Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Satureja montana Supercritical and Spray-Dried Extracts on Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Impact of S. montana Extracts on the Volume of Ascites, Viability, and Number of Cells
2.2. Impact of S. montana Extracts on the Antioxidant Status Malign Cells of EAC
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Preparation of Extracts
4.3. Chemical Analysis
4.4. Antioxidant Activity
4.5. Animals and Treatments
- Group EAC—animals with implanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells treated with 2 mL/kg of saline, i.p. (n = 6).
- Group PRETREATMENT—animals pretreated with 2 mL/kg of the investigated extract, i.p. during seven days (n = 6).
- Group TREATMENT—animals were treated with 2 mL/kg of the investigated extract, i.p. seven days after the implantation of EAC (n = 6).
- Group POSTTREATMENT—animals post-treated with 2 mL/kg of the investigated extract, i.p. during seven days, seven days after implantation (n = 6).
- After 14 days from the day of implementation of EAC, all animals were sacrificed and the ascites was collected for further biochemical analyses.
4.6. Determination of Ascites Volume, Tumor Cell Number, and Cell Viability
4.7. Biochemical Assays
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Group | EAC Ascites Volume (mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
EAC Control | 7.117 ± 0.458 | |||
Extract | SD1 | SD5 | SC1 | SC5 |
Pretreatment | 2.267 ± 1.178 a,* | 3.283 ± 1.301 a,* | 2.267 ± 0.674 a,* | 1.000 ± 0.469 a,* |
Treatment | 2.167 ± 0.288 ab,* | 0.817 ± 0.147 b,* | 2.933 ± 1.147 a,* | 2.267 ± 1.065 ab,* |
Post-treatment | 3.083 ± 0.382 b,* | 9.657 ± 0.359 a,* | 9.851 ± 0.932 a,* | 9.622 ± 0.954 a,* |
Group | EAC Cells Viability (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
EAC Control | 7.243 ± 1.425 | |||
Extract | SD1 | SD5 | SC1 | SC5 |
Pretreatment | 7.183 ± 1.705 a | 6.267 ± 0.965 a | 5.967 ± 0.339 a | 6.250 ± 1.205 a |
Treatment | 4.817 ± 1.042 a,* | 6.550 ± 0.509 a | 6.733 ± 0.857 a | 6.200 ± 1.131 a |
Post-treatment | 6.533 ± 0.476 a | 7.650 ± 0.874 a | 7.499 ± 0.356 a | 7.586 ± 1.023 a |
Group | EAC Cells Number/mm3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
EAC Control | 119 583.333 ± 6 755.862 | |||
Extract | SD1 | SD5 | SC1 | SC5 |
Pretreatment | 196,583.333 ± 17,133.058 a,* | 158,833.333 ± 9739.952 ab,* | 147,000.000 ± 22,858.259 b | 125,583.333 ± 21,731.122 b |
Treatment | 247,000.000 ± 44,340.730 a,* | 114,333.300 ± 1505.545 b | 112,166.700 ± 16,898.720 b | 108,000.000 ± 17,378.150 b |
Post-treatment | 141,833.333 ± 24,717.740 b,* | 346,569.58 ± 34,156.81 a,* | 374,511.22 ± 11,568.13 a,* | 361,581.47 ± 8455.36 a,* |
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Parameter | Group | EAC | SD1 | SD5 | SC1 | SC5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
XOD | Pretreatment | 0.156 ± 0.009 | 0.142 ± 0.004 b | 0.151 ± 0.005 b | 0.807 ± 0.138 a,* | 0.822 ± 0.057 *,a |
Treatment | 0.104 ± 0.011 c,* | 0.836 ± 0.069 b,* | 1.035 ± 0.064 a,* | 1.012 ± 0.014 a,* | ||
Posttreatment | 0.220 ± 0.014 a,* | 0.102 ± 0.005 b,* | 0.097 ± 0.012 b,* | 0.101 ± 0.004 b,* | ||
CAT | Pretreatment | 0.503 ± 0.013 | 0.585 ± 0.019 a,* | 0.429 ± 0.002 b,* | 0.233 ± 0.016 c,* | 0.136 ± 0.002 d* |
Treatment | 0.636 ± 0.027 a,* | 0.138 ± 0.002 c,* | 0.194 ± 0.006 b,* | 0.191 ± 0.003 b,* | ||
Post-treatment | 0.316 ± 0.008 b,* | 0.698 ± 0.052 a,* | 0.713 ± 0.002 a,* | 0.742 ± 0.041 a,* | ||
Px | Pretreatment | 0.325 ± 0.023 | 0.302 ± 0.016 c | 0.432 ± 0.010 c,* | 0.618 ± 0.003 b,* | 0.881 ± 0.019 a,* |
Treatment | 0.120 ± 0.006 c,* | 0.875 ± 0.035 a,* | 0.715 ± 0.004 b,* | 0.710 ± 0.002 b,* | ||
Post-treatment | 0.474 ± 0.035 a,* | 0.100 ± 0.008 b,* | 0.114 ± 0.023 b,* | 0.118 ± 0.007 b,* | ||
GR | Pretreatment | 2.187 ± 0.107 | 2.115 ± 0.165 b | 3.012 ± 0.105 b,* | 4.957 ± 0.135 a,* | 5.707 ± 0.667 a,* |
Treatment | 1.202 ± 0.095 b,* | 5.627 ± 0.363 a,* | 5.172 ± 0.111 a,* | 5.195 ± 0.024 a,* | ||
Post-treatment | 3.930 ± 0.217 a,* | 1.195 ± 0.002 b,* | 1.254 ± 0.028 b,* | 1.284 ± 0.185 b,* | ||
GSHPx | Pretreatment | 0.779 ± 0.048 | 0.796 ± 0.024 d | 0.933 ± 0.022 c,* | 1.302 ± 0.049 b,* | 1.697 ± 0.038 a,* |
Treatment | 0.474 ± 0.034 b,* | 1.91 ± 0.345 a,* | 2.043 ± 0.020 a,* | 2.007 ± 0.031 a,* | ||
Post-treatment | 1.131 ± 0.151 a,* | 0.395 ± 0.065 b,* | 0.401 ± 0.068 b,* | 0.421 ± 0.005 b,* | ||
GSH | Pretreatment | 1.603 ± 0.110 | 1.417 ± 0.056 a,* | 1.358 ± 0.029 a,* | 0.871 ± 0.033 b,* | 0.884 ± 0.043 b,* |
Treatment | 1.513 ± 0.058 a,* | 0.926 ± 0.069 b,* | 0.621 ± 0.011 c,* | 0.635 ± 0.005 c,* | ||
Post-treatment | 1.105 ± 0.063 b,* | 1.801 ± 0.045 a,* | 1.799 ± 0.029 a,* | 1.842 ± 0.003 a,* | ||
LPx | Pretreatment | 0.032 ± 0.008 | 0.030 ± 0.009 c | 0.041 ± 0.003 c | 0.100 ± 0.007 a,* | 0.080 ± 0.005 b,* |
Treatment | 0.022 ± 0.005 c | 0.042 ± 0.521 b | 0.077 ± 0.005 a | 0.083 ± 0.005 a | ||
Post-treatment | 0.056 ± 0.018 a,* | 0.011 ± 0.006 b,* | 0.019 ± 0.006 b,* | 0.014 ± 0.001 b,* |
Compound | SC | SD |
---|---|---|
α-Terpinene | 0.15 | n.i. |
p-Cymene | 3.96 | 0.36 |
γ-Terpinene | 0.80 | n.i. |
α-Terpineol | n.i. | 0.21 |
Eucalyptol | 0.42 | n.i. |
Trans-sabinene hydrate | 0.33 | n.i. |
Cis-sabinene hydrate | 0.15 | n.i. |
Linalool | 0.29 | 0.18 |
Borneol | 1.56 | n.i. |
Terpinen 4-ol | 0.84 | 0.42 |
Carvacrol | 78.61 | 71.82 |
Trans-caryophyllene | 2.40 | 0.24 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1.26 | 1.31 |
α-Amorphen | 0.46 | n.i. |
β-Bisabolene | 0.74 | n.i. |
γ-Cadinene | 0.53 | n.i. |
δ-Cadinene | 0.78 | n.i. |
β-Cadinene | n.i. | 0.24 |
Spatulenol | n.i. | 0.21 |
Heptakosane | 0.17 | n.i. |
Nonakosane | 0.19 | n.i. |
Group | XOD | CAT | Px | GR | GSH-Px | GSH | LPx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.93 ± 0.02 a | 9.56 ± 0.37 b | 10.68 ± 1.38 b | 6.13 ± 0.07 a | 8.70 ± 0.38 a | 4.98 ± 0.16 a | 3.04 ± 0.07 a |
SC | 1.87 ± 0.03 ab | 13.4 ± 0.59 a | 14.88 ± 0.38 a | 7.03 ± 0.46 a | 7.54 ± 2.23 a | 4.99 ± 0.17 a | 2.62 ± 0.54 a |
SD | 1.86 ± 0.03 b | 12.37 ± 0.18 a | 14.57 ± 0.80 a | 6.53 ± 1.61 a | 6.67 ± 1.06 a | 4.92 ± 0.39 a | 2.21 ± 0.24 a |
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Vladić, J.; Ćebović, T.; Vidović, S.; Jokić, S. Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Satureja montana Supercritical and Spray-Dried Extracts on Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice. Plants 2020, 9, 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111532
Vladić J, Ćebović T, Vidović S, Jokić S. Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Satureja montana Supercritical and Spray-Dried Extracts on Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice. Plants. 2020; 9(11):1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111532
Chicago/Turabian StyleVladić, Jelena, Tatjana Ćebović, Senka Vidović, and Stela Jokić. 2020. "Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Satureja montana Supercritical and Spray-Dried Extracts on Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice" Plants 9, no. 11: 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111532