Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Masked Depression and Anxiety among Jordanian and Palestinian Couples: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Sample Size Calculation
2.4. Clinical Measures
2.5. Ethical Considerations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Depression and Anxiety Characteristics
3.3. Associated Related Factors of Anxiety and Depression among Participants
3.3.1. Correlation between BDI-II Score and Age, Period of Marriage, Total Monthly Income and Total HAM-A Score
3.3.2. Correlation between HAM-A Score and Age, Period of Marriage, Total Monthly Income and Total BDI-II Score
3.3.3. Correlation between BDI-II and HAM-A Scores and Categorical Participants’ Demographic Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Works
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Mean (SD) | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Country | ||
| 285 (60.8) | |
| 184 (39.2) | |
Gender | ||
| 237 (50.5) | |
| 232 (49.5) | |
Age in years | 36.0 ± 9.70 | |
Body mass index (BMI) | ||
| 26.7 ± 4.9 (overweight) | |
| 26.5 ± 5.3 (overweight) | |
Smoking status | ||
| 125 (26.7) | |
| 291 (62.2) | |
| 26 (5.6) | |
| 26 (5.6) | |
Education level | ||
| 37 (7.9) | |
| 134 (28.7) | |
| 190 (40.7) | |
| 106 (22.7) | |
Employment | ||
| 338 (72.5) | |
| 128 (27.5) | |
Family type | ||
| 244 (52.8) | |
| 218 (47.2) | |
Period of marriage in years | 10.5 ± 7.9 | |
Insurance | ||
| 368 (78.6) | |
| 100 (21.4) | |
Insurance type | ||
| 241 (64.9) | |
| 94 (25.3) | |
| 36 (9.7) | |
Total monthly income in JOD | 827 ± 655 | |
Suffering from chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases, respiratory problems…etc) | ||
| 48 (10.8) | |
| 398 (89.2) | |
Your evaluation of your health | ||
| 141 (31.5) | |
| 221 (49.4) | |
| 67 (15.0) | |
| 18 (4.0) | |
| 0 (0.0) |
Mean ± SD | Number of Participants and Percent | |
---|---|---|
Depression characterisation | ||
Total BDI-II score | 15.3 ± 10.0 | |
Normal (1–10 points) | 160 (34.1) | |
Mild mood disturbance (11–16 points) | 90 (19.2) | |
Borderline clinical depression (17–20 points) | 66 (14.1) | |
Moderate depression (21–30 points) | 120 (25.6) | |
Severe depression (31–40 points) | 28 (6.0) | |
Extreme depression (>40 points) | 5 (1.1) | |
Patients with normal BDI-II score and different HAM-A scores (Expected Anxiety alone) | ||
Mild severity (<17 points) | 158 (98.8) | |
Mild to moderate severity (18–24 points) | 2 (1.3) | |
Moderate to severe (25–30 points) | 0 (0.0) | |
Very Severe (31–56 points) | 0 (0.0) | |
Patients with suicidal thoughts and wishes | 87 (18.6) | |
Anxiety characterisation | ||
Total HAM-A score | 12.3 ± 8.2 | |
Mild severity (<17 points) | 323 (68.9) | |
Mild to moderate severity (18–24 points) | 114 (24.3) | |
Moderate to severe (25–30 points) | 28 (6.0) | |
Very Severe (31–56 points) | 3 (0.6) | |
Patients with normal HAM-A score and different BDI-II scores (Expected depression alone) | ||
Normal (1–10 points) | 158 (48.9) | |
Mild mood disturbance (11–16 points) | 62 (19.2) | |
Borderline clinical depression (17–20 points) | 41 (12.7) | |
Moderate depression (21–30 points) | 53 (16.4) | |
Severe depression (31–40 points) | 8 (2.5) | |
Extreme depression (>40 points) | 1 (0.3) |
Parameter | Total BDI-II Score | Total HAM-A Score | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | ||||
Jordan | 11.1 ± 10.1 | 8.4 ± 7.6 | ||
Palestine | 21.8 ± 5.4 | 18.3 ± 4.3 | ||
Jordan | Palestine | Jordan | Palestine | |
p value | p value | |||
Gender | 0.015 | 0.91 | 0.017 | 0.18 |
Smoking status | 0.81 | 0.95 | 0.67 | 0.20 |
Family Type | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.011 | 0.21 |
Education level | 0.001 | 0.57 | 0.048 | 0.89 |
Employment | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.010 | 0.27 |
Insurance | 0.192 | 0.104 | 0.91 | 0.32 |
Health evaluation | <0.001 | 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.41 |
Independent Variables | Dependent Variable | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HAM-A Score | BDI-II Score | |||
Standardised Coefficients Beta | p-Value | Standardised Coefficients Beta | p-Value | |
Gender | 0.170 | 0.015 | 0.127 | 0.062 |
Family Type | 0.141 | 0.024 | 0.112 | 0.066 |
Education Level | –0.125 | 0.047 | –0.166 | 0.007 |
Employment | 0.069 | 0.319 | 0.139 | 0.040 |
Evaluation of health | 0.226 | <0.001 | 0.250 | <0.001 |
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Jaber, D.; Basheer, H.A.; Elsalem, L.; Dweib, M.; Khadra, M.; Abduljabbar, R.; Ghazwi, R.; Alhamad, H. Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Masked Depression and Anxiety among Jordanian and Palestinian Couples: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091679
Jaber D, Basheer HA, Elsalem L, Dweib M, Khadra M, Abduljabbar R, Ghazwi R, Alhamad H. Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Masked Depression and Anxiety among Jordanian and Palestinian Couples: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2022; 10(9):1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091679
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaber, Deema, Haneen A. Basheer, Lina Elsalem, Mohammad Dweib, Maysa Khadra, Rami Abduljabbar, Rawan Ghazwi, and Hamza Alhamad. 2022. "Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Masked Depression and Anxiety among Jordanian and Palestinian Couples: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 10, no. 9: 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091679