Influence of Cathodic Water Invigoration on the Emergence and Subsequent Growth of Controlled Deteriorated Pea and Pumpkin Seeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Controlled Deterioration of Seeds
2.2. Preparation of Cathodic Water and Seed Priming
2.3. Plant Management/Experimental Design
2.4. Seedling Emergence
2.5. Physiological Measurements
2.6. Harvesting and Plant Tissue Analyses
2.7. Determination of MDA and 4-HNE
2.8. Quantification of Antioxidant Enzymes
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Priming on Seedling Emergence and Growth
3.2. Effect of Priming on Physiological Parameters
3.3. Effect of Priming on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzymes
3.4. Effect of Cathodic Water, Calcium Magnesium Solution and Deionized Water on Mineral Content of Seeds and Shoot of Pisum sativum and Cucurbita pepo
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Priming on Emergence and Later Seedling Growth
4.2. Effects of Priming on Photosynthetic Parameters
4.3. Effects of Priming on Lipid Peroxidation Products, ROS Scavenging Enzymes and Composition
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Emergence | FSC | FSP.CW | FSP.CM | FSP.DW | ASC | ASP.CW | ASP.CM | ASP.DW | LSD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pisum sativum | |||||||||
First day of emergence | 4.3 ± 0.3 ab | 4.0 ± 0 a | 4.3 ± 0.2 ab | 4.5 ± 0.3 abc | 6.3 ± 0.2 d | 4.5 ± 0.3 abc | 5.3 ± 0.2 bcd | 5.5 ± 0.3 abc | 0.7 ± 0.4 |
Last day of emergence | 6.3 ± 0.3 bc | 4.5 ± 0.3 a | 5.8 ± 0.2 b | 6.3 ± 0.2 bc | 7.5 ± 0.3 d | 6.3 ± 0.2 bc | 7.5 ± 0.3 d | 7.3 ± 0.2 cd | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
Emergence % | 100.0 ± 0 c | 100.0 ± 0 c | 100.0 ± 0 c | 100.0 ± 0 c | 60.0 ± 0 a | 80 ± 8.2 b | 75 ± 5.0 ab | 70 ± 5.8 ab | 11.5 ± 5.6 |
Mean emergence time | 4.1 ± 0.2 cd | 4.9 ± 0.04 d | 4.3 ± 0.2 cd | 3.9 ± 0.2 cd | 1.7 ± 0.2 a | 3.3 ± 0.4 bc | 2.6 ± 0.2 ab | 2.1 ± 0.2 a | 0.7 ± 0.3 |
Emergence index | 3.0 ± 0.3 d | 4.3 ± 0.1 e | 3.2 ± 0.3 de | 2.8 ± 0.3 cd | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 2.4 ± 0.3 bcd | 1.7 ± 0.2 abc | 1.3 ± 0.2 ab | 0.7 ± 0.3 |
Uniformity of emergence | 0.14 ± 0.03 bc | 0.31 ± 0.01 d | 0.18 ± 0.04 c | 0.12 ± 0.02 abc | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 abc | 0.05 ± 0.01 ab | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.03 |
Cucurbita pepo | |||||||||
First day of emergence | 6.5 ± 0.5 b | 4.0 ± 0 a | 6.0 ± 0 ab | 6.0 ± 0 ab | 10.0 ± 0.8 c | 6.0 ± 0 ab | 6.5 ± 0.5 b | 7.0 ± 0.6 b | 1.2 ± 0.6 |
Last day of emergence | 9.5 ± 0.5 b | 6.5 ± 0.50 a | 10.0 ± 0 b | 10.0 ± 0 b | 14.5 ± 0.5 d | 10.5 ± 0.5 bc | 11.0 ± 0.6 bc | 12.5 ± 0.5 cd | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
Emergence % | 100.0 ± 0 c | 100.0 ± 0 c | 100.0 ± 0 c | 100.0 ± 0 c | 60.0 ± 0.0 a | 80.0 ± 8.2 b | 70.0 ± 5.8 ab | 70.0 ± 5.8 ab | 11.9 ± 5.8 |
Mean emergence time | 4.3 ± 0.10 d | 4.8 ± 0.03 d | 4.3 ± 0.04 d | 4.12 ± 0.04 cd | 1.6 ± 0.10 a | 3.4 ± 0.30 bc | 2.8 ± 0.21 b | 2.6 ± 0.21 b | 0.5 ± 0.20 |
Emergence index | 2.4 ± 0.10 d | 3.6 ± 0.09 e | 2.4 ± 0.06 d | 2.2 ± 0.08 d | 0.6 ± 0.10 a | 1.9 ± 0.20 cd | 1.4 ± 0.12 bc | 1.3 ± 0.16 b | 0.35 ± 0.17 |
Uniformity of emergence | 0.015 ± 0.001 de | 0.021 ± 0.0004 f | 0.016 ± 0.0004 e | 0.014 ± 0.001 de | 0.006 ± 0.001 a | 0.013 ± 0.001 cd | 0.010 ± 0.001 bc | 0.009 ± 0.001 cd | 0.002 ± 0.001 |
Treatment | Pisum sativum | Cucurbita pepo | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root Length (cm) | Stem Length (cm) | Number of Leaves | Number of Inflorescence | Leaves Area (cm2) | Root Length (cm) | Stem Length (cm) | Number of Leaves | Number of Inflorescence | Leaves Area (cm2) | |
FSC | 39.8 ± 0.7 c | 36.2 ± 0.5 e | 79.5 ± 1.0 c | 5.5 ± 0.3 cd | 266.8 ± 1.3 d | 30.5 ± 1.7 abc | 28.6 ± 3.0 de | 9 ± 0.4 bcd | 9.3 ± 0.6 c | 681.2 ± 8.3 c |
FSP.CW | 45.5 ± 1.0 d | 45.5 ± 0.6 f | 97 ± 3.1 d | 9.5 ± 0.6 e | 309.4 ± 3.3 d | 51.6 ± 4.9 d | 42.8 ± 2.6 f | 11.3 ± 0.7 d | 10.8 ± 1.0 c | 768.4 ± 12.2 d |
FSP.CM | 44.8 ± 0.9 d | 37.0 ± 0.9 e | 87.3 ± 1.3 c | 6.8 ± 0.5 d | 271.6 ± 12.8 d | 38.5 ± 2.4 bc | 21.4 ± 1.3 bcd | 9.5 ± 1.2 bcd | 9.5 ± 0.3 c | 680.9 ± 10.1 c |
FSP.DW | 40.8 ± 1.6 cd | 36.6 ± 1.0 e | 85.3 ± 2.3 c | 6.5 ± 0.6 d | 269.4 ± 15.4 d | 38.8 ± 1.1 bc | 32.3 ± 1.1 e | 10.5 ± 0.3 cd | 6.5 ± 0.3 b | 701.2 ± 4.9 cd |
ASC | 15.7 ± 0.8 a | 18.8 ± 0.4 a | 36.2 ± 1.2 a | 2.3 ± 0.2 a | 67.5 ± 1.1 a | 26.0 ± 1.6 a | 11.0 ± 0 a | 5.5 ± 0.2 a | 0.0 ± 0 a | 350.1 ± 4.3 a |
ASP.CW | 37.3 ± 1.3 c | 31.1 ± 0.4 d | 52.5 ± 0.3 b | 4.5 ± 0.3 bc | 205.6 ± 3.8 c | 40.8 ± 0.7 cd | 27.1 ± 1.1 cde | 8.5 ± 0.3 bc | 6.5 ± 0.3 b | 645.9 ± 9.5 c |
ASP.CM | 26.8 ± 0.7 b | 27.7 ± 0.6 c | 38.7 ± 1.6 a | 3.3 ± 0.2 ab | 143.3 ± 6.1 b | 35.8 ± 1.6 abc | 20.1 ± 2.2 bc | 7.5 ± 0.3 ab | 2.5 ± 0.3 a | 635.6 ± 11.1 c |
ASP.DW | 23.0 ± 0.7 b | 22.8 ± 0.7 b | 51.4 ± 1.1 b | 2.8 ± 0.2 ab | 132.4 ± 1.7 b | 27.8 ± 2.14 ab | 13.4 ± 1.07 ab | 7.0 ± 0.41 ab | 2.5 ± 0.7 a | 457.4 ± 9.5 b |
LSD0.05 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 2.3 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 37.6 ± 2.2 | 6.7 ± 3.3 | 5.3 ± 2.5 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 48.2 ± 23.4 |
Dry Mass (g plant−1) | FSC | FSP.CW | FSP.CM | FSP.DW | ASC | ASP.CW | ASP.CM | ASP.DW | LSD0.05 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pisum sativum | |||||||||
Root Mass | 1.2 ± 0.01 bc | 1.6 ± 0.16 c | 1.6 ± 0.2 c | 1.2 ± 0.14 bc | 0.1 ± 0.01 a | 0.9 ± 0.07 bc | 0.6 ± 0.27 ab | 0.8 ± 0.19 ab | 0.5 ± 0.24 |
Stem Mass | 1.0 ± 0.08 c | 1.5 ± 0.09 d | 1.1 ± 0.1 c | 1.1 ± 0.02 c | 0.3 ± 0.03 a | 0.7 ± 0.09 b | 0.5 ± 0.02 ab | 0.7 ± 0.03 b | 2.0 ± 0.09 |
Leaf Mass | 1.1 ± 0.05 cd | 1.2 ± 0.09 d | 0.9 ± 0.12 c | 1.0 ± 0.04 cd | 0.2 ± 0.02 a | 0.6 ± 0.03 b | 0.5 ± 0.03 b | 0.5 ± 0.01 b | 0.2 ± 0.08 |
Shoot Mass | 2.9 ± 0.11 d | 5.3 ± 0.08 e | 2.8 ± 0.15 d | 2.9 ± 0.04 d | 0.7 ± 0.03 a | 2.1 ± 0.12 c | 1.4 ± 0.03 b | 1.9 ± 0.03 c | 0.3 ± 0.12 |
Flower Mass | 0.8 ± 0.03 b | 2.6 ± 0.11 c | 0.9 ± 0.06 b | 0.8 ± 0.01 b | 0.2 ± 0.01 a | 0.8 ± 0.05 b | 0.4 ± 0.01 a | 0.7 ± 0.01 b | 0.1 ± 0.07 |
Total Biomass | 4.1 ± 0.09 c | 6.9 ± 0.16 d | 4.4 ± 0.34 c | 4.0 ± 0.16 c | 0.8 ± 0.04 a | 2.9 ± 0.10 b | 2.1 ± 0.30 b | 2.7 ± 0.23 b | 0.6 ± 0.29 |
Shoot/Root Ratio | 2.4 ± 0.10 a | 3.4 ± 0.34 a | 1.9 ± 0.37 a | 2.6 ± 0.29 a | 14.4 ± 0.66 b | 2.4 ± 0.28 a | 5.1 ± 2.39 a | 2.9 ± 0.66 a | 2.7 ± 1.32 |
Cucurbita pepo | |||||||||
Root Mass | 1.0 ± 0.1 c | 1.8 ± 0.14 d | 1.0 ± 0.09 c | 1.1 ± 0.14 c | 0.3 ± 0.002 a | 0.8 ± 0.05 bc | 0.5 ± 0.02 ab | 0.4 ± 0.08 a | 0.26 ± 0.13 |
Stem Mass | 1.6 ± 0.1 de | 2.2 ± 0.18 f | 2.0 ± 0.17 def | 2.1 ± 0.09 ef | 0.3 ± 0.02 a | 1.5 ± 0.03 cd | 1.0 ± 0.11 bc | 0.6 ± 0.09 ab | 0.32 ± 0.16 |
Leaf Mass | 1.8 ± 0.2 bc | 2.1 ± 0.29 c | 2.0 ± 0.15 bc | 2.1 ± 0.15 c | 0.9 ± 0.01 a | 2.0 ± 0.17 bc | 1.4 ± 0.1 abc | 1.3 ± 0.16 abc | 0.51 ± 0.24 |
Shoot Mass | 3.7 ± 0.3 cd | 4.8 ± 0.45 d | 4.1 ± 0.23 cd | 4.4 ± 0.10 cd | 1.2 ± 0.01 a | 3.6 ± 0.18 c | 2.5 ± 0.19 b | 2.0 ± 0.21 ab | 0.70 ± 0.34 |
Flower Mass | 0.3 ± 0.02 de | 0.4 ± 0.03 e | 0.2 ± 0.03 c | 0.2 ± 0.01 cd | 0.0 ± 0 a | 0.2 ± 0.01 bc | 0.1 ± 0.01 ab | 0.08 ± 0.03 a | 0.07 ± 0.03 |
Total Biomass | 4.7 ± 0.2 c | 6.5 ± 0.53 d | 5.1 ± 0.17 c | 5.5 ± 0.14 cd | 1.5 ± 0.01 a | 4.5 ± 0.22 c | 3.0 ± 0.21 b | 2.3 ± 0.28 ab | 0.80 ± 0.38 |
Shoot/Root Ratio | 4.0 ± 0.5 ab | 2.70 ± 0.26 a | 4.4 ± 0.66 ab | 4.4 ± 0.6 ab | 4.2 ± 0.07 ab | 4.4 ± 0.17 ab | 5.0 ± 0.27 b | 5.7 ± 0.78 b | 1.40 ± 0.68 |
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Fatokun, K.; Beckett, R.P.; Varghese, B.; Cloete, J.; Pammenter, N.W. Influence of Cathodic Water Invigoration on the Emergence and Subsequent Growth of Controlled Deteriorated Pea and Pumpkin Seeds. Plants 2020, 9, 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080955
Fatokun K, Beckett RP, Varghese B, Cloete J, Pammenter NW. Influence of Cathodic Water Invigoration on the Emergence and Subsequent Growth of Controlled Deteriorated Pea and Pumpkin Seeds. Plants. 2020; 9(8):955. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080955
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatokun, Kayode, Richard P. Beckett, Boby Varghese, Jacques Cloete, and Norman W. Pammenter. 2020. "Influence of Cathodic Water Invigoration on the Emergence and Subsequent Growth of Controlled Deteriorated Pea and Pumpkin Seeds" Plants 9, no. 8: 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080955