Digital Competencies for Nurses: Tools for Responding to Spiritual Care Needs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
- Should spiritual care fall primarily (or exclusively) within the remit of traditional and formal practitioners, i.e., healthcare chaplains?
- Should healthcare professionals such as doctors and nurses be involved in providing spiritual support?
- Is spiritual care a private, individual matter that should remain untouchable and under the responsibility of the patient, family, or friends [30]?
- Are digital competencies a useful tool for providing care for patients’ spiritual needs?
1.2. Nurses and the Provision of Spiritual Care
1.3. Digital Competencies for Nurses
- Searching for and sharing information with other professionals in the sector through different social networks;
- Sharing information with patients through social networks and content portals created ad hoc by health services;
- Creating their “own digital brand”, gaining followers, and interacting, which helps create a “digital reputation” that improves and increases professional opportunities and relationships with the sector;
- Creating their own content related to topics of their specialty, which are usually published through personal blogs or the blogs of health services—not only creating content that is shared for free but managing and growing the visibility of that blog, possibly working intuitively using the blog’s SEO, and disseminating content through digital channels;
- Adapting to and accepting new technological solutions implemented in hospitals that favour and improve both the health and quality of life of patients as well as aspects related to health management and the costs involved; planning tasks, resources, logistics, and personnel; researching and providing information for citizens in general and patients and families in particular; conducting prevention and awareness campaigns; conducting data measurement and analysis; ensuring privacy of patient data; and tending to and working with an increasingly empowered patient or “expert patient” who is informed and relates more and more through the digital environment.
- Being able to “navigate” the amount of information that is generated and select valuable content;
- Teaching patients so that they also know how to select information;
- Attending to the sometimes-unnecessary demands and queries of patients, which are made in a context of immediacy;
- Managing important changes taking place in healthcare organizations with the implementation of management solutions, which in many cases leads to a change in work processes;
- Maintaining the privacy and security of patient data;
- Managing the compatibility of technology with face-to-face patient care.
1.4. Education for Spiritual Care in the Hospital Setting
2. Methodology
2.1. Research Objective
2.2. Methods
2.3. Instruments Used for Data Collection
- Understanding the patients’ needs and considering the various cultures, beliefs, and religions;
- Providing spiritual care to all patients, including those of a minority faith;
- Assessing how to manage those needs;
- Using assessment tools to address spiritual well-being needs;
- Assessing and supporting support spiritual needs supported by digital tools.
2.4. Study Setting
2.5. Population and Sample
2.6. Data Processing
2.7. Operational Definitions
- There are empirically inclined challenges, such as responsibility and freedom, despair and hope, and others;
- There must be consideration of values and attitudes, such as culture and art, morals and ethics, and others;
- There are also religious doctrines, foundations, and guidelines, such as beliefs and practices, relationship with God, and others.
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Healthcare Facility Characteristics and Spiritual Care Resources
3.2. Intrapersonal Spirituality
3.3. Interpersonal Spirituality
3.4. Spiritual Care Intervention and Evaluation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
7. Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Fisher, J. The Four Domains Model: Connecting Spirituality, Health and Well-Being. Religions 2011, 2, 17–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koenig, H.G. Religion, Spirituality, and Medicine: Application to Clinical Practice. JAMA 2000, 284, 1708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paik, J.E. No One an Island: The Geography of the Whole Patient. JAMA 2000, 284, 1704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McSherry, W.; Boughey, A.; Attard, J. Enhancing Nurses’ and Midwives’ Competence in Providing Spiritual Care: Through Innovative Education and Compassionate Care; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Selman, L.E.; Brighton, L.; Sinclair, S.; Karvinen, I.; Egan, R.; Speck, P.; Powell, A.R.; Deskur-Śmielecka, E.; Glajchen, M.; Adler, S.; et al. Patients’ and Caregivers’ Needs, Experiences, Preferences and Research Priorities in Spiritual Care: A Focus Group Study across Nine Countries. Palliat. Med. 2018, 32, 216–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sobel, D.S. Mind Matters, Money Matters: The Cost-effectiveness of Mind/Body Medicine. JAMA 2000, 284, 1705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, E.J.; Powell, R.A. Valuing the Spiritual. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 1430–1435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osler, W. The Faith That Heals. BMJ 1910, 1, 1470–1472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weathers, E.; McCarthy, G.; Coffeey, A. Concept Analysis of Spirituality: An Evolutionary Approach: Spirituality Concept Analysis. Nurs. Forum 2016, 51, 79–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, Q.; Liu, X.; Li, X.; Wang, Y.; Lin, Q.; Qing, L.; Wei, D.; Chen, Y. Spiritual Care Competence and Its Relationship with Self-efficacy: An Online Survey among Nurses in Mainland China. Nurs. Manag. 2021, 29, 326–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palmisano, S.; Pannofino, N. Contemporary Spiritualities: Enchanted Worlds of Nature, Wellbeing and Mystery in Italy, 1st ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Büssing, A. The Spiritual Needs Questionnaire in Research and Clinical Application: A Summary of Findings. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 3732–3748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, M.M.; Reidpath, D.D.; Ting, R.S.-K.; Allotey, P.; Su, T.T. Religiousness and Quality of Life Among Older Adults of Different Ethnic Groups in Malaysia: A Five-Year Follow-up Study. J. Relig. Health 2022, 61, 1548–1563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yilmaz, F.T.; Sabanciogullari, S.; Berk, S. The Effect of Religious Coping on the Satisfaction with Life Among Turkish Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J. Relig. Health 2021, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Nkoana, S.; Sodi, T.; Makgahlela, M.; Mokwena, J. Cancer Survivorship: Religion in Meaning Making and Coping Among a Group of Black Prostate Cancer Patients in South Africa. J. Relig. Health 2022, 61, 1390–1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabanciogullari, S.; Yilmaz, F.T. The Effect of Religious Coping on Hope Level of Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 2756–2769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinhauser, K.E.; Christakis, N.A.; Clipp, E.C.; McNeilly, M.; McIntyre, L.; Tulsky, J.A. Factors Considered Important at the End of Life by Patients, Family, Physicians, and Other Care Providers. JAMA 2000, 284, 2476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Balboni, T.; Balboni, M.; Paulk, M.E.; Phelps, A.; Wright, A.; Peteet, J.; Block, S.; Lathan, C.; VanderWeele, T.; Prigerson, H. Support of Cancer Patients’ Spiritual Needs and Associations with Medical Care Costs at the End of Life. Cancer 2011, 117, 5383–5391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Puchalski, C.; Ferrell, B.; Virani, R.; Otis-Green, S.; Baird, P.; Bull, J.; Chochinov, H.; Handzo, G.; Nelson-Becker, H.; Prince-Paul, M.; et al. Improving the Quality of Spiritual Care as a Dimension of Palliative Care: The Report of the Consensus Conference. Palliat. Med. 2009, 12, 885–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Puchalski, C.M.; Vitillor, R.; Hull, K.S.; Reller, N. Improving the Spiritual Dimension of Whole Person Care: Reaching National and International Consensus. Palliat. Med. 2014, 17, 642–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carey, L.B.; Swift, C.; Burton, M. COVID-19: Multinational Perspectives of Providing Chaplaincy, Pastoral, and Spiritual Care. Health Soc. Care Chaplain. 2020, 8, 133–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carey, L.B.; Cohen, J.; Koenig, H.G.; Gabbay, E.; Carey, J.R.; Aiken, C. COVID-19, Mental Health and Cancer. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 2191–2195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Río, R.; de Ojeda, J.; Soriano, V. The Resurgence of Medical Ethics During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 Outbreak. AIDS Rev. 2020, 22, 4608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bowers, B.; Pollock, K.; Oldman, C.; Barclay, S. End-of-life Care during COVID-19: Opportunities and Challenges for Community Nursing. Br. J. Community Nurs. 2021, 26, 44–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rigoli, F. The Link Between COVID-19, Anxiety, and Religious Beliefs in the United States and the United Kingdom. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 2196–2208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Busfield, L. Listening on the Outside–Screaming on the Inside: Reflections from an Acute Hospital Chaplain during the First Weeks of COVID-19. Health Soc. Care Chaplain. 2020, 8, 218–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chirico, F.; Nucera, G. An Italian Experience of Spirituality from the Coronavirus Pandemic. J. Relig. Health 2020, 59, 2193–2195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shields, M.; Kestenbaum, A.; Dunn, L.B. Spiritual AIM and the Work of the Chaplain: A Model for Assessing Spiritual Needs and Outcomes in Relationship. Palliat. Support Care 2015, 13, 75–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Caldeira, S.; Timmins, F.; De Carvalho, E.C.; Vieira, M. Spiritual Well-Being and Spiritual Distress in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: Utilizing the SWBQ as Component of Holistic Nursing Diagnosis. J. Relig. Health 2017, 56, 1489–1502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carey, L.B. Utility and Commissioning of Spiritual Carers. In Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 397–405. [Google Scholar]
- Pesut, B.; Reimer-Kirkham, S.; Sawatzky, R.; Woodland, G.; Peverall, P. Hospitable Hospitals in a Diverse Society: From Chaplains to Spiritual Care Providers. J. Relig. Health 2012, 51, 825–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amiri, H.; Farokhzadian, J.; Tirgari, B. Empowerment of Nurses for Integrating Clients’ Religion/Spirituality into Clinical Practice: Outcomes of an Online Training Program. BMC Nurs. 2021, 20, 210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castaldelli-Maia, J.M.; Bhugra, D. Investigating the Interlinkages of Alcohol Use and Misuse, Spirituality and Culture–Insights from a Systematic Review. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2014, 26, 352–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karaman, E.; Erkin, Ö.; Göl, İ. The Relationship Between Spiritual Care Levels of Turkish Nurses with the Spiritual Well-Being of Their Patients: An Exploratory Study. J. Relig. Health 2022, 61, 1882–1893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harorani, M.; Jadidi, A.; Zand, S.; Khoshkhoutabar, T.; Rafiei, F.; Beheshti, S.Z. Spiritual Care in Hospitalized Patients in Iran: An Action Research Study. J. Relig. Health 2021, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- RCN. Spirituality in Nursing Care: A Pocket Guide; The Royal College of Nursing: London, UK, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Damsma-Bakker, A.; van Leeuwen, R. An Online Competency-Based Spiritual Care Education Tool for Oncology Nurses. Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 2021, 37, 151210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leeuwen, R.; Attard, J.; Ross, L.; Giske, T.; Kleiven, T.; McSherry, W. The Development of a Consensus-based Spiritual Care Education Standard for Undergraduate Nursing and Midwifery Students: An Educational Mixed Methods Study. J. Adv. Nurs. 2021, 77, 973–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pastrana, T.; Frick, E.; Krikorian, A.; Ascencio, L.; Galeazzi, F.; Büssing, A. Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCQ). J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 3621–3639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Cunha, V.F.; Pillon, C.S.; Zafar, S.; Wagstaff, C.; Comin, S.F. Brazilian Nurses’ Concept of Religion, Religiosity, and Spirituality: A Qualitative Descriptive Study. Nurs. Health Sci. 2020, 22, 1161–1168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konttila, J.; Siira, H.; Kyngäs, H.; Lahtinen, M.; Elo, S.; Kääriäinen, M.; Kaakinen, P.; Oikarinen, A.; Yamakawa, M.; Fukui, S.; et al. Healthcare Professionals’ Competence in Digitalisation: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Nurs. 2019, 28, 745–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terry, J.; Davies, A.; Williams, C.; Tait, S.; Condon, L. Improving the Digital Literacy Competence of Nursing and Midwifery Students: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of NICE Student Champions. Nurse. Educ. Pract. 2019, 34, 192–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernández-Llamazares, Á.; Lepofsky, D. Ethnobiology through Song. J. Ethnobiol. 2019, 39, 337–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2024; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- UNIR Research. From Cure to Care: Digital Education and Spiritual Assistance in Healthcare; UNIR Research: Madrid, Spain, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, J. Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Timmins, F.; Caldeira, S.; Murphy, M.; Pujol, N.; Sheaf, G.; Weathers, E.; Whelan, J.; Flanagan, B. An Exploration of Current Approaches to and Facilities for Spiritual Care Provision in the Republic of Ireland. J. Pastor. Care Couns. 2017, 71, 122–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hawthorne, D.M.; Gordon, S.C. The Invisibility of Spiritual Nursing Care in Clinical Practice. J. Holist. Nurs. 2020, 38, 47–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Timmins, F.; Caldeira, S.; Murphy, M.; Pujol, N.; Sheaf, G.; Weathers, E.; Whelan, J.; Flanagan, B. The Role of the Healthcare Chaplain: A Literature Review. J. Health Care Chaplain. 2018, 24, 87–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tracey, E.; Crowe, T.; Wilson, J.; Ponnala, J.; Rodriguez-Hobbs, J.; Teague, P. An Introduction to a Novel Intervention, “This is My Story”, to Support Interdisciplinary Medical Teams Delivering Care to Non-Communicative Patients. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 3282–3290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giffen, S.; Macdonald, G. Report for the Association of Chaplaincy in General Practice on Spiritual Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Health Soc. Care Chaplain. 2020, 8, 265–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vandenhoeck, A. The Impact of the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Chaplaincy in Health Care: Introduction to an International Survey. J. Pastor. Care Couns. 2021, 75 (Suppl. 1), 4–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papadopoulos, I.; Lazzarino, R.; Logan, E.P.; Koulouglioti, C. Spiritual Support During COVID-19 in England: A Scoping Study of Online Sources. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 2209–2230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Roest, H.G.; Prins, M.; Van der Velden, C.; Steinmetz, S.; Stolte, E.; Van Tilburg, T.G.; de Vries, H.D. The Impact of COVID-19 Measures on Well-Being of Older Long-Term Care Facility Residents in the Netherlands. JAMA 2020, 21, 1569–1570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Timmins, F. Nurses’ Views of Spirituality and Spiritual Care in the Republic of Ireland. J. Study Spirit. 2013, 3, 123–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ross, I.J. Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala. Asian Music. 1979, 11, 80–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karadag, E.; Yüksel, S. Complementary, Traditional and Spiritual Practices Used by Cancer Patients in Turkey When Coping with Pain: An Exploratory Case Study. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 2784–2798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brady, J.E.; Prufer, K.M. In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Studies of Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use; University of Texas Press: Austin, TX, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, S. Ritual and Music of North China: Shawm Bands in Shanxi; Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.: London, UK, 2007; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
- Herdman, T.; Kamitsuru, S. Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification, 2015–2017; Wiley Blackwell: Chichester, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Timmins, F.; Connolly, M.; Palmisano, S.; Burgos, D.; Juárez, L.M.; Gusman, A.; Soriano, V.; Jewdokimow, M.; Sadłoń, W.; Serrano, A.L.; et al. Providing Spiritual Care to In-Hospital Patients During COVID-19: A Preliminary European Fact-Finding Study. J. Relig. Health 2022, 61, 2212–2232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brucks, M.S.; Levav, J. Virtual Communication Curbs Creative Idea Generation. Nature 2022, 605, 108–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moreira-Almeida, A.; Sharma, A.; van Rensburg, B.J.; Verhagen, P.J.; Cook, C.C. WPA Position Statement on Spirituality and Religion in Psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2016, 15, 87–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kudubes, A.A.; Akıl, Z.K.; Bektas, M.; Bektas, I. Nurses’ Attitudes Towards Death and Their Effects on Spirituality and Spiritual Care. J. Relig. Health 2021, 60, 153–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olivier, J.; Tsimpo, C.; Gemignani, R.; Shojo, M.; Coulombe, H.; Dimmock, F.; Nguyen, M.C.; Hines, H.; Mills, E.J.; Dieleman, J.L.; et al. Understanding the Roles of Faith-based Health-care Providers in Africa: Review of the Evidence with a Focus on Magnitude, Reach, Cost, and Satisfaction. Lancet 2015, 386, 1765–1775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrison, S.; Scarle, J. How are Chaplaincy Departments Responding Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Snapshot of UK Responses to a Questionnaire. Health Soc. Care Chaplain. 2020, 8, 143–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rentala, S.; Ng, S.-M. Application of Mobile Call-Based Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit (IBMS) Intervention to Deal with Psychological Issues of COVID-19 Patients: A Case Study in India. J. Holist. Nurs. 2021, 39, 338–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Drummond, D.A.; Carey, L.B. Chaplaincy and Spiritual Care Response to COVID-19: An Australian Case Study–The McKellar Centre. Health Soc. Care Chaplain. 2020, 8, 165–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Are nurses encouraged to understand how people express theis spirituality? | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Are nurses made aware of the different world/religious views and how these may impact individuals’ responses to key life events? | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Is nursing care respectful to individuals´ diverse expressions of spirituality? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Digital Skills for Spiritual Attention | Spiritual and Care in Hospital |
---|---|
Digital support to promote the spirituality of nurses | Frenemies: spirituality and religios |
Spirituality and care, and spirituality in care around the word | |
Spirituality in healthcare settings | |
Tye spirituality of care professionals and nurses | |
Research tools for the study of patientients´spiritual needs | |
Spirituality and care and spirituality in care around the world—mapping, networking, and metiation | Managing religious diversity |
Christianity: Cotholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy | |
Judaims and Islam | |
Buddhism, Hiduism, and Sikhism | |
Jehovah´s Witnesses, agnosticism, and atheism | |
Organising and managing information to promote spirituality and care of nurses | Narrative medicine |
Narrative-based medicine | |
Narrative medicine and spirituality: the professional point of view | |
Narrative medicine and spirituality: patiens, family members, and dialogues | |
Narrative medicine: measurement and evaluation | |
Narrative medicina and spirutality beyond sciencitific papers |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Burgos, D.; López-Serrano, A.; Palmisano, S.; Timmins, F.; Connolly, M. Digital Competencies for Nurses: Tools for Responding to Spiritual Care Needs. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101966
Burgos D, López-Serrano A, Palmisano S, Timmins F, Connolly M. Digital Competencies for Nurses: Tools for Responding to Spiritual Care Needs. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101966
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurgos, Daniel, Aída López-Serrano, Stefania Palmisano, Fiona Timmins, and Michael Connolly. 2022. "Digital Competencies for Nurses: Tools for Responding to Spiritual Care Needs" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101966
APA StyleBurgos, D., López-Serrano, A., Palmisano, S., Timmins, F., & Connolly, M. (2022). Digital Competencies for Nurses: Tools for Responding to Spiritual Care Needs. Healthcare, 10(10), 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101966