Grain Yield Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Nitrogen Management Practices and Flooding
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Weather Conditions
2.2. Flooding and N Impacts on Crop Phenology and Growth
2.3. Corn Grain Yield, Moisture, and Partial Return
2.4. Post-Flood Total Soil NO3-N Concentrations
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Sites and Experimental Design
4.2. Plant Growth and Development, Total Soil Nitrate-N, and Grain Yield Measurements
4.3. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WNRL Average Monthly Temperature (°C) | ||||||
Year | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct |
2017 | 17.2 | 22.4 | 23.7 | 22.2 | 19.8 | 14.9 |
2018 | 21.9 | 23.2 | 24.0 | 23.7 | 21.4 | 13.4 |
30-year | 17.1 | 22.1 | 23.6 | 22.7 | 19.0 | 12.5 |
WNRL Total Monthly Precipitation (mm) | ||||||
Year | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct |
2017 | 130.6 | 100.3 | 220.0 | 42.4 | 56.6 | 106.7 |
2018 | 120.4 | 179.3 | 74.7 | 137.4 | 69.1 | 53.3 |
30-year | 110.2 | 112.9 | 122.5 | 86.1 | 79.0 | 69.0 |
WARS Average Monthly Temperature (°C) | ||||||
Year | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct |
2018 | 21.0 | 22.4 | 22.8 | 22.7 | 20.7 | 12.8 |
30-year | 16.9 | 21.6 | 23.0 | 22.0 | 18.3 | 12.0 |
WARS Total Monthly Precipitation (mm) | ||||||
Year | May | June | July | Aug | Sept | Oct |
2018 | 71.1 | 115.3 | 94.2 | 93.2 | 157.0 | 35.8 |
30-year | 104.4 | 99.8 | 120.4 | 68.1 | 79.8 | 71.6 |
WNRL, 2017 | WNRL, 2018 | WARS, 2018 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DAFI | Max Temp | Avg Temp | Precip | Max Temp | Avg Temp | Precip | Max Temp | Avg Temp | Precip |
day | °C | mm | °C | mm | °C | mm | |||
0 | 22.8 | 17.2 | 0.0 | 30.9 | 23.6 | 0.0 | 30.3 | 19.0 | 3.3 |
1 | 26.2 | 19.6 | 0.0 | 30.2 | 23.1 | 27.7 | 28.5 | 17.1 | 5.1 |
2 | 30.8 | 24.2 | 0.0 | 33.8 | 25.9 | 0.0 | 28 | 15.7 | 0.0 |
3 | 29.0 | 24.9 | 7.4 | 32.5 | 26.9 | 0.0 | 29.3 | 20.4 | 0.5 |
4 | 28.4 | 23.8 | 12.2 | 31.6 | 26.8 | 0.0 | 26 | 22.5 | 0.0 |
5 | 29.6 | 24.9 | 0.0 | 30.1 | 25.7 | 11.2 | 22.9 | 22.3 | 2.8 |
6 | 31.6 | 25.1 | 0.0 | 31.2 | 25.4 | 0.0 | 21 | 21.9 | 0.3 |
7 | 29.8 | 24.9 | 0.0 | 28.6 | 22.6 | 22.1 | 29.3 | 20.9 | 0.0 |
8 | 30.6 | 25.1 | 0.0 | 28.3 | 22.9 | 0.0 | 31.9 | 21.6 | 16.0 |
9 | 26.5 | 23.4 | 12.4 | 28.5 | 23.2 | 1.5 | 31.1 | 23.0 | 2.8 |
10 | 28.8 | 21.5 | 22.6 | 24.5 | 20.2 | 0.0 | 26.8 | 20.7 | 9.1 |
11 | 27.0 | 21.9 | 0.3 | 19.9 | 17.1 | 16.8 | 24.3 | 22.4 | 4.8 |
12 | 26.7 | 21.1 | 0.0 | 22.0 | 15.8 | 0.0 | 27.3 | 24.7 | 8.1 |
13 | 28.2 | 21.7 | 47.8 | 28.3 | 20.1 | 0.0 | 29.4 | 27.6 | 12.2 |
14 | 29.5 | 24.5 | 8.1 | 29.0 | 21.8 | 7.5 | 28.6 | 28.0 | 0.3 |
Average | 28.3 | 22.9 | 7.4 | 28.6 | 22.7 | 6.5 | 27.6 | 21.9 | 4.4 |
FD | NMP | Shoot Biomass | Root Biomass | Root Length | Root Area | Root Porosity | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 DAFI | 14 DAFI | 0 DAFI | 14 DAFI | 0 DAFI | 14 DAFI | 0 DAFI | 14 DAFI | 0 DAFI | 14 DAFI | ||
days | kg N ha−1 | g plant−1 | cm | cm2 | % | ||||||
0 | 0 | 2.27 | 18.7 | 0.28 | 2.24 | 134.8 | 303.8 | 13.47 | 18.10 d | 5.88 | 6.23 |
134 | 2.20 | 22.3 | 0.29 | 2.61 | 143.7 | 315.9 | 13.51 | 18.84 bcd | 5.95 | 6.64 | |
134 + 67 | 2.18 | 20.7 | 0.27 | 2.62 | 129.3 | 312.0 | 12.6 | 19.20 bcd | 5.87 | 6.36 | |
2 | 0 | 2.28 | 12.8 | 0.27 | 1.74 | 135.2 | 330.0 | 14.10 | 19.38 bcd | 5.69 | 8.70 |
134 | 1.87 | 16.3 | 0.25 | 1.92 | 135.2 | 303.4 | 14.11 | 18.56 cd | 5.85 | 8.44 | |
134+67 | 2.30 | 17.4 | 0.31 | 2.52 | 143.0 | 340.2 | 13.56 | 20.11 abc | 6.19 | 7.64 | |
4 | 0 | 2.03 | 10.9 | 0.29 | 2.21 | 131.0 | 349.3 | 13.53 | 20.57 ab | 5.93 | 9.12 |
134 | 2.39 | 13.5 | 0.31 | 2.79 | 136.2 | 356.5 | 13.92 | 20.44 ab | 6.00 | 8.33 | |
134 + 67 | 2.10 | 12.1 | .031 | 2.19 | 146.9 | 320.6 | 13.92 | 18.75 cd | 5.43 | 8.42 | |
6 | 0 | 2.15 | 11.4 | 0.25 | 2.50 | 132.4 | 382.0 | 13.08 | 21.46 a | 5.17 | 10.55 |
134 | 2.42 | 12.0 | 0.29 | 2.58 | 115.2 | 332.7 | 12.27 | 20.21 abc | 5.81 | 8.92 | |
134 + 67 | 2.28 | 10.3 | 0.28 | 2.33 | 138.0 | 348.9 | 13.81 | 19.94 abc | 6.71 | 9.35 | |
FD | 0.9016 | <0.0001 | 0.4370 | 0.1667 | 0.7091 | 0.1237 | 0.2991 | 0.0512 | 0.9963 | 0.0275 | |
NMP | 0.9442 | 0.0361 | 0.2856 | 0.1507 | 0.4776 | 0.3794 | 0.9685 | 0.5872 | 0.7634 | 0.2739 | |
FD × NMP | 0.2026 | 0.5434 | 0.2231 | 0.1593 | 0.4460 | 0.1078 | 0.3464 | 0.0371 | 0.8849 | 0.7707 |
FD | NMP | Ear-Leaf N Concentration | Total Soil NO3-N | Corn Grain Yield | Partial Return |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days | kg N ha−1 | g kg−1 | kg ha−1 | $ ha−1 | |
0 | 0 | 23.2 e | 2.0 b | 8684 d | 1283 c |
134 | 30.7 ab | 5.1 b | 14315 ab | 1981 a | |
134 + 67 | 32.2 a | 12.0 a | 15301 a | 2054 a | |
2 | 0 | 20.2 f | 1.8 b | 6435 ef | 951 de |
134 | 25.4 d | 2.3 b | 10839 c | 1468 c | |
134 + 67 | 29.8 bc | 4.1 b | 13810 ab | 1834 ab | |
4 | 0 | 19.0 f | 1.9 b | 5324 f | 787 e |
134 | 22.7 e | 2.2 b | 7589 de | 988 d | |
134 + 67 | 29.5 bc | 3.5 b | 12938 b | 1705 b | |
6 | 0 | 20.3 f | 1.9 b | 5684 f | 840 de |
134 | 22.3 e | 2.0 b | 6618 ef | 845 de | |
134 + 67 | 28.0 c | 2.5 b | 10262 c | 1309 c | |
FD | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
NMP | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
FD × NMP | 0.0001 | 0.0091 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
FD | NUE of NMP | |
---|---|---|
134 | 134 + 67 | |
Days | kg yield kg N−1 | |
0 | 40.67 a | 14.09 c |
2 | 30.69 ab | 42.54 bc |
4 | 18.22 bc | 79.83 a |
6 | 5.31 c | 52.48 ab |
FD | 0.0011 | 0.0011 |
FD | NMP | Ear-Leaf N | Total Soil NO3-N | Leaf Greenness | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 DAFI | 14 DAFI | 14 DAFI | 21 DAFI | |||
days | kg N ha−1 | g kg−1 | mg kg−1 | SPAD | ||
0 | 0 | 22.6 de | 16.8 B | 10.5 efg | 46.9 | 48.8 c |
134 | 30.1 ab | 40.8 A | 28.1 b | 51.6 | 54.6 a | |
201 | 31.3 a | 38.5 A | 47.8 a | 50.6 | 52.7 ab | |
2 | 0 | 19.2 g | 13.5 B | 6.7 g | 36.6 | 37.7 ef |
134 | 24.5 d | 43.8 A | 14.8 def | 44.4 | 48.8 bc | |
201 | 29.1 bc | 44.0 A | 25.1 bc | 45.7 | 49.1 bc | |
4 | 0 | 18.7 g | 16.5 B | 3.8 g | 31.4 | 32.0 g |
134 | 21.8 ef | 38.6 A | 8.0 fg | 39.5 | 40.2 de | |
201 | 28.7 bc | 50.3 A | 22.0 bcd | 39.7 | 48.3 c | |
6 | 0 | 20.5 fg | 16.9 B | 4.6 g | 30.0 | 31.7 |
134 | 22.4 def | 40.8 A | 6.5 g | 32.7 | 35.6 fg | |
201 | 27.9 c | 41.8 A | 18.1 cde | 33.7 | 42.9 d | |
FD | <0.0001 | 0.7368 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
NMP | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
FD × NMP | 0.0018 | 0.2519 | 0.0006 | 0.1882 | 0.0003 |
Year | Site | Organic Matter (g kg−1) | Cation Exchange Capacity (cmolc kg−1) | pH | P, Mehlich-3 | Exchangeable Cations, Mehlich-3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Mg | Ca | ||||||
(mg kg−1) | ||||||||
2017 | WNRL | 28 | 12.6 | 7.2 | 155 | 213 | 371 | 2350 |
2018 | WNRL | 27 | 10.4 | 7.0 | 61 | 158 | 327 | 1868 |
WARS | 29 | 15.4 | 6.5 | 136 | 140 | 596 | 2323 |
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Dill, T.E.; Harrison, S.K.; Culman, S.W.; Lindsey, A.J. Grain Yield Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Nitrogen Management Practices and Flooding. Plants 2020, 9, 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030348
Dill TE, Harrison SK, Culman SW, Lindsey AJ. Grain Yield Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Nitrogen Management Practices and Flooding. Plants. 2020; 9(3):348. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030348
Chicago/Turabian StyleDill, Taylor E., Steven K. Harrison, Steven W. Culman, and Alexander J. Lindsey. 2020. "Grain Yield Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Nitrogen Management Practices and Flooding" Plants 9, no. 3: 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030348