Physiological Approach to the Use of the Natural Compound Quinate in the Control of Sensitive and Resistant Papaver rhoeas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Quinate Phytotoxicity Assay on Different Weed Species
2.2. Dose-Response Assay of Quinate on P. rhoeas
2.3. Quinate or Sulfonylurea Herbicide Application on Sensitive and Resistant P. rhoeas Populations
2.3.1. Physiological Effects of Quinate or Sulfonylurea Herbicide
Shoot Biomass and Chlorophyll Content
Physiological Parameters: Free Amino Acid Profile and Carbohydrate Content
2.3.2. Approach to the Mode of Action of Quinate: Effects on the Shikimate Pathway
3. Concluding Remarks
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material, Growing Conditions, and Treatments
4.2. Quinate Phytotoxic Effect on Different Weeds
4.3. Quinate Dose-Response Assay with P. rhoeas
4.4. Physiological Study on Sensitive and Resistant P. rhoeas Populations
4.4.1. Biomass
4.4.2. Chlorophyll Content
4.4.3. Analytical Determinations
- Amino acid content: Amino acid content was determined in the same extracts used for quinate determination using capillary electrophoresis equipped with a laser-induced fluorescence detector, as previously described [7].
- Carbohydrate content: The soluble carbohydrate (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) content was determined in ethanol-soluble extracts, and the ethanol-insoluble residue was extracted for starch analysis [5]. Carbohydrate levels were analyzed by ion chromatography in a 940 Professional IC Vario 2 instrument (Metrohm AG; Herisau: Switzerland) equipped with a Metrosep Carb2 guard 4.0 + Metrosep Carb2 150/4.0 column (Metrohm AG; Herisau: Suiza) at 30 °C. The eluent was 300 mM NaOH and 1 mM sodium acetate at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. The detection was performed by amperometry.
- DAHPS content: Proteins were separated by 12.5% SDS-PAGE, and the immunoblots were produced according to standard techniques. DAHPS immunoblotting was performed, as described previously [53].
- Shikimate content: The determination of the content of shikimate in leaf disks of treated plants was determined spectrophotometrically, as described previously [43].
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Phenological Stage at Quinate Application | Fresh Weight/m2 (% of Control) | Dry Weight/m2 (% of Control) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zadok Scale | Height | |||
Triticum aestivum | Z 12 | 8–10 cm | 73.6 ± 8.6 | 92.8 ± 12.4 |
Cynodon dactylon | Z 12 | 5 cm | 103.2 ± 24.1 | 115.9 ± 37.3 |
Z 12 | 6–8 cm | 82.1 ± 22.2 | 71.7 ± 16.4 | |
Bromus diandrus | Z 13 | 10 cm | 78.7 ± 6.5 1 | 75.4 ± 4.7 1 |
2 true leaves | 84.1 ± 3.7 1 | 85.5 ± 4.9 1 | ||
Lolium rigidum | 4 true leaves | 12.5 ± 4.4 1 | 12.3 ± 4.0 1 | |
Sinapis alba | ||||
Papaver rhoeas |
Phenological Stage at Quinate Application | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Slope | ED50 | ANOVA p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 true leaves | 2.17 | 97.1 | 2.58 | 51.94 | <0.0001 |
6–8 leaves | 1.00 | 90.4 | 8.53 | 62.25 | 0.0077 |
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Zabalza, A.; Zulet-González, A.; Barco-Antoñanzas, M.; Eceiza, M.V.; Gil-Monreal, M.; Royuela, M. Physiological Approach to the Use of the Natural Compound Quinate in the Control of Sensitive and Resistant Papaver rhoeas. Plants 2020, 9, 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091215
Zabalza A, Zulet-González A, Barco-Antoñanzas M, Eceiza MV, Gil-Monreal M, Royuela M. Physiological Approach to the Use of the Natural Compound Quinate in the Control of Sensitive and Resistant Papaver rhoeas. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091215
Chicago/Turabian StyleZabalza, Ana, Ainhoa Zulet-González, Maria Barco-Antoñanzas, Mikel V. Eceiza, Miriam Gil-Monreal, and Mercedes Royuela. 2020. "Physiological Approach to the Use of the Natural Compound Quinate in the Control of Sensitive and Resistant Papaver rhoeas" Plants 9, no. 9: 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091215