Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Treating Cough Associated with Respiratory Conditions in Ede South Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Interview Methods
2.3. Plant Collection and Identification
2.4. Ethnobotanical Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Inventory of Plant Species Used against Cough Associated with Respiratory Diseases
3.2. Diversity and Ethnobotanical Indices of Plant Species Used against Cough Associated with Respiratory Diseases
3.3. Life-Forms and Plant Parts Used against Cough Associated with Respiratory Diseases
3.4. Method of Preparation and Administration of Plant Species Used against Cough Associated with Respiratory Diseases
3.5. Sources of Plant Species Used against Cough Associated with Respiratory Diseases
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Appendix A
S/n | Botanical Name | Plant Part(s) Used | Life-Form | Method of Preparation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abrus precatorius L. | Leaves | Climber | Decoction |
2 | Aframomum melegueta K.Schum. | Seeds, leaves | Herb | Concoction |
3 | Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. | Whole plant | Herb | Concoction |
4 | Allium ascalonicum L. | Whole plant | Herb | Concoction |
5 | Allium sativum L. | Bulb | Herb | Concoction |
6 | Alstonia boonei De Wild. | Stem, bark, leaves | Tree | Maceration |
7 | Amaranthus spinosus L. | Leaves | Herb | Decoction |
8 | Anacardium occidentale L. | Leaves, fruit, stem, bark | Tree | Decoction |
9 | Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. | Unripe fruit | Herb | Maceration |
10 | Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten & Maas (Syn: Enantia chlorantha Oliver) | Stem, bark | Tree | Maceration |
11 | Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. | Leaves, fruit | Tree | Infusion, decoction |
12 | Asparagus africanus Lam. | Roots, leaves | Climber | Tincture |
13 | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Leaves, stem, bark, fruit | Tree | Concoction |
14 | Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. | Leaves, young shoot | Herb | Decoction |
15 | Bridelia ferruginea Benth. | Stem bark | Shrub | Maceration |
16 | Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken | Leaves | Herb | Concoction |
17 | Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. | Leaves | Shrub | Concoction |
18 | Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand | Leaves | Shrub | Herbal syrup |
19 | Capsicum annuum L. (Syn: Capsicum frutescens L.) | Leaves, fruit | Herb | Concoction |
20 | Carica papaya L. | Leaves, unripe fruit | Tree | Maceration |
21 | Chasmanthera dependens Hochst. | Leaves | Climber | Maceration |
22 | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob | Leaves | Shrub | Tincture |
23 | Chrysophyllum albidum G.Don | Leaves, seeds | Tree | Concoction |
24 | Cissampelos owariensis P.Beauv. ex DC. | Leaves | Climber | Maceration |
25 | Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad | Fruit | Vine/climber | Cooked |
26 | Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Leaves, fruit | Tree | Maceration |
27 | Cocos nucifera L | Nuts, epicarp | Tree | Maceration |
28 | Cola acuminata (P.Beauv) Schott & Endl. | Leaves | Tree | Concoction |
29 | Combretum bracteatum (C.Lawson) Engl. & Diels. | Stem, bark | Shrub | Decoction |
30 | Combretum micranthum G. Don | Stem, bark | Shrub | Maceration |
31 | Corchorus olitorius L. | Whole plant | Shrub | Cooked |
32 | Crinum jagus (J.Thomps.) Dandy | Shoot, roots | Herb | Pounded |
33 | Crotalaria retusa L. | Leaves | Herb | Concoction |
34 | Crudia klainei De Wild. | Leaves | Tree | Decoction |
35 | Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, | Leaves | Herb | Decoction |
36 | Dioclea reflexa Hook.f. | Seeds | Climber | Pounded |
37 | Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax | Leaves, roots | Climber | Decoction |
38 | Elaeis guineensis Jacq. | Roots | Tree | Concoction |
39 | Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan | Stem, bark, leaves | Tree | Tincture |
40 | Ficus exasperate Vahl | Leaves, stem, bark, roots | Tree | Decoction |
41 | Ficus platyphylla Delile | Stem, roots, bark | Tree | Decoction |
42 | Garcinia kola Heckel | Roots, seeds, stem, bark | Tree | Concoction |
43 | Gossypium barbadense L. | Roots, seeds | Shrub | Decoction |
44 | Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. | Leaves | Herb | Decoction |
45 | Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. | Leaves | Climber | Tincture |
46 | Jatropha curcas L. | leaves | Shrub | Decoction |
47 | Jatropha gossypiifolia L. | Leaves | Shrub | Decoction |
48 | Jatropha multifida L. | Sap latex | Shrub | Decoction |
49 | Khaya grandifoliola C.DC. | Stem, bark | Tree | Maceration |
50 | Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. | Seeds, leaves | Tree | Decoction |
51 | Lagenaria breviflora (Benth.) Roberty | Whole plant | Climber | Decoction |
52 | Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C.Jeffrey | Stem, bark | Herb | Maceration |
53 | Lawsonia inermis L. | Leaves | Shrub | Pounded |
54 | Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. | Seeds | Climber | Pounded |
55 | Mangifera indica L. | Leaves, stem, bark, roots | Tree | Decoction |
56 | Mimosa pudica L. | Leaves | Shrub | Decoction |
57 | Morinda lucida Benth. | Stem, bark, leaves | Tree | Tincture |
58 | Momordica charantia L. | Whole plant | Vine | Decoction |
59 | Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. | Leaves | Climber | Decoction |
60 | Musa × paradisiaca L. | Fruit, leaves | Herb | Maceration |
61 | Nicotiana tabacum L. | Leaves | Herb | Decoction |
62 | Ocimum gratissimum L. | Leaves | Shrub | Maceration |
63 | Ocimum americanum L. (Syn: Ocimum canum Sims) | Leaves | Herb | Maceration |
64 | Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don | Bark, fruit, leaves | Tree | Concoction |
65 | Persea americana Mill. | Leaves, seeds | Tree | Decoction |
66 | Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. | Whole plant | Herb | Concoction |
67 | Picralima nitida (Stapf) T.Durand & H.Durand | Stem, bark | Tree | Decoction |
68 | Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. | Leaves, seeds | Climber | Decoction |
69 | Plukenetia conophora Müll.Arg. | Leaves, fruit, bark | Shrub | Decoction/concoction/ tincture |
70 | Psidium guajava L. | Leaves | Tree | Decoction |
71 | Saccharum officinarum L. | Stem | Clump/herb | Maceration |
72 | Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A.Bruce | Roots | Tree | Concoction/decoction |
73 | Solanum americanum Mill. | Whole plant | Herb | Cooked |
74 | Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench | Leaves, pods, seeds | Herb | Decoction |
75 | Spermacoce verticillata L. = Borreria verticillata (L.) G.Mey | Whole plant | Herb | Decoction |
76 | Spondias mombin L. | Leaves, stem, bark | Tree | Decoction |
77 | Sterculia rhinopetala K.Schum | Stem, bark | Tree | Infusion |
78 | Strombosia grandifolia Hook.f. ex Benth. | Roots, leaves, fruit | Tree | Decoction |
79 | Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell | Leaves, seeds | Shrub | Decoction |
80 | Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. (Syn: Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.) | Roots, leaves | Shrub | Cooked |
81 | Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f. | Leaves, fruit | Vine/climber | Cooked |
82 | Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach.) Taub. | Pods, bark | Tree | Decoction |
83 | Theobroma cacao L. | Leaves | Tree | Concoction |
84 | Uvaria afzelii G.F. Scott-Elliot | Roots | Tree | Decoction |
85 | Vernonia amygdalina Delile | Leaves, stem, bark | Shrub | Maceration |
86 | Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. | Seeds | Tree | Maceration |
87 | Zea mays L. | Fruit/cob | Herb | Decoction/concoction |
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Parameters | Participant Group | N | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 65 | 65 |
Female | 35 | 35 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Age | <30 | 3 | 3 |
31–40 | 15 | 15 | |
41–50 | 25 | 25 | |
51–60 | 38 | 38 | |
61–70 | 19 | 19 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Residence | Rural | 90 | 90 |
Urban | 10 | 10 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Educational status | Primary | 60 | 60 |
Secondary | 40 | 40 | |
Tertiary | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 100 | 100 | |
Occupation | Farmer | 15 | 15 |
Herbalist | 35 | 35 | |
Herb seller | 30 | 30 | |
Hunter | 20 | 20 | |
Total | 100 | 100 |
Botanical Name Family, Voucher No | Local Name (Yoruba) | FC | RFC | FL (%) | Report in Nigeria | Report in Other Countries # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae, FHI 700214 | Omisinmisin, ojuologbo | 10 | 0.10 | 10 | Asthma [31] Bronchitis, cough, tuberculosis [29] | Asthma, cough [20] PK Cough [23] GB Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Asthma in children [25] DRC |
Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. Zingiberaceae, FHI 610214 | Ataare | 10 | 0.10 | 10 | Asthma [31] Cough [49] bronchitis, expectorant [29] | Tuberculosis [50] SA |
Ageratum conyzoides (L.)L. Asteraceae, FHI 600217 | Apasa/imi-esu | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | nrf | Cold and coughs [20] PK Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Asthma in children [25] DRC Tuberculosis [67] UG |
Allium ascalonicum L. Amaryllidaceae, FHI 7022216 | Alubosa elewe | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma [31] Asthma, cough [29] | nrf |
Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae, FHI 714567 | Ayu | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma [31] Asthma, cough, tuberculosis [29] Asthma, cough [47] | Respiratory tract infection [20] PK Tuberculosis [67] UG Respiratory diseases [68] MX |
Alstonia boonei De Wild. Apocynaceae, FHI 722214 | Ahun/doctor igbo | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | nrf |
Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae, FHI 703215 | Dagunro | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Bronchitis [20] PK |
Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae, FHI 7023216 | Kasu | 11 | 0.11 | 11 | Asthma [31,35] Tuberculosis [29] | nrf |
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromeliaceae, FHI 722217 | Ope-oyinbo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten & Maas = Enantia chlorantha) Annonaceae, FHI 600254 | Awopa | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Moraceae, FHI 700234 | Ooro | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Tuberculosis [67] UG |
Asparagus africanus Lam. Asparagaceae, FHI 700021 | Aluki | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Cough [48] UG |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae, FHI 605214 | Dogoyaro | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Tuberculosis [29,36] | Cough [20] PK Cough [64] UG Tuberculosis, cough [48,67] UG Cough [52] ID Asthma [63] PK |
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Poaceae, FHI 703214 | Oparun, bamboo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Bridelia ferruginea Benth. Phyllanthaceae, FHI 611214 | Ira | 10 | 0.10 | 10 | Asthma [31] Whooping cough [29] | Cough [69] BE |
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Crassulaceae, FHI 721215 | Odundun | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Fabaceae, FHI 703216 | Otili ewa | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | nrf | nrf |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand Apocynaceae, FHI 705216 | Bomu-Bomu | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases [29] Asthma, cough [35] | Asthma, cough [20,63] PK |
Capsicum annuum L. = Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae, FHI 704217 | Ata ijosi | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Carica papaya L. Caricaceae, FHI 710213 | Ibepe | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Cough, tuberculosis [48,64,70] UG Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Asthma in children [25] DRC Cough [71] SA |
Chasmanthera dependens Hochst. Menispermaceae, FHI 711215 | Agba-ato, Ato | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma [31] | Children’s cough [72] UG |
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae, FHI 705209 | Akintola | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Chrysophyllum albidum G.Don Sapotaceae, FHI 730274 | Agbalumo | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma [31] | nrf |
Cissampelos owariensis P.Beauv. ex DC. Menispermaceae, FHI 723217 | Jokojee, Jenjokoo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Lung diseases [47] | nrf |
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae, FHI 722216 | Egusi’baara | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Bronchial asthma [20] PK |
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae, FHI 700316 | Oronbo wewe/ osan wewe | 10 | 0.10 | 10 | nrf | Cough [64] UG |
Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae, FHI 711215 | Agbon | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma [31] Bronchitis [35,47] | nrf |
Cola acuminata (P.Beauv) Schott & Endl. Malvaceae, FHI 730214 | Obi gidi | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Combretum bracteatum (C.Lawson) Engl. & Diels Combretaceae, FHI 705215 | Ogan dudu | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Combretum micranthum G. Don Combretaceae, FHI 723214 | Ogan | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Corchorus olitorius L. Malvaceae, FHI 730219 | Ewedu | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Crinum jagus (J.Thomps.) Dandy Amaryllidaceae, FHI 705215 | Ogede odo | 12 | 0.12 | 12 | Asthma [31,73] Cough [30] Tuberculosis [47,73] | nrf |
Crotalaria retusa L. Fabaceae, FHI 705216 | Koropo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Crudia klainei De Wild. Fabaceae, FHI 710121 | Afomo | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | nrf | nrf |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Poaceae, FHI 605214 | Ewe tea | 3 | 0.03 | 3 | nrf | Cough, tuberculosis [67,70] UG Respiratory diseases [68] MX Respiratory infections [74] UG Cough, bronchitis, asthma, respiratory diseases [26] MU |
Dioclea reflexa Hook.f. Fabaceae, FHI 705213 | Agbaarin | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma [47] | Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Respiratory diseases in children [25] DRC |
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax Dioscoreaceae, FHI 765217 | Esuru | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Respiratory diseases in children [25] DRC |
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Arecaceae, FHI 600215 | Ope | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma, bronchitis, chest pain, tuberculosis [29] | Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Wet cough in children [25] DRC |
Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan Fabaceae, FHI 744214 | Igi obo, Eru-obo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Ficus exasperata Vahl Moraceae, FHI 611002 | Eepin | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | Respiratory diseases [75] TA |
Ficus platyphylla Delile Moraceae, FHI 724234 | Obobo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | nrf |
Garcinia kola Heckel Clusiaceae, FHI 705215 | Orogbo | 10 | 0.10 | 10 | Asthma [31,35] Cough [49] Cough, tuberculosis [29] Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | nrf |
Gossypium barbadense L. Malvaceae, FHI 720221 | Owu | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma [31] | nrf |
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. Violaceae, FHI 704216 | Abiwere | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Convolvulaceae, FHI 711025 | Anomo, Odunkun | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma [35] | nrf |
Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae, FHI 740216 | Lapalapa funfun | 10 | 0.10 | 10 | Tuberculosis [29] | Bronchitis [20] PK Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Respiratory diseases in children [25] DRC |
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Euphorbiaceae, FHI 600215 | Lapalapa pupa | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Jatropha multifida L. Euphorbiaceae, FHI 603214 | Ogege | 10 | 0.10 | 10 | nrf | nrf |
Khaya grandifoliola C.DC. Meliaceae, FHI 770215 | Oganwo | 11 | 0.11 | 95.0 | Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | nrf |
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Bignoniaceae, FHI 702004 | Pandoro | 1 | 0.01 | 11 | Asthma [31] Cough [47] | Cough [48,64] UG Tuberculosis [67] UG Tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases [76] CM |
Lagenaria breviflora (Benth.) Roberty Cucurbitaceae, FHI 710218 | Tagiri | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | nrf | nrf |
Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C.Jeffrey Asteraceae, FHI 730211 | Yanrin | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae, FHI 702616 | Laali | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma, tuberculosis [29] | Cough, bronchitis [20] PK |
Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Cucurbitaceae, FHI 710216 | Kankan-ayaba | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Hemoptysis [29] | nrf |
Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae, FHI 700209 | Mongoro | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | nrf | Asthma, cough [20] PK Cough [77] BR Cough [64] UG Respiratory diseases [68] MX |
Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae, FHI 710217 | Patanmo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Asthma [20] PK |
Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae, FHI 722217 | Ejinrin | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Tuberculosis [67] UG |
Morinda lucida Benth. Rubiaceae, FHI 700514 | Oruwo | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Bronchitis, cough [20] PK |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae, FHI 733214 | Werepe | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases [76] CM |
Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae, FHI 733215 | Ogede agbagba | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Whooping cough [20] PK Cough [64] UG |
Nicotiana tabacum L. Solanaceae, FHI 711211 | Taba | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma [31] Bronchitis [29] | Asthma [78] SP |
Ocimum americanum L. (Ocimum canum) Lamiaceae, FHI 734512 | Efinrin wewe | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Cough, chest pain [29] Cough [35,47] Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | Cough [79] UG Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Respiratory diseases in children [25] DRC |
Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae, FHI 7009001 | Efinrin nla | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Cough [51] ET |
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don Fabaceae, FHI 709123 | Iru, igba | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | |
Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae, FHI 705215 | Igi pia | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | nrf | Cough, respiratory infectious [48,79] UG Tuberculosis [67] UG |
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Phyllanthaceae, FHI 715214 | Eyin-olobe | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | Tuberculosis [67] UG |
Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand & H.Durand Apocynaceae, FHI 721218 | Abere | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma [31] | nrf |
Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. Piperaceae, FHI 703217 | Iyere | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Tuberculosis, whooping cough [29] Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | nrf |
Plukenetia conophora Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae, FHI 712343 | Awusa, asala | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae, FHI 712215 | Gilofa | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Tuberculosis [29] Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] Cough [35] | Old cough, bronchitis, chronic whooping cough [63] PK Cough [64,65] UG Cough [27] SA Cough [66] ZB |
Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae, FHI 742217 | Ireke | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma [31] | Respiratory diseases [24] DRC Respiratory diseases in children [25] DRC |
Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A.Bruce Rubiaceae, FHI 720216 | Egbesi | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Cough [29] | nrf |
Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae, FHI 702200 | Efo odu | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Poaceae, FHI 734017 | Oka baba | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Spermacoce verticillata L. = Borreria verticillata (L.) G.Mey Rubiaceae, FHI 710210 | Irawo’le | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Spondias mombin L. Anacardiaceae, FHI 705215 | Iyeye | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma, tuberculosis [29] | nrf |
Sterculia rhinopetala K.Schum. Malvaceae, FHI 720216 | Itako | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Strombosia grandifolia Hook.f. ex Benth. Olacaceae, FHI 710017 | Itako pupa | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell Sapotaceae, FHI 700210 | Agbayun | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. (Syn: Talinum triangulare) Talinaceae, FHI 700347 | Gbure | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Telfairia occidentalis Hook.f. Cucurbitaceae, FHI 700234 | Eweroko, Ugu | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub. Fabaceae, FHI 701354 | Aridan | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma [31] Coughs including bloody cough (tuberculosis) [36] | nrf |
Theobroma cacao L. Malvaceae, FHI 700314 | Koko | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | nrf | nrf |
Uvaria afzelii G.F. Scott-Elliot Annonaceae, FHI 700334 | Gbogbonise | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | For any ailment [73] | nrf |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile Asteraceae, FHI 700167 | Ewuro | 2 | 0.02 | 2 | Asthma, cough, tuberculosis [29] | Tuberculosis [67] UG Cough [48] UG Respiratory infections [74] UG |
Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. Sapotaceae, FHI 700218 | Emiyemi, Ori | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Asthma, expectorant, tuberculosis, whooping cough [29] | nrf |
Zea mays L. Poaceae, FHI 700228 | Agbado | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | Cough [29] | Cough [20] PK Asthma [28] SA |
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Lawal, I.O.; Olufade, I.I.; Rafiu, B.O.; Aremu, A.O. Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Treating Cough Associated with Respiratory Conditions in Ede South Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Plants 2020, 9, 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050647
Lawal IO, Olufade II, Rafiu BO, Aremu AO. Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Treating Cough Associated with Respiratory Conditions in Ede South Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Plants. 2020; 9(5):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050647
Chicago/Turabian StyleLawal, Ibraheem Oduola, Ikeolu Idowu Olufade, Basirat Olabisi Rafiu, and Adeyemi O. Aremu. 2020. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Treating Cough Associated with Respiratory Conditions in Ede South Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria" Plants 9, no. 5: 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050647