Phytoremediation of a Highly Arsenic Polluted Site, Using Pteris vittata L. and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. P. vittata Growth in Greenhouse: Experiment in Controlled Conditions
2.1.1. Arsenic Bioaccumulation in P. vittata
2.1.2. Mycorrhizal Colonization
2.2. In Field Experiment
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fern Propagation and Growth
4.2. Experiment in Controlled Condition
Mycorrhizal Colonization
4.3. Field Experiment: Study Site and Phytoremediation Design
4.4. Soil Sampling and Determination of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Soil
4.5. Arsenic Determination in P. vittata
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean ± SE | Limits by Italian Law for Industrial Areas | |
---|---|---|
As | 170 ± 31 | 50 |
Cd | 2 ± 0.7 | 15 |
Cr | 401 ± 37 | 800 |
Cu | 221 ± 14 | 600 |
Fe | 82,726 ± 11,258 | - |
Mn | 301 ± 71 | - |
Ni | 82 ± 6 | 500 |
Sb | 33 ± 5.2 | 30 |
Se | 29 ± 7.2 | 15 |
Sn | 15 ± 3 | 300 |
Zn | 428 ± 69 | 1500 |
Soil Depth 0–0.2 m [a] | Soil Depth 0.2–0.4 m [a] | Limits by Italian Law for Commercial Area | |
---|---|---|---|
As | 230 ± 80 | 270 ± 72 | 50 |
Cd | 5 ± 1 | 7 ± 0,1 | 15 |
Cr | 492 ± 30 | 553 ± 70 | 800 |
Cu | 248 ± 34 | 167 ± 39 | 600 |
Fe | 84,667 ± 12,831 | 56,000 ± 6398 | - |
Mn | 389 ± 11 | 743 ± 32 | - |
Ni | 104 ± 6 | 105 ± 3 | 500 |
Sb | 37 ± 8 | 15 ± 3 | 30 |
Se | 21 ± 7 | 7 ± 2 | 15 |
Sn | 15 ± 3 | 10 ± 2 | 300 |
Zn | 572 ± 95 | 303 ± 49 | 1500 |
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Cantamessa, S.; Massa, N.; Gamalero, E.; Berta, G. Phytoremediation of a Highly Arsenic Polluted Site, Using Pteris vittata L. and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Plants 2020, 9, 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091211
Cantamessa S, Massa N, Gamalero E, Berta G. Phytoremediation of a Highly Arsenic Polluted Site, Using Pteris vittata L. and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091211
Chicago/Turabian StyleCantamessa, Simone, Nadia Massa, Elisa Gamalero, and Graziella Berta. 2020. "Phytoremediation of a Highly Arsenic Polluted Site, Using Pteris vittata L. and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi" Plants 9, no. 9: 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091211