Acquiring French Intonation against the Backdrop of Heritage Bilingualism: The Case of German–Turkish Learners
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Phonological Learning against the Backdrop of Heritage Bilingualism
2.2. Language Dominance
2.3. The Languages of Our Sample: Intonation in French, Turkish, and German
3. Empirical Study
3.1. Research Questions
3.2. Participants, Data, and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Language Dominance
4.2. Intonational Data
4.2.1. French Intonation
4.2.2. Turkish Intonation
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
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Appendix D
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1 | Note that this control group was not balanced for gender. However, there is no reason to believe that male speakers could behave in general differently from females with regard to the number and distribution of APs they use. Moreover, as shall be explained later in this section, we selected comparatively short target sentences to limit the variability across native speakers as much as possible. |
2 | Note that the F0 maximum visible on fait in the native example was analyzed as a non-final pitch excursion on the initial syllable of the (compound) lexical word fait du sport. The shallow slope following the high tone also indicates the absence of an AP boundary at this point. By contrast, in the learner’s production, the steep fall following the peak on fait does indicate an AP boundary. |
3 | Note that the claim made here applies only to the sample of read speech analyzed in the present study, which consists exclusively of declarative sentences. A different result was achieved by Kühn (2016), who reports some signs of attrition in the Turkish interrogative contours produced by Turkish heritage speakers living in Germany. |
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IPA Transcription | Surface Realization of /LHi LH*/ | Schematized F0 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
centre ‘center’ | | [L | H] | | |
central ‘central’ | | | [L | H] | |
centralisent ‘(they) centralize’ | | | [L | H] | |
décentralisent ‘(they) decentralize’ | | | [LH | LH] | |
décentralisent le pouvoir ‘(they) decentralize power’ | | | [LH | LH] | |
Test Group | Ages | n | Data Collection | |
---|---|---|---|---|
M | Monolingual German leaners of French | 15–17 | 6 | Westphalia, 2016 |
B | Bilinguals German–Turkish learners of French | 15–17 | 6 | Westphalia, 2016 |
L1-F | Native speakers of French | 21–23 | 3 | Rhine-Main area, 2018 |
L1-TR | Native speakers of Turkish | 21–32 | 3 | Rhine-Main area, 2019 |
L2-TR | Monolingual German learners of Turkish | 22–43 | 5 | Rhine-Main area, 2019 |
Module | Included Questions |
---|---|
Language history | Three questions: parents’ languages, years of formal instruction in FL and HL |
Language use | Eleven questions: habitual and most frequent language in the home, language parents use with each other, language of address used by father/mother, language used to address/communicate with father/mother/siblings/best friend/friends/in the schoolyard |
Self-assessed proficiency | Six questions: pronunciation, writing skills, orthography, grammar in speaking and writing, lexicon |
Language attitudes | Six questions: importance of speaking German/Turkish well, usefulness of knowing speaking/writing German/Turkish for future jobs, “I like watching TV in …”, “I don’t like speaking …” |
B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominance score | 19.5 | −1.4 | −8.0 | 17.9 | −2.7 | 39 | 10.7 | |
Comprehension | German | 44 | 50 | 30 | 45 | 45 | 35 | 42 |
(% of max) | Turkish | 19 | 28 | 40 | 42 | 15 | 11 | 26 |
Speed | German | 1007 | 1141 | 948 | 1214 | 1137 | 917 | 1061 |
(n of words) | Turkish | 565 | 616 | 761 | 941 | 634 | 475 | 665 |
Accuracy | German | 99 | 96 | 79 | 90 | 93 | 89 | 91 |
(% correct) | Turkish | 70 | 84 | 90 | 82 | 61 | 57 | 74 |
Writing | German | 42 | 30 | 40 | 51 | 42 | 44 | 42 |
(% of max) | Turkish | 26 | 25 | 52 | 42 | 27 | 56 | 38 |
Sentence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1-F1 | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 4 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 11 (6) |
L1-F2 | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 4 | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 11 (6) |
L1-F3 | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 4 | 2 (2) | 1 | 11 (5) |
Mean | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 11 (5.7) |
M1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 21 |
M2 | 2 (1) | 4 (1) | 4 (3) | 3 (1) | 2 | 15 (6) |
M3 | 3 | 4 (1) | 5 (2) | 4 (1) | 1 (1) | 17 (5) |
M4 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 1 (1) | 21 (1) |
M5 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 21 |
M6 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 (1) | 2 | 19 (1) |
Mean | 2.8 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 19.0 (2.2) |
B1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 21 |
B2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4 (1) | 2 | 20 (1) |
B3 | 3 | 4 (1) | 5 (1) | 4 (1) | 1 (1) | 17 (4) |
B4 | 3 | 5 | 6 (1) | 4 (1) | 2 | 20 (2) |
B5 | 3 | 5 | 6 (1) | 3 (1) | 2 | 19 (2) |
B6 | 2 (1) | 4 | 5 (2) | 3 (1) | 1 (1) | 15 (5) |
Mean | 2.8 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 18.7 (2.3) |
M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | Mean M | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sentence 1 | 0.57 | 0.32 | 1.24 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 1.20 | 0.68 |
Sentence 2 | 0.86 | 1.13 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 1.14 | 0.90 |
Sentence 3 | 1.10 | 0.88 | 1.16 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.99 |
Sentence 4 | 0.53 | 0.62 | 0.77 | 0.40 | 0.82 | 1.21 | 0.73 |
Sentence 5 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.58 |
Mean | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.92 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 1.02 | 0.77 |
B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | Mean B | |
Sentence 1 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.53 |
Sentence 2 | 0.78 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 0.70 |
Sentence 3 | 0.98 | 0.49 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 0.89 | 1.08 | 0.92 |
Sentence 4 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 0.66 |
Sentence 5 | 0.71 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.72 |
Mean | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.70 |
L1-F1 | L1-F2 | L1-F3 | Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sentence 1 | 0.19 | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.31 |
Sentence 2 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.62 |
Sentence 3 | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.47 |
Sentence 4 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.40 |
Sentence 5 | 0.62 | 0.87 | 0.59 | 0.69 |
Mean | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.50 |
Sentence 1 | Sentence 2 | Sentence 1 | Sentence 2 | Sentence 1 | Sentence 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1-TR1 | 3 | 4 | B1 | 4 | 4 | L2-TR1 | 4 | 6 |
L1-TR2 | 3 | 4 | B2 | 3 | 4 | L2-TR2 | 5 | 6 |
L1-TR3 | 3 | 4 | B3 | 4 | 5 | L2-TR3 | 4 | 6 |
B4 | 4 | 4 | L2-TR4 | 4 | 6 | |||
B5 | 3 | 4 | L2-TR5 | 5 | 6 | |||
B6 | 3 | 5 | ||||||
Mean | 3 | 4 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 6 |
B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | Mean B | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sentence 1 | 0.67 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.69 |
Sentence 2 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
0.61 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.59 | |
L2-1 | L2-2 | L2-3 | L2-4 | L2-5 | Mean | ||
Sentence 1 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.99 | 0.83 | |
Sentence 2 | 0.52 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.71 | |
0.71 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.94 | 0.77 |
L1-1 | L1-2 | L1-3 | L1-4 | L1-5 | L1-6 | Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sentence 1 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.52 |
Sentence 2 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 0.68 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.48 |
0.43 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.50 |
Within-Group Variation | |
---|---|
L1-TR | 0.50 |
B | 0.42 |
L2-TR | 0.61 |
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Grünke, J.; Gabriel, C. Acquiring French Intonation against the Backdrop of Heritage Bilingualism: The Case of German–Turkish Learners. Languages 2022, 7, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010068
Grünke J, Gabriel C. Acquiring French Intonation against the Backdrop of Heritage Bilingualism: The Case of German–Turkish Learners. Languages. 2022; 7(1):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010068
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrünke, Jonas, and Christoph Gabriel. 2022. "Acquiring French Intonation against the Backdrop of Heritage Bilingualism: The Case of German–Turkish Learners" Languages 7, no. 1: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010068