve Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Progoitrin (PRO) | 1.41 | 387.77 > 194.85 | 20 | 0.033 | Y = 3.59902X – 20.5808 (r2 = 0.999) |
Gluconapin (GNA) | 3.02 | 371.74 > 258.74 | 20 | 0.033 | Y = 3.50074X + 3.51886 (r2 = 0.996) |
Glucobrassicanapin (GBN) | 4.42 | 385.71 > 258.87 | 25 | 0.033 | Y = 2.68899X – 2.8434 (r2 = 0.994) |
Glucotropaeolin (TRO) | 4.84 | 407.72 > 258.87 | 20 | 0.033 | Y = 6.27084X – 4.49552 (r2 = 0.999) |
Glucoerucin (ERU) | 4.97 | 419.69 > 258.74 | 25 | 0.033 | Y = 2.41077X + 16.6315 (r2 = 0.999) |
Glucobrassicin (GBC) | 5.61 | 446.69 > 204.94 | 20 | 0.033 | Y = 1.76969X – 11.3033 (r2 = 0.999) |
Glucoberteroin (BER) | 6.29 | 433.72 > 275.06 | 20 | 0.033 | Y = 2.92616X – 3.54071 (r2 = 0.993) |
Gluconasturtiin (NAS) | 6.33 | 421.69 > 274.87 | 25 | 0.033 | Y = 1.98894X + 1.81048 (r2 = 0.994) |
S/No | Gluconapin | Glucobrassicanapin | Progoitrin | Glucotropaeolin | Glucoerucin | Gluconasturtiin | Glucoberteroin | Glucobrassicin | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 59.88 ± 9.48A | 14,961.04 ± 64R | 1191.24 ± 46.86U | 21.08 ± 0.36P | 59.85 ± 4.55L | 3713.98 ± 118.91Q | 450.56 ± 8.05P | 1257.38 ± 46.19M | 21,715.00 ± 186.56Q |
2 | 13,634.53 ± 32.45S | 19,279.35 ± 711.33V | 1548.95 ± 12.76X | 20.96 ± 1.63OP | 39.21 ± 2.26J | 6307.25 ± 365.08W | 664.07 ± 34.97R | 939.88 ± 77.28KL | 42,434.21 ± 1042.22X |
3 | 24.07 ± 2.22A | 19,737.72 ± 527.7W | 1207.7 ± 23.17UV | 18.96 ± 1.38OP | 20.73 ± 0.51H | 4701.79 ± 91.65T | 247.37 ± 7.70K-M | 2352.8 ± 65.59Q | 28,311.15 ± 639.34V |
4 | 54.11 ± 7.74A | 18,361.17 ± 307.39U | 1979.79 ± 43.03Y | 9.13 ± 0.46JK | 116.8 ± 2.76Q | 6353.11 ± 137.87W | 1221.33 ± 13.01T | 909.34 ± 15.88KL | 29,004.78 ± 212.28V |
5 | 11.9 ± 0.61A | 5877.32 ± 85.72HI | 13.78 ± 0.19AB | 31.77 ± 1.12R | 10.3 ± 0.62E-G | 1070.32 ± 20.69HIJ | 17.19 ± 1.18AB | 375.17 ± 24.16C-E | 7407.74 ± 124.18FG |
6 | 3476.23 ± 182.91lM | 13,029.46 ± 135.44P | 147.35 ± 5.72I | 6.21 ± 0.71F-I | 27.7 ± 2.97I | 5471.57 ± 147.53V | 310.33 ± 5.7NO | 633.73 ± 27.11G-I | 23,102.58 ± 347ST |
7 | 4735.79 ± 147.57P | 17,678.49 ± 118.58T | 30.92 ± 2.36ABC | 8.14 ± 1.13IJ | 3.48 ± 0.31A-E | 1808.78 ± 49.56L | 52.03 ± 2.5A-F | 967.2 ± 9.61KL | 25,284.81 ± 204.38U |
8 | 15,276.5 ± 3.34T | 6141.34 ± 63.04HI | 109.45 ± 6.7G | 8.91 ± 0.17JK | 3.55 ± 0.22A-E | 635.54 ± 15.93DEF | 16.21 ± 0.23AB | 413.84 ± 4.04D-F | 22,605.35 ± 44.95RS |
9 | 3728.9 ± 164.19M | 13,101.21 ± 394.68P | 560.33 ± 11.65O | 15.61 ± 1.58N | 4.74 ± 0.23A-E | 3677.9 ± 184.07Q | 61.98 ± 1.17B-G | 1623.02 ± 116.35N | 22,773.70 ± 830.86R-T |
10 | 2946.79 ± 232.69K | 9778.47 ± 286.18M | 32.95 ± 1.13A-D | 21.01 ± 0.89OP | 2.76 ± 0.2A-D | 918.89 ± 33.45GHI | 13.13 ± 1.09AB | 278.44 ± 8.22A-D | 13,992.44 ± 545.46L |
11 | 3299.16 ± 59L | 9673.08 ± 198.58LM | 296.33 ± 10.91L | 2.3 ± 0.1A-C | 7.61 ± 0.17B-F | 4023.25 ± 75.16R | 160.08 ± 3.25I | 821.22 ± 19.58I-K | 18,283.02 ± 281.06O |
12 | 3535.26 ± 199.95lM | 5062.22 ± 88.73GH | 12.64 ± 1.72AB | 7.87 ± 0.42H-J | 725.93 ± 10.93U | 3134.41 ± 121.18O | 2574.83 ± 88.13Y | 842.07 ± 20.2I-K | 15,895.23 ± 287.36M |
13 | 4191.84 ± 46.19NO | 9971.01 ± 269.09M | 331.44 ± 19.07L | 14.61 ± 1.27MN | 3.25 ± 0.35A-E | 643.2 ± 12.04DEF | 78.21 ± 1.74C-H | 500.03 ± 11.73E-G | 15,733.6 ± 283.92M |
14 | 3336.34 ± 165.05L | 13,541.59 ± 96.59Q | 474.05 ± 17.5N | 9.05 ± 1.17JK | 5.92 ± 0.2A-E | 2722.06 ± 114.26N | 85.32 ± 1.8D-H | 547.25 ± 7.77E-G | 20,721.58 ± 158.21P |
15 | 3467.66 ± 112.06LM | 6626.38 ± 172.30J | 227.4 ± 4.68K | 4.03 ± 0.51B-F | 76.69 ± 0.99MN | 4261.8 ± 210.19S | 279.83 ± 7.15L-N | 603.83 ± 27.82F-H | 15,547.64 ± 447.31M |
16 | 4010.97 ± 74.12N | 3497.18 ± 12.57EF | 165.63 ± 1.76I | 8.18 ± 0.28IJ | 85.21 ± 2.39O | 1773.78 ± 68.97L | 166.24 ± 2.24IJ | 1088.08 ± 34.99LM | 10,795.26 ± 175.08J |
17 | 11.93 ± 2.53A | 2924.5 ± 44.36DE | 111.5 ± 4.38GH | 29.87 ± 1.33R | 85.48 ± 6.99O | 858.03 ± 28.63F-H | 236.7 ± 11.87KL | 546.02 ± 33.92E-G | 4804.03 ± 115.95D |
18 | 2070.69 ± 49J | 9270.47 ± 118.15L | 918.9 ± 12.68T | 20.1 ± 0.32OP | 125.37 ± 0.74R | 4700.27 ± 183.2T | 1616.48 ± 36.22V | 3206.66 ± 111.92S | 21,928.94 ± 399.73QR |
19 | 21.75 ± 4.52A | 15,704.45 ± 392.29S | 417.99 ± 1.94M | 11.73 ± 0.51L | 204.85 ± 6.86T | 4700.35 ± 145.32T | 457.36 ± 8.04P | 1953.32 ± 63.03O | 23,471.8 ± 375.26T |
20 | 1190.43 ± 38.54FG | 6263.87 ± 114.31HIJ | 1474.34 ± 9.07W | 39.75 ± 0.45S | 106.73 ± 2.46P | 3441.64 ± 180.17P | 806.95 ± 12.97S | 12134.4 ± 474.88U | 25,458.11 ± 810.62U |
21 | 2973.98 ± 57.69k | 10,636.42 ± 86.88N | 96.36 ± 4.52FG | 18.51 ± 0.65O | 3.26 ± 0.41A-E | 2264.32 ± 39.6M | 49.01 ± 2.14A-F | 647.84 ± 17.57G-J | 16,689.69 ± 163.39N |
22 | 5144.32 ± 213.54q | 1101.59 ± 71.18B | 0.52 ± 0.05A | 12.04 ± 0.66L | 0.76 ± 0.06AB | 46.6 ± 5.15A | 0.19 ± 0.01A | 186.51 ± 12A-C | 6492.51 ± 297.72E |
23 | 1602.12 ± 31.52hi | 10,590.99 ± 161.77N | 873.97 ± 13.86S | 29.87 ± 0.55R | 78.11 ± 5.31N | 5047.2 ± 100.45U | 1494.98 ± 35.08U | 2955.72 ± 34.85R | 22,672.94 ± 351.75R-T |
24 | 2866.29 ± 596.67K | 9938.31 ± 179.31M | 626.3 ± 13.28P | 15.83 ± 0.68N | 188.01 ± 6.86S | 2814.85 ± 71.76N | 2426.77 ± 72.17W | 1256.82 ± 29.37M | 20,133.19 ± 869.75P |
25 | 1266.69 ± 23.11FG | 11,840.19 ± 410.97O | 795.24 ± 21.51R | 57.1 ± 3.27U | 48.10 ± 1.20K | 5079.75 ± 283.32U | 663.97 ± 26.40R | 2310.74 ± 95.76PQ | 22,061.78 ± 819.36QR |
26 | 10,185.75 ± 257.48R | 23,026.64 ± 620.66X | 240.42 ± 10.62K | 5.41 ± 0.57D-H | 0.47 ± 0.03AB | 3414.3 ± 90.05P | 70.51 ± 2.29B-H | 510.19 ± 9.12E-G | 37,453.7 ± 927.2W |
27 | 4356.59 ± 95.73O | 2446.97 ± 29.44C | 15.49 ± 1.39AB | 1.08 ± 0.17A | 9.21 ± 1.25C-H | 306.57 ± 10.02BC | 21.45 ± 0.6A-C | 174.01 ± 3.42A-C | 7331.37 ± 125.6EF |
28 | 1395.66 ± 27.59GH | 8532.77 ± 182.94K | 941.11 ± 43.58T | 13.42 ± 0.41lMN | 15.45 ± 2.45GH | 1008.44 ± 20.59HIJ | 215.08 ± 8.93JK | 369.49 ± 21.95C-E | 12,491.42 ± 280.55K |
29 | 489.47 ± 9.08DE | 6278.88 ± 54.44H-J | 1240.81 ± 21.58V | 11.2 ± 0.81KL | 5.24 ± 0.65A-E | 2180.63 ± 94.1M | 112.39 ± 0.96G-I | 3089.58 ± 115.3RS | 13,408.2 ± 184.56L |
30 | 255.83 ± 11.73A-D | 3853.9 ± 24.7F | 619.18 ± 23.47P | 10.9 ± 1.15KL | 71.37 ± 1.69M | 1179.72 ± 17.94J | 802.45 ± 24.23S | 2944.82 ± 114.14R | 9738.15 ± 97.86I |
31 | 257.55 ± 8.54A-D | 2780.93 ± 77.85CD | 561.96 ± 10.64O | 47.77 ± 5.06T | 56.59 ± 2.96L | 1514.37 ± 95.45K | 658.95 ± 42.59R | 2141.2 ± 140.05OP | 8019.32 ± 348.92F-H |
32 | 544.53 ± 6.47E | 3671.15 ± 20.04F | 170.87 ± 12.02I | 13.03 ± 0.67LM | 0.29 ± 0.00A | 858.07 ± 43.68F-H | 17.74 ± 1.92AB | 1995 ± 80.33O | 7270.68 ± 126.13EF |
33 | 1074.06 ± 29.14F | 4647.27 ± 136.25GH | 207.8 ± 40.27JK | 6.08 ± 0.44E-I | 2.44 ± 0.55A-C | 1466.53 ± 33.59K | 44.76 ± 0.61A-F | 774.18 ± 36.47H-K | 8223.13 ± 263.56GH |
34 | 466.79 ± 1.68C-E | 3113.24 ± 68.28DE | 169.68 ± 7.9I | 7.85 ± 0.36HIJ | 15.06 ± 2.73GH | 1026.78 ± 23.48H-J | 111.86 ± 4.39G-I | 2335.53 ± 123.13PQ | 7246.78 ± 214.09EF |
35 | 51.05 ± 1.94A | 305.54 ± 12.68A | 39.96 ± 6.33BCD | 7.73 ± 0.53HIJ | 2.13 ± 0.27A-C | 891.29 ± 31.8GH | 36.19 ± 0.89A-E | 3054.82 ± 161.62RS | 4388.7 ± 197.89C |
36 | 194.61 ± 8.14A-C | 1402.18 ± 28.1B | 95.62 ± 7.09FG | 4.68 ± 0.45C-G | 9.22 ± 1.13C-G | 477.73 ± 14.12C-E | 87.78 ± 1.76D-H | 1759.17 ± 53.61N | 4030.99 ± 61.51CD |
37 | 126.23 ± 1.92AB | 1419.5 ± 21.17B | 177.16 ± 3.65IJ | 6.94 ± 0.99GHIJ | 3.51 ± 0.39A-E | 697.43 ± 29.58E-G | 94.04 ± 2.96E-H | 1280.23 ± 46.13M | 3805.05 ± 83.11C |
38 | 592.17 ± 12.37E | 6582.48 ± 116.76IJ | 753.42 ± 15.53Q | 3.59 ± 0.46A-E | 14.2 ± 1.19FG | 1241.58 ± 60.26J | 352.78 ± 3.66O | 263.48 ± 10.36A-D | 9803.7 ± 116.59I |
39 | 381.38 ± 9.82B-E | 2785.14 ± 49.21CD | 300.07 ± 6.27L | 3.06 ± 0.25A-D | 77.62 ± 3.87N | 1136.92 ± 10.75IJ | 526.19 ± 20.32Q | 3186.07 ± 86.65S | 8396.45 ± 101.55H |
40 | 1791.19 ± 29.09I | 11,617.64 ± 110.72O | 391.31 ± 23.16M | 4.02 ± 0.33B-F | 3.01 ± 0.22A-D | 3232.81 ± 41.13OP | 103.98 ± 5.05F-H | 944.95 ± 13.14KL | 18,088.92 ± 172.28O |
41 | 70.72 ± 3.11A | 1309.85 ± 21.19B | 144.92 ± 14.72HI | 2.47 ± 0.49A-C | 5.19 ± 0.53A-E | 443.64 ± 11.57CD | 294.7 ± 7.18MN | 139.05 ± 6.11AB | 2410.54 ± 48.13B |
42 | 15.71 ± 1.75A | 210.42 ± 2.84A | 69.41 ± 14.23D-F | 6.01 ± 0.29E-I | 6.5 ± 0.99A-E | 161.18 ± 2.06AB | 31.09 ± 1.34A-D | 120.81 ± 7.66A | 621.15 ± 10.07A |
43 | 33.68 ± 2.34A | 216.5 ± 2.46A | 58.56 ± 5.03C-E | 1.97 ± 0.17AB | 9.97 ± 0.79D-G | 145.54 ± 6.6AB | 123.9 ± 6.94HI | 207.89 ± 11.57A-D | 798.00 ± 14.86A |
44 | 27.63 ± 4.55A | 282.4 ± 5.17A | 26.03 ± 3.18ABC | 1.04 ± 0.26A | 4.36 ± 0.42A-E | 181.09 ± 5.68AB | 67.08 ± 3.94B-H | 326.18 ± 20.08A-E | 915.81 ± 20.17A |
45 | 105.54 ± 2.09AB | 0.04 ± 0.01A | 42.05 ± 0.57B-D | 1.16 ± 0.27A | ND | 302.73 ± 6.55BC | 0.04 ± 0.01A | 856.47 ± 49.15J-L | 1308.02 ± 43.14A |
46 | 21.56 ± 0.84A | 67.31 ± 1.05A | 88.33 ± 8.34E-G | 8.13 ± 0.39IJ | 1.53 ± 0.21AB | 291.44 ± 12.69BC | 20.23 ± 2.05A-C | 350.9 ± 25.66B-E | 849.43 ± 30.04A |
47 | 35.79 ± 1.8A | 1.68 ± 0.06A | 0.32 ± 0.08A | 11.25 ± 0.48KL | ND | 681.72 ± 11.04E-G | 0.05 ± 0.01A | 121.37 ± 8.89A | 852.18 ± 21.09A |
48 | 233.33 ± 5.72A-D | 946.67 ± 19.13B | 801.03 ± 16.99R | 24.5 ± 0.91Q | ND | 1610.44 ± 50.06KL | 2510.9 ± 94.18X | 3547.13 ± 191.53T | 9673.98 ± 326.32I |
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Rhee, J.-H.; Choi, S.; Lee, J.-E.; Hur, O.-S.; Ro, N.-Y.; Hwang, A.-J.; Ko, H.-C.; Chung, Y.-J.; Noh, J.-J.; Assefa, A.D. Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Genetic Resources and Their Distribution Pattern within and between Inner, Middle, and Outer Leaves. Plants 2020, 9, 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111421
Rhee J-H, Choi S, Lee J-E, Hur O-S, Ro N-Y, Hwang A-J, Ko H-C, Chung Y-J, Noh J-J, Assefa AD. Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Genetic Resources and Their Distribution Pattern within and between Inner, Middle, and Outer Leaves. Plants. 2020; 9(11):1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111421
Chicago/Turabian StyleRhee, Ju-Hee, Susanna Choi, Jae-Eun Lee, On-Sook Hur, Na-Young Ro, Ae-Jin Hwang, Ho-Cheol Ko, Yun-Jo Chung, Jae-Jong Noh, and Awraris Derbie Assefa. 2020. "Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Genetic Resources and Their Distribution Pattern within and between Inner, Middle, and Outer Leaves" Plants 9, no. 11: 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111421