Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Teucrium polium and Thymus decussatus Essential Oils Extracted Using Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Techniques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Profiles of EOs
2.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of EO Chemical Compounds
2.3. Phytotoxicity Activity
2.4. Antimicrobial Activities
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials
3.2. EO Extraction, Analysis, and Constituent Identification
3.3. Phytotoxic Activity of the Extracted EOs
3.4. Antimicrobial Properties of EOs
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Compound | Rt | KIExp | KILit | T. polium | T. decussatus | Identification b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HD | MAE | HD | MAE | ||||||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | |||||||||
1 | α-Thujene | 4.57 | 925 | 925 | 0.52 ± 0.01 a | 1.26 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | ---- | MS, KI |
2 | α-Pinene | 4.77 | 935 | 936 | 8.94 ± 0.06 | 11.58 ± 0.09 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
3 | Camphene | 5.80 | 954 | 954 | ---- | 0.44 ± 0.02 | ---- | 0.30 ± 0.02 | MS, KI |
4 | 2,4(10)-Thujadiene | 5.96 | 961 | 960 | ---- | 0.32 ± 0.01 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
5 | Sabinene | 7.44 | 975 | 975 | 2.94 ± 0.04 | 1.14 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
6 | β-Pinene | 7.54 | 978 | 979 | 7.38 ± 0.05 | 8.20 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | MS, KI |
7 | α-Myrcene | 10.19 | 986 | 986 | 2.90 ± 0.04 | ---- | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 1.04 ± 0.03 | MS, KI |
8 | p-Cymene | 10.20 | 1024 | 1026 | ---- | ---- | 3.61 ± 0.04 | 16.98 ± 0.10 | MS, KI |
9 | Limonene | 10.94 | 1034 | 1033 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
10 | α-Terpinene | 12.18 | 1018 | 1018 | ---- | ---- | ---- | 1.01 ± 0.03 | MS, KI |
11 | β-Terpinene | 12.23 | 1031 | 1032 | ---- | ---- | 0.23 ± 0.01 | ---- | MS, KI |
12 | β-Phellandrene | 12.64 | 1045 | 1044 | ---- | ---- | ---- | 0.21 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
13 | γ-Terpinene | 14.43 | 1061 | 1061 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | ---- | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 2.51 ± 0.06 | MS, KI |
14 | β-Terpinolene | 15.15 | 1084 | 1086 | ---- | ---- | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | |||||||||
15 | α-Fenchyl alcohol | 12.70 | 1106 | 1107 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | ---- | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
16 | cis-Verbenol | 13.65 | 1142 | 1144 | 0.34 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
17 | Menthol | 14.17 | 1181 | 1182 | ---- | ---- | ---- | 0.54 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
18 | α-Terpineol | 20.28 | 1189 | 1189 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
19 | Thymol methyl ether | 20.41 | 1236 | 1237 | ---- | ---- | ---- | 0.03 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
20 | Dihydrocarvone | 21.31 | 1243 | 1242 | ---- | ---- | ---- | 0.06 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
21 | Carvacrol | 22.79 | 1304 | 1304 | ---- | ---- | 94.40 ± 0.52 | 75.91 ± 0.61 | MS, KI |
22 | α-Terpinenyl acetate | 25.21 | 1349 | 1350 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | ---- | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
23 | Thymyl acetate | 28.55 | 1357 | 1357 | ---- | ---- | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | |||||||||
24 | α-Cubebene | 21.37 | 1351 | 1351 | ---- | 1.10 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
25 | α-Bourbonene | 25.43 | 1374 | 1374 | ---- | 0.48 ± 0.04 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
26 | α-Copaene | 25.77 | 1377 | 1376 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
27 | β-Elemene | 26.52 | 1385 | 1384 | ---- | 0.42 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
28 | Longifolene | 27.61 | 1401 | 1402 | ---- | ---- | 0.07 ± 0.01 | ---- | MS, KI |
29 | cis-Caryophyllene | 27.89 | 1410 | 1409 | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 1.72 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
30 | Clovene | 29.37 | 1426 | 1425 | ---- | ---- | 0.13 ± 0.01 | ---- | MS, KI |
31 | Aromadendrene | 29.55 | 1440 | 1439 | 3.86 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
32 | β-Neoclovene | 30.56 | 1455 | 1454 | ---- | ---- | 0.04 ± 0.01 | ---- | MS, KI |
33 | α-Gurjunene | 30.74 | 1475 | 1475 | 0.68 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
34 | Germacrene-D | 31.99 | 1480 | 1480 | 2.21 ± 0.06 | 7.25 ± 0.46 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
35 | β-Selinene | 33.44 | 1485 | 1485 | ---- | ---- | 0.04 ± 0.01 | ---- | MS, KI |
36 | Guaia-1(10),11-diene | 33.72 | 1488 | 1488 | ---- | 1.69 ± 0.07 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
37 | β-Muurolene | 34.08 | 1493 | 1493 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 5.55 ± 0.06 | ---- | 0.05 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
38 | α-Muurolene | 34.54 | 1498 | 1499 | 0.72 ± 0.01 | 7.64 ± 0.58 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
39 | δ-Cadinene | 35.03 | 1525 | 1524 | 7.04 ± 0.31 | 25.13 ± 0.43 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
40 | Cadina-1(10),4-diene | 35.89 | 1530 | 1530 | ---- | 1.83 ± 0.05 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | |||||||||
41 | Spathulenol | 28.61 | 1515 | 1516 | ---- | 0.51 ± 0.02 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
42 | 1,5-Epoxy-salvial-4(14)-ene | 29.64 | 1548 | 1548 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
43 | Ledol | 29.67 | 1564 | 1565 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
44 | 4-epi-Cubebol | 29.29 | 1572 | 1574 | ---- | 0.30 ± 0.01 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
45 | Germacrene D-4-ol | 30.71 | 1578 | 1577 | 5.65 ± 0.31 | ---- | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
46 | Τ-Cadinol | 32.23 | 1638 | 1640 | 2.06 ± 0.05 | 7.61 ± 0.12 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
47 | Cubenol | 32.31 | 1641 | 1642 | ---- | 0.35 ± 0.01 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
48 | Τ-Muurolol | 32.74 | 1646 | 1646 | 12.88 ± 0.15 | ---- | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
49 | α-Cadinol | 34.16 | 1654 | 1653 | 2.01 ± 0.03 | 5.49 ± 0.10 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
50 | Alloaromadendrene oxide | 39.89 | 1672 | 1672 | 0.53 ± 0.01 | 6.09 ± 0.23 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
51 | 6-Epi-shyobunol | 41.92 | 1682 | 1680 | 33.00 ± 0.72 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | ---- | ---- | MS, KI |
Non-oxygenated hydrocarbons | |||||||||
52 | Nonadecane | 45.04 | 1900 | 1900 | ---- | ---- | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | MS, KI |
53 | Heptacosane | 51.54 | 2700 | 2700 | ---- | ---- | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | MS, KI |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 24.12 | 23.52 | 4.74 | 22.93 | |||||
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 1.68 | 0 | 94.45 | 76.6 | |||||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 16.52 | 54.48 | 0.73 | 0.34 | |||||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 57.68 | 22 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Non-oxygenated hydrocarbons | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.13 | |||||
Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Plant Species | Extraction Method | Conc. (µL L−1) | Inhibition (%) * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germination | Shoot Growth | Root Growth | |||
Teucrium polium | Hydrodistillation | 250 | 19.6 ± 0.95 | 8.2 ± 0.74 | 14.9 ± 2.76 |
500 | 33.0 ± 1.50 | 10.8 ± 0.35 | 23.2 ± 2.03 | ||
750 | 43.0 ± 1.98 | 21.5 ± 1.47 | 35.8 ± 1.52 | ||
1000 | 51.9 ± 2.09 | 31.4 ± 1.63 | 54.4 ± 1.90 | ||
Microwave-assisted extraction | 250 | 24.1 ± 1.01 | 0.4 ± 0.35 | 15.3 ± 3.41 | |
500 | 37.5 ± 1.13 | 6.0 ± 2.03 | 18.7 ± 2.45 | ||
750 | 40.0 ± 2.01 | 17.7 ± 1.44 | 26.0 ± 2.94 | ||
1000 | 50.9 ± 2.25 | 39.8 ± 1.30 | 42.3 ± 2.75 | ||
p-value (0.05) Extraction method (E) | 0.438 ns | 0.0150 * | <0.001 *** | ||
p-value (0.05) Concentration (C) | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||
p-value (0.05) Interaction (E × C) | 0.878 ns | <0.001 *** | 0.031 * | ||
Thymus decussatus | Hydrodistillation | 25 | 50.9 ± 1.59 | 33.0 ± 2.37 | 11.6 ± 0.98 |
50 | 55.4 ± 1.55 | 45.7 ± 1.42 | 25.2 ± 3.06 | ||
75 | 68.8 ± 2.11 | 52.1 ± 1.48 | 49.8 ± 1.22 | ||
100 | 77.7 ± 2.36 | 85.8 ± 1.18 | 84.6 ± 1.02 | ||
Microwave-assisted extraction | 25 | 42.0 ± 1.11 | 45.6 ± 1.18 | 42.1 ± 2.54 | |
50 | 50.9 ± 1.99 | 58.5 ± 1.78 | 56.1 ± 1.47 | ||
75 | 68.8 ± 2.25 | 65.7 ± 1.18 | 70.6 ± 1.22 | ||
100 | 86.6 ± 2.98 | 87.4 ± 3.55 | 89.9 ± 2.04 | ||
p-value (0.05) Extraction method (E) | 0.715 ns | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||
p-value (0.05) Concentration (C) | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||
p-value (0.05) Interaction (E × C) | 0.250 ns | 0.007 ** | <0.001 *** |
Plant | Extraction Method | Bacteria | Fungi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram-Positive | Gram-Negative | ||||||
B. subtilis ATCC6633 | S. aureus ATCC29213 | E. coli ATCC25922 | C. albicans ATCC10321 | A. niger NRC53 | F. solani NRC15 | ||
Teucrium polium | HD | 10.00 ± 0.79 * | 10.00 ± 2.12 | 10.00 ± 0.71 | NA | NA | NA |
MAE | 11.00 ± 2.12 | 11.00 ± 0.71 | 10.00 ± 1.41 | NA | NA | NA | |
Thymus decussatus | HD | 39.00 ± 0.71 | 34.00 ± 1.40 | 35.00 ± 2.12 | 34.00 ± 2.12 | 47.00 ± 2.12 | 40.00 ± 2.83 |
MAE | 38.00 ± 2.90 | 35.00 ± 0.70 | 36.00 ± 1.34 | 35.00 ± 0.00 | 48.00 ± 3.14 | 40.00 ± 1.78 | |
Thiophenicol (100 μg/disc) | 30.0 ± 0.71 | 30.00 ± 0.71 | 27.00 ± 0.77 | 25.00 ± 1.55 | ---- | ---- | |
Treflucan (100 μg/disc) | ---- | ---- | ---- | 29.00 ± 0.70 | 13.00 ± 0.14 | 11.00 ± 0.71 |
Plant | Extraction Method | Bacteria | Fungi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram-Positive | Gram-Negative | ||||||
B. subtilis ATCC6633 | S. aureus ATCC29213 | E. coli ATCC25922 | C. albicans ATCC10321 | A. niger NRC53 | F. solani NRC15 | ||
Teucrium polium | HD | 62.50 | 125.00 | 250.00 | ---- | ---- | ---- |
MAE | 62.50 | 125.00 | 250.00 | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
Thymus decussatus | HD | 3.91 | 1.95 | 0.98 | 3.91 | 0.49 | 7.81 |
MAE | 3.91 | 1.95 | 0.98 | 3.91 | 0.49 | 7.81 | |
Thiophenicol | 3.13 | 3.13 | 6.25 | ---- | ---- | ---- | |
Treflucan | ---- | ---- | ---- | 12.5 | 50 | 50 |
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Saleh, I.; Abd-ElGawad, A.; El Gendy, A.E.-N.; Abd El Aty, A.; Mohamed, T.; Kassem, H.; Aldosri, F.; Elshamy, A.; Hegazy, M.-E.F. Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Teucrium polium and Thymus decussatus Essential Oils Extracted Using Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Techniques. Plants 2020, 9, 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060716
Saleh I, Abd-ElGawad A, El Gendy AE-N, Abd El Aty A, Mohamed T, Kassem H, Aldosri F, Elshamy A, Hegazy M-EF. Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Teucrium polium and Thymus decussatus Essential Oils Extracted Using Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Techniques. Plants. 2020; 9(6):716. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060716
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaleh, Ibrahim, Ahmed Abd-ElGawad, Abd El-Nasser El Gendy, Abeer Abd El Aty, Tarik Mohamed, Hazem Kassem, Fahd Aldosri, Abdelsamed Elshamy, and Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy. 2020. "Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Teucrium polium and Thymus decussatus Essential Oils Extracted Using Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Techniques" Plants 9, no. 6: 716. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060716