Comparative Metabolites and Citrate-Degrading Enzymes Activities in Citrus Fruits Reveal the Role of Balance between ACL and Cyt-ACO in Metabolite Conversions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Changes in Soluble Sugar Concentration during Fruit Development and Ripening
2.2. Changes in Organic Acids Concentration during Fruit Development and Ripening
2.3. Changes in Cytosolic Aconitase (cyt-ACO) Activity and γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Concentration during Fruit Development and Ripening
2.4. Changes in ACL Activity and Acetyl-CoA Concentration during Fruit Development and Ripening
2.5. Changes in Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase (ACAT) and Carotenoids Concentration during Fruit Development and Ripening
2.6. Changes in Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity (ACCase), Malonyl-CoA and Flavonoids Concentration during Fruit Development and Ripening
2.7. Change in ACL Activity Could Alter the Cyt-ACO Activity as well as Citrate, Acetyl-CoA, GABA, Total Flavonoids, and Carotenoids Concentrations
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Determination of Soluble Sugars, Organic Acids, γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), Acetyl-CoA, Malonyl-CoA, Total Flavonoids, and Carotenoids
4.3. Determination of ATP-Citrate Lyase, Cyt-Aconitase, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, and Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase Activities
4.4. Vector Construction and Transformation
4.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) Analysis
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soluble Sugar | Cultivar | Sampling Time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ||
Sucrose, mg·g−1 (FW) | Anliu | 15.8 ± 0.45c | 39.5 ± 1.61b | 46.6 ± 0.99a | 47.6 ± 2.53a |
Newhall | 28.0 ± 1.22c | 45.2 ± 1.27b | 57.7 ± 1.32a | 62.6 ± 2.78a | |
Guoqing No. 1 | 16.4 ± 0.62d | 35.5 ± 1.09c | 56.9 ± 1.91b | 64.3 ± 1.76a | |
Huagan No. 2 | 11.2 ± 0.35c | 12.1 ± 1.10c | 20.0 ± 1.21b | 40.4 ± 1.85a | |
Zaoxiang | 36.7 ± 1.99c | 43.7 ± 4.63b | 55.8 ± 3.21a | 62.9 ± 4.05a | |
HB | 15.4 ± 1.17c | 37.7 ± 1.16b | 40.4 ± 2.25ab | 45.8 ± 3.94a | |
Glucose, mg·g−1 (FW) | Anliu | 15.0 ± 1.20d | 18.3 ± 1.73c | 25.2 ± 1.64b | 39.9 ± 1.21a |
Newhall | 9.0 ± 0.62d | 12.6 ± 1.12c | 36.9 ± 1.76b | 41.8 ± 1.46a | |
Guoqing No. 1 | 10.9 ± 1.46c | 11.3 ± 1.19c | 26.3 ± 2.35b | 35.6 ± 2.71a | |
Huagan No. 2 | 6.7 ± 0.58a | 6.1 ± 0.72ab | 5.6 ± 0.48b | 4.7 ± 0.63b | |
Zaoxiang | 25.6 ± 1.12b | 20.4 ± 1.03c | 29.1 ± 1.34a | 18.2 ± 1.06d | |
HB | 34.8 ± 2.21b | 19.2 ± 1.56d | 24.9 ± 1.41c | 38.9 ± 1.59a | |
Fructose, mg·g−1 (FW) | Anliu | 19.9 ± 1.31c | 21.5 ± 1.15c | 28.1 ± 1.53b | 45.9 ± 1.52a |
Newhall | 24.6 ± 1.11d | 28.2 ± 1.28c | 44.3 ± 2.84b | 50.4 ± 1.83a | |
Guoqing No. 1 | 14.7 ± 1.13c | 15.6 ± 1.48c | 34.7 ± 1.55b | 44.5 ± 1.83a | |
Huagan No. 2 | 5.5 ± 0.37a | 5.3 ± 0.26a | 4.8 ± 0.18b | 3.6 ± 0.29c | |
Zaoxiang | 19.5 ± 1.53b | 20.0 ± 1.24b | 28.0 ± 2.87a | 21.9 ± 1.51b | |
HB | 20.9 ± 1.46bc | 17.2 ± 1.98c | 23.4 ± 1.75b | 40.2 ± 1.88a |
Soluble Sugar | Cultivar | Sampling Time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ||
Citric acid, mg·g−1 (FW) | Anliu | 1.8 ± 0.15c | 8.2 ± 0.18a | 7.7 ± 0.15b | 6.6 ± 0.20b |
Newhall | 15.0 ± 0.49a | 15.7 ± 0.45a | 12.7 ± 0.32b | 9.1 ± 0.19c | |
Guoqing No. 1 | 16.5 ± 1.24b | 21.0 ± 1.27a | 9.8 ± 0.16c | 9.1 ± 0.55c | |
Huagan No. 2 | 28.7 ± 1.63a | 16.6 ± 1.51b | 10.8 ± 1.31c | 5.0 ± 0.59d | |
Zaoxiang | 0.7 ± 0.10d | 3.3 ± 0.12c | 4.9 ± 0.14b | 5.7 ± 0.38a | |
HB | 0.6 ± 0.11c | 7.3 ± 0.18b | 10.6 ± 0.48a | 9.4 ± 0.92a | |
Malic acid, mg·g−1 (FW) | Anliu | 1.3 ± 0.13ab | 1.4 ± 0.08a | 0.9 ± 0.04c | 1.1 ± 0.14bc |
Newhall | 2.0 ± 0.12a | 0.6 ± 0.07b | 0.5 ± 0.03b | 0.6 ± 0.07b | |
Guoqing No. 1 | 4.1 ± 0.25a | 2.2 ± 0.04c | 2.9 ± 0.18b | 1.8 ± 0.16d | |
Huagan No. 2 | 4.8 ± 0.22a | 1.0 ± 0.06b | 0.5 ± 0.06c | 0.5 ± 0.02c | |
Zaoxiang | 0.4 ± 0.02a | 0.4 ± 0.01a | 0.1 ± 0.01c | 0.3 ± 0.02b | |
HB | 0.7 ± 0.05a | 0.5 ± 0.03b | 0.1 ± 0.01c | 0.1 ± 0.01c | |
Quinic acid, mg·g−1 (FW) | Anliu | 2.7 ± 0.20a | 1.6 ± 0.15b | 1.0 ± 0.10c | 0.6 ± 0.01d |
Newhall | 2.3 ± 0.14a | 1.2 ± 0.07b | 0.5 ± 0.02c | 0.3 ± 0.01d | |
Guoqing No. 1 | 4.0 ± 0.10a | 1.0 ± 0.06b | 0.6 ± 0.02c | 0.4 ± 0.01d | |
Huagan No. 2 | 1.5 ± 0.09a | 0.6 ± 0.01b | 0.2 ± 0.01c | 0.1 ± 0.00d | |
Zaoxiang | 1.6 ± 0.07a | 0.6 ± 0.01b | 0.4 ± 0.02c | 0.0 ± 0.00d | |
HB | 2.7 ± 0.04a | 0.5 ± 0.00b | 0.5 ± 0.01b | 0.0 ± 0.00c |
Citrus cultivars | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anliu | Newhall | Guoqing No.1 | Huagan No.2 | Zaoxiang Pumelo | HB Pumelo | |
ACL | −0.8718 | −0.6597 | 0.2552 | 0.1199 | −0.0597 | 0.9583 |
cyt-ACO | −0.0275 | −0.9224 | −0.8170 | −0.8953 | 0.8944 | −0.4035 |
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Guo, L.; Liu, Y.; Luo, L.; Hussain, S.B.; Bai, Y.; Alam, S.M. Comparative Metabolites and Citrate-Degrading Enzymes Activities in Citrus Fruits Reveal the Role of Balance between ACL and Cyt-ACO in Metabolite Conversions. Plants 2020, 9, 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030350
Guo L, Liu Y, Luo L, Hussain SB, Bai Y, Alam SM. Comparative Metabolites and Citrate-Degrading Enzymes Activities in Citrus Fruits Reveal the Role of Balance between ACL and Cyt-ACO in Metabolite Conversions. Plants. 2020; 9(3):350. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030350
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Lingxia, Yongzhong Liu, Lijuan Luo, Syed Bilal Hussain, Yingxin Bai, and Shariq Mahmood Alam. 2020. "Comparative Metabolites and Citrate-Degrading Enzymes Activities in Citrus Fruits Reveal the Role of Balance between ACL and Cyt-ACO in Metabolite Conversions" Plants 9, no. 3: 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030350