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Article

High-Resolution Mapping of the Novel Early Leaf Senescence Gene Els2 in Common Wheat

by
Na Wang
†,
Yanzhou Xie
*,†,
Yingzhuang Li
,
Shengnan Wu
,
Shuxian Li
,
Yu Guo
and
Chengshe Wang
*
State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2020, 9(6), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060698
Submission received: 1 April 2020 / Revised: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 21 May 2020 / Published: 30 May 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Mutation Breeding)
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Abstract

:
Early leaf senescence negatively impacts the grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Induced mutants provide an important resource for mapping and cloning of genes for early leaf senescence. In our previous study, Els2, a single incomplete dominance gene, that caused early leaf senescence phenotype in the wheat mutant LF2099, had been mapped on the long arm of chromosome 2B. The objective of this study was to develop molecular markers tightly linked to the Els2 gene and construct a high-resolution map surrounding the Els2 gene. Three tightly linked single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were obtained from the Illumina Wheat 90K iSelect SNP genotyping array and converted to Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers. To saturate the Els2 region, the Axiom® Wheat 660K SNP array was used to screen bulked extreme phenotype DNA pools, and 9 KASP markers were developed. For fine mapping of the Els2 gene, these KASP markers and previously identified polymorphic markers were analyzed in a large F2 population of the LF2099 × Chinese Spring cross. The Els2 gene was located in a 0.24-cM genetic region flanked by the KASP markers AX-111643885 and AX-111128667, which corresponded to a physical interval of 1.61 Mb in the Chinese Spring chromosome 2BL containing 27 predicted genes with high confidence. The study laid a foundation for a map-based clone of the Els2 gene controlling the mutation phenotype and revealing the molecular regulatory mechanism of wheat leaf senescence.

1. Introduction

Wheat is one of the most widely grown crops in the world, providing more than 20% of the calories and protein consumed by the human population [1]. Maintaining a high and stable yield of wheat cultivars is a huge challenge for both wheat breeders and researchers. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organ of wheat plants. A previous study showed that the photosynthetically active flag leaf can contribute 30%–50% of the assimilates for grain filling and yield [2]. The early senescence of functional leaves significantly reduces photosynthetic time and efficiency, seriously affecting grain yield and quality in wheat [3]. Therefore, discovering the genes responsible for early leaf senescence is important not only for the elucidation of the early leaf senescence mechanism, but also in terms of its applications in the development of wheat germplasms and cultivars.
Plant leaf senescence involves a complex and highly regulated process with the coordinated actions of multiple pathways [4,5]. In recent years, researchers have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of leaf senescence in model plants, and isolated and characterized several senescence-associated genes that are involved in chlorophyll (Chl) degradation [6,7,8,9], reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging [10,11,12], carbon and nitrogen imbalances [13,14,15], and hormone responses [16,17,18,19,20]. However, limited information is available about leaf senescence regulation in wheat. Several studies focused on the transcriptome of wheat leaf senescence [21,22,23,24]. These studies have provided global and potential gene dynamic expression changes and signalling pathways for leaf senescence regulation in wheat, but few genes involved in the regulation of wheat leaf senescence have been identified. Several early leaf senescence mutant genes in wheat were mapped using molecular markers [3,25,26]; however, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the leaf senescence trait in wheat is limited because none of these genes have been fine mapped and cloned.
The induced mutants have also become important for forward genetic analysis, where genes underlying mutant traits can be mapped using molecular markers [25]. Various classes of molecular markers, particularly simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, have been widely used to identify mutant genes in wheat [27,28,29,30,31]. However, it is difficult to develop a high-resolution genetic linkage map based only on SSR markers because of their limited number and scattered distribution on wheat chromosomes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant type of molecular marker in plant, and a large number of SNPs have been discovered in wheat with the improvement of sequencing techniques [32,33,34,35,36]. At present, several kinds of wheat SNP arrays have been reported, such as the Illumina Wheat 9K iSelect SNP array [37], the Illumina Wheat 90K iSelect SNP genotyping array [38], the Axiom® HD Wheat genotyping (820K) array [39], the Wheat Breeders’ 35K Axiom array [40], 660K [34] and the Wheat 55K SNP array [41]. The 660K SNP array [42] has been effectively applied to develop Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers for saturation mapping of the target genes. Examples include the molecular mapping of the dwarfing genes Rht12 [43] and Rht24 [44], stripe rust resistances Yr26 [45], YrH62 [46] and Qyrnap.nwafu-2BS [47], and the chlorina mutant gene cn-A1 [48].
We previously reported the first case of the early leaf senescence mutant in wheat, which was controlled by the single incomplete dominant gene Els2 [49]. The Els2 gene was preliminarily mapped on chromosome arm 2BL in a 0.95 cM genetic interval between intron polymorphism (IP) markers 2BIP09 and 2BIP14 [49]. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop molecular markers closely linked to Els2 using the wheat 660K SNP array, and (2) to construct a high-resolution linkage map.

2. Results

2.1. Development of Kompetitive Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (KASP) Markers Based on the 90K Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) Array

Previously, the early leaf senescence Els2 gene was mapped to chromosome 2BL using the Illumina wheat 90K SNP array [49]. Given that the SNP array has limitations in large scale population analysis, 15 chromosome-specific SNPs generated from 90K SNP were converted into 11 KASP primer pairs. They were subjected to a polymorphism analysis on the parental cultivars and 20 F2 plants (including six homozygous wide type, eight heterozygous, and six homozygous mutant plants). Three polymorphic KASP markers (BS00030364_51, BS00084417_51 and RFL_Contig4423_529) were identified (Figure 1A). By genotyping the previous mapping population consisting of 142 F2:3 lines from the LF2099 × Chinese Spring cross [49], all three KASP markers linked to the Els2 gene (Figure 1C, Table 1). The Els2 gene was then genetically restricted to a region of 1.1 cM, 0.54 cM from the KASP marker BS00084417_51 and 0.66 cM from the KASP marker RFL_Contig4423_529 (Figure 2A). However, the Els2 genetic region were not narrowed down by using KASP markers from the 90K SNP array.

2.2. Development of KASP Markers Based on the 660K SNP Array

To saturate marker density in the Els2 region, we combined bulked segregant analysis (BSA) with 660K SNP arrays. A total of 10,097 SNP loci from the 660K SNP array were polymorphic between the two bulks and were located on 21 chromosomes, of which 3449 were located on chromosome 2B and the others were distributed on the other chromosomes (Figure 3A). These results were consistent with the previous 90K SNP genotyping result [49]. Of the 3449 SNP loci located on 2B, more than 1100 were positioned in the interval 750–775 Mb according to the wheat genome assembly (Figure 3B). Furthermore, two Els2-flanking KASP markers were located in the region 750–775 Mb (Figure 2A,C). To develop molecular markers more tightly linked to the Els2 gene, 25 SNPs located within the interval between BS00084417_51 and RFL_Contig4423_529 (763–772 Mb) were selected for conversion to KASP markers. The results indicated that nine KASP markers were tightly linked to the Els2 gene (Figure 1B,D, Table 1).

2.3. Construction of a High-Resolution Genetic Linkage Map

To construct a high-resolution genetic linkage map of Els2, we developed a large F2 population of 838 plants. The F2 population showed three classes of trait distribution, of which 198 were wide type plants, 419 were intermediate plants and 213 were mutant plants. The χ2 test shows a separation ratio of 1:2:1 (χ2 = 0.53 < χ20.05,2 = 5.99), which were consistent with our previous observations [49].
The Els2-flanking KASP markers BS00084417_51 and RFL_Contig4423_529 were used to identify recombinants in the F2 mapping population of the LF2099 × Chinese Spring cross. Only nine recombinant individuals were identified from 838 F2 individuals. Other molecular markers, including the previously reported IP markers 2BIP06, 2BIP12 and 2BIP17 [49], were then analyzed with these recombinants only. The F2:3 families produced by selfing the recombinant F2 plants were used to further estimate phenotypes. In combination with the marker genotypes and recombinant phenotype, a high-resolution genetic map around the Els2 locus was eventually constructed (Figure 2B). Among the markers flanking the Els2 gene, the KASP markers AX-111643885 and AX-111128667 were the most closely linked, at distances of 0.12 and 0.12 cM, respectively. Two KASP markers, AX-109407129 and AX-95682571, co-segregated with the Els2 gene.

2.4. Physical Mapping and Gene Annotation of the Els2 Goal Interval

To determine the physical locations of the Els2-linked markers, the sequences of all markers anchored in the high-resolution genetic map were used to blast against the Chinese Spring genomic sequence, and the relative physical positions of those markers were generally consistent with the genetic linkage map (Figure 2B,C). The genetic region of the markers AX-111643885 and AX-111128667 corresponded to a 1.61 Mb (764913189–766527697) genomic interval in the Chinese Spring reference genome (Figure 2C) and contained 27 annotated protein-coding genes (Table 2). Among them, one 50S ribosomal protein L14, five cytochrome P450 family proteins, three cysteine proteinases, two serine/threonine-protein kinase, and one RECEPTOR-like protein kinase were identified.

3. Discussion

Mapping functional genes using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutants combined with map-based cloning has been applied in many crops; however, the high-resolution mapping of a mutant gene in wheat may become problematic and tedious without high-density molecular markers. Several approaches have been used to develop high-density molecular markers around the target gene. Comparative genomics analyses are traditional and effective approaches for marker development in a wheat positional cloning project [50]. By applying comparative genomics analyses, we previously developed five new markers linked to the Els2 gene [49]. Although release of the Chinese Spring whole genomic assembly sequences [51] would reduce the importance of comparative genomics analyses in marker development, it is still an effective method for other species without a reference genome sequence.
The SNP genotyping assays, namely 90K [38] and 660K [42], have opened a new way to undertake a more efficient and faster marker saturation of target genes in wheat [47]. Compared to the 90K SNP chip, the 660K chip has several advantages, such as higher marker density and higher resolution, as well as a better distribution on the chromosomes [42,44]. In the present study, we used the 660K chip to screen candidate markers linked to Els2 and a significant number of polymorphic SNPs were identified (Figure 3A,B). To improve the efficiency of genotyping individuals, polymorphic SNP markers on 2BL were converted to KASP markers to genotype the F2 population. Using this strategy, the Els2 locus was further narrowed down to a 1.61 Mb region in the Chinese Spring chromosome 2BL containing 27 predicted genes with high confidence (Figure 2B,C, Table 2). It was a clearly effective approach to exploit constantly the updated genome information and high-throughput SNP platforms for high-resolution mapping of a mutant gene in wheat. In addition to the methods used in our study, the combination of the BSA strategy with next-generation sequencing technology (RNA-Seq or exome sequencing) has been used as a mapping strategy that offers the promise of a rapid discovery of genetic markers linked to target genes in wheat [3,52,53].
The Els2 genomic interval was narrowed down to the 1.61 Mb interval of the Chinese Spring 2BL containing 27 predicted protein-coding genes. Some of the annotated genes were associated with plant early leaf senescence, including the 50S ribosomal protein L14, cytochrome P450 family proteins, cysteine proteinase, serine/threonine-protein kinase, and RECEPTOR-like protein kinase (Table 2). In rice, the gene encoding the 50S ribosomal protein L21 in the chloroplastic precursor 50S ribosomal protein may be responsible for the early senescence mutant es-t [54]. Cytochrome P450 CYP89A9, which is in charge of non-fluorescent dioxobilin-type chlorophyll catabolite accumulation, is drawn into the formation of major chlorophyll catabolites during leaf senescence [55]. Cysteine proteases are the most abundant enzymes responsible for the proteolytic activity during leaf senescence [56]. A number of cDNA clones encoding cysteine proteinases in different plants have been previously reported to be up-regulated during leaf senescence [57]. Protein kinases and autophagy-related genes were also reported to play an important role in leaf senescence [58].
In the present study, we reported our work on the high-resolution genetic mapping of the novel early leaf senescence gene Els2. First, the development of 12 KASP markers from the high-density SNP arrays enabled us to construct high-resolution genetic maps around the target locus. Second, we physically delimited the Els2 gene to a 1.61-Mb genomic region including 27 putative genes. We believe our study has made a solid foundation for the future isolation of the Els2 locus.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Population Construction

The novel early leaf senescence mutant LF2099 was identified from the chemical mutagen EMS-induced library derived from the common wheat accession H261. To develop a saturated genetic linkage map for Els2, the F2 and F2:3 mapping populations (consisting of 838 lines) produced by crossing LF2099 to the normal leaf senescence cultivar Chinese Spring were used throughout the study. All plants were grown on the experimental farm of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China. Leaf senescence phenotypes were evaluated by visual observation. To ensure the accuracy of the results, the phenotypes of the recombinant F2 individuals were further validated by using the F3 lines. The F3 lines containing 30 seeds from every F2 plant were planted in rows to verify the phenotypes of the F2 plants in fields.

4.2. Combined Bulked Segregant Analysis Using the 660K SNP Array

The total genomic DNA from the parents and F2 plants were isolated from leaves by using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method [59]. The DNA quantity was measured spectrophotometrically, and the DNA integrity was confirmed on agarose gel. To obtain closer SNP markers and saturate the targeted gene, BSA was performed to identify polymorphic markers between the early and normal DNA bulks. The DNA of the 12 homozygous plants that exhibited early leaf senescence and normal leaf senescence, based on a validation of the phenotypes of the F3 family, was pooled to construct an early bulk sample and a normal bulk sample, separately. The F2 bulks were genotyped with the 660K SNP arrays from CapitalBio Corporation (Beijing, China) using the Affymetrix GeneTitan System based on the Axiom 2.0 Assay Manual Workflow protocol. Allele calling was performed using the Affymetrix proprietary software according to Axiom Best Practices Genotyping Workflow. The sequences of all SNPs were used to blast version1.0 of the assembled Chinese Spring survey sequence (International Wheat Genome Consortium (IWGSC) RefSeq v1.0) to determine their physical positions [51].

4.3. Conversion of SNP Markers to KASP Markers

The polymorphic SNP markers from 90K and 660K were converted to KASP markers using the PolyMarker software (available online: http://polymarker.tgac.ac.uk) [60]. Chromosome-specific KASP markers were used to screen the parents and small population to confirm the polymorphisms before genotyping the entire mapping population. The KASP reactions were performed in a 384-well plate format following the protocol of LGC Genomics. Each KASP reaction mixtures consisted of final volumes of 5 μL containing 50–100 ng of genomic DNA, 2.5 µL of 2 × KASP Master mix (V4.0, LGC Genomics, Hoddesdon, UK), 0.056 µL of assay primer mix (12 µM of each allele-specific primer and 30 µM of common primer) and 2.444 µL of water. The assay reaction was performed in a 384 well Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad) in the following cycling conditions: denaturation at 95 °C for 15 min, 9 cycles of 95 °C for 20 s and touchdown starting at 65 °C for 60 s (decreased by 0.8 °C per cycle), 30–40 cycles of amplification (95 °C for 20 s; 57 °C for 60 s). The amplified products were visualized by a microplate reader (FLUOstar Omega, BMG LABTECH, Germany) and analyzed by the software Klustering Caller (LGC, Middlesex, UK) [61].

4.4. Construction of High-Density Genetic Linkage Map

The linkage analysis of the polymorphic molecular markers and the Els2gene was conducted using JoinMap4.0 software [62] with default parameters and a LOD score of 3.0 as a threshold. The genetic distance was calculated and presented in Kosambi centiMorgans (cM). The genetic map was drawn with the software Mapdraw V2.1 (Huazhong Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China) [63].

4.5. Physical Mapping and Gene Annotation of the Els2 Region

All 14 markers used for the fine mapping of the Els2 were anchored to the wheat reference genome sequence [51]. All sequences including forward and reverse primers were searched against the Chinese Spring whole genome assembly sequences (Reference Sequence v1.0, IWGSC, http://www.wheatgenome.org/) using the BLASTN algorithm applying default parameters. Obtained physical positions of mapped markers were visualized using the software Mapdraw V2.1 (Huazhong Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China) [63]. The information on the Chinese Spring genomic sequence was used to identify the genes that were included in the interval between the two Els2-flanking markers. IWGSC RefSeq v1.1 with gene annotations became available on the website https://wheat-urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Seq-Repository/Annotation. Annotated genes in the target region were extracted for analyzing genes involved in plant leaf senescence.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Y.X. and C.W.; methodology, N.W., Y.X., S.L. and Y.G.; software, N.W.; validation, N.W. and Y.X.; formal analysis, N.W. and Y.X.; investigation, Y.L. and S.W.; resources, C.W.; data curation, S.W., Y.L., and S.L.; writing—original draft, Y.X., N.W., S.L. and S.W.; writing—review and editing, Y.L. and Y.G.; supervision, and funding acquisition, C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0102101) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31101139).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Genotypic plots from selected Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) assays. The results of the parents and small population using markers (A) BS00084417_51 and (B) AX-111128667. Results of the F2 population using markers (C) RFL_Contig4423_529 and (D) AX-95682571. The central cluster (green) comprises heterozygous individuals, whereas the clusters near the axes are homozygous for either LF2099 (red) or Chinese Spring (blue). The black dots represent the nontemplate control, and the pink dots represent missing or failed data.
Figure 1. Genotypic plots from selected Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) assays. The results of the parents and small population using markers (A) BS00084417_51 and (B) AX-111128667. Results of the F2 population using markers (C) RFL_Contig4423_529 and (D) AX-95682571. The central cluster (green) comprises heterozygous individuals, whereas the clusters near the axes are homozygous for either LF2099 (red) or Chinese Spring (blue). The black dots represent the nontemplate control, and the pink dots represent missing or failed data.
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Figure 2. The genetic linkage map and physical map of Chinese Spring genomic sequence fanking the Els2 gene. (A) The preliminary genetic linkage map of the Els2 gene [49]. (B) The high-resolution genetic map of the Els2 gene. (C) The corresponding physical location of the polymorphic linkage markers of the Els2 gene.
Figure 2. The genetic linkage map and physical map of Chinese Spring genomic sequence fanking the Els2 gene. (A) The preliminary genetic linkage map of the Els2 gene [49]. (B) The high-resolution genetic map of the Els2 gene. (C) The corresponding physical location of the polymorphic linkage markers of the Els2 gene.
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Figure 3. Number of polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) distributed on different wheat chromosomes (A) and distribution of SNP variants on chromosome 2B (B).
Figure 3. Number of polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) distributed on different wheat chromosomes (A) and distribution of SNP variants on chromosome 2B (B).
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Table
Table 1. Primer sequences of Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase (KASP) markers developed from the 90K and 660K arrays.
Table 1. Primer sequences of Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase (KASP) markers developed from the 90K and 660K arrays.
SourcesMarker Name
(SNP ID)		Primer Sequences (5’–3’)
90KBS00030364_51Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTACAGCCAAAGACCCATCTTAA
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTACAGCCAAAGACCCATCTTAG
Common reverse: GTGCGAACAGTTGACAGTGA
90KBS00084417_51Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTGCTGGAACTCGCCTCTTCTA
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTGCTGGAACTCGCCTCTTCTC
Common reverse: ATTTCAGCCCATCATCCTCC
90KRFL_Contig4423_529Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTCATACTCACAGTAACAGATTGCAT
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTCATACTCACAGTAACAGATTGCAC
Common reverse: GCTTCTGCCACAAGCTCT
660KAX-94995576Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTCGTGCATCTAAACCCACGTATA
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTCGTGCATCTAAACCCACGTATC
Common reverse: AGAGTCTCTATACCGTGATCCG
660KAX-95682571Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTATGTGTGGTTCCATTCACCG
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTATGTGTGGTTCCATTCACCA
Common reverse: CAAGTCTGAGTGGAAGAAGGAC
660KAX-111595417Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTTTCAGAAGAAATAGATGTATGTGCC
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTTTCAGAAGAAATAGATGTATGTGCA
Common reverse: CCATCCCATAAACCCAGGG
660KAX-94859941Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTCCTCAGCTTTCTTTAGGGCT
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTCCTCAGCTTTCTTTAGGGCC
Common reverse: AATTCCGGTTCACTGGTCCA
660KAX-111600462Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTCCAAAAATAAATTCCGCTAGTCCT
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTCCAAAAATAAATTCCGCTAGTCCC
Common reverse: CCAAAAACCCAATTGCAAGGTTAA
660KAX-111497410Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTGAATGCAAAGGTTGGCCCT
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTGAATGCAAAGGTTGGCCCG
Common reverse: CTCGTGCGTACCTGCTCATT
660KAX-109407129Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTTCTTGCCACCGTTTCAATAGAT
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTTCTTGCCACCGTTTCAATAGAC
Common reverse: CTTTTCTTGGTCTATGTAGTTGGG
660KAX-111128667Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTGCGGGCAAAGCTTTGGATG
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTGCGGGCAAAGCTTTGGATA
Common reverse: GAGGTAGCGACGATGTCCC
660KAX-111643885Forward A_FAM: GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCTGATGCAAATCCAAACCCATTCT
Forward B_HEX: GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTGATGCAAATCCAAACCCATTCG
Common reverse: GCAGGAGGAGAGCTTGGGA
Table
Table 2. Gene models between the two flanking markers AX-111643885 and AX-111128667 based on the International Wheat Genome Consortium (IWGSC) RefSeq v1.1 annotation.
Table 2. Gene models between the two flanking markers AX-111643885 and AX-111128667 based on the International Wheat Genome Consortium (IWGSC) RefSeq v1.1 annotation.
GeneAnnotation
TraesCS2B02G575700.1DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 52A
TraesCS2B02G575800.1CC-NBS-LRR family disease resistance protein
TraesCS2B02G575900.150S ribosomal protein L14
TraesCS2B02G576000.2OTU domain-containing protein, putative
TraesCS2B02G576100.2Calreticulin-like protein
TraesCS2B02G576200.1cysteine-rich RLK (RECEPTOR-like protein kinase) 29
TraesCS2B02G576300.1Cysteine proteinase
TraesCS2B02G576400.1Serine/threonine-protein kinase
TraesCS2B02G576500.1Myb family transcription factor family protein
TraesCS2B02G576600.2lectin-receptor kinase
TraesCS2B02G576700.1Cytochrome P450
TraesCS2B02G576800.1RING/U-box superfamily protein
TraesCS2B02G576900.1Chromosome segregation in meiosis protein 3
TraesCS2B02G577000.1RING/U-box superfamily protein
TraesCS2B02G577100.1Cytochrome P450 family protein, expressed
TraesCS2B02G577200.1Cytochrome P450 family protein, expressed
TraesCS2B02G577300.1Cysteine proteinase
TraesCS2B02G577400.1Cytochrome P450 family protein, expressed
TraesCS2B02G577500.1Cysteine proteinase
TraesCS2B02G577600.1Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7 long form-like protein
TraesCS2B02G577700.1Phytol kinase 1
TraesCS2B02G577800.1Exostosin family protein
TraesCS2B02G577900.1B3 domain-containing protein
TraesCS2B02G578000.1Polyadenylate-binding protein 1-B-binding protein
TraesCS2B02G578100.1ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit 3
TraesCS2B02G578200.4Serine/threonine-protein kinase
TraesCS2B02G578300.1Cytochrome P450, putative

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Wang, N.; Xie, Y.; Li, Y.; Wu, S.; Li, S.; Guo, Y.; Wang, C. High-Resolution Mapping of the Novel Early Leaf Senescence Gene Els2 in Common Wheat. Plants 2020, 9, 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060698

AMA Style

Wang N, Xie Y, Li Y, Wu S, Li S, Guo Y, Wang C. High-Resolution Mapping of the Novel Early Leaf Senescence Gene Els2 in Common Wheat. Plants. 2020; 9(6):698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060698

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Na, Yanzhou Xie, Yingzhuang Li, Shengnan Wu, Shuxian Li, Yu Guo, and Chengshe Wang. 2020. "High-Resolution Mapping of the Novel Early Leaf Senescence Gene Els2 in Common Wheat" Plants 9, no. 6: 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060698

APA Style

Wang, N., Xie, Y., Li, Y., Wu, S., Li, S., Guo, Y., & Wang, C. (2020). High-Resolution Mapping of the Novel Early Leaf Senescence Gene Els2 in Common Wheat. Plants, 9(6), 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060698

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