Hyperuricemia as a Risk Factor in Hypertension among Patients with Very High Cardiovascular Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Study Limitations
6.1. Study Design
6.2. Data Collection
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basic Population Characteristics | |||
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 705 | Age | 67.00 ± 9.85 years |
Male | 65.81% (462) | Atrial fibrillation | 8.83% (62) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4.26% (30) | Heart failure | 43.40% (306) |
BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 80.06% (562) | Past myocardial infarction | 46.38% (327) |
Chronic kidney disease | 13.82% (97) | Uric acid in serum >5 mg/dL | 71.51% (502) |
Diabetes mellitus | 35.03% (247) | Uric acid in serum >7 mg/dL | 27.35% (192) |
Lipid and cholesterol disorders | 67.23% (474) | Uric acid in serum >10 mg/dL | 2.56% (18) |
General Characteristic | UA ≤ 5 mg/dL n = 203 | UA > 5 mg/dL n = 502 | OR | 95% Cl | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 73.89% (150) | 82.07% (412) | 1.5823 | 1.0754 to 2.3283 | 0.02 |
Male | 53.20% (108) | 70.52% (354) | 2.1040 | 1.5037 to 2.9438 | <0.001 |
Gout | 0.49% (1) | 3.19% (16) | 6.6502 | 0.8761 to 50.4822 | 0.067 |
Hyperuremic treatment | 4.93% (10) | 5.58% (28) | 1.1401 | 0.5433 to 2.3924 | 0.729 |
Diabetes mellitus | 32.51% (66) | 36.06% (181) | 1.1704 | 0.8284 to 1.6536 | 0.372 |
Lipid and cholesterol disorder | 70.94% (144) | 65.74% (330) | 0.7861 | 0.5514 to 1.1207 | 0.184 |
Asthma | 2.96% (6) | 2.39% (12) | 0.8041 | 0.2976 to 2.1723 | 0.667 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2.96% (6) | 6.77% (34) | 2.3853 | 0.9857 to 5.7722 | 0.054 |
Sleep apnea | 0.00% (0) | 1.00% (5) | 4.4995 | 0.2477 to 81.7502 | 0.309 |
Hyperthyroidism | 4.43% (9) | 3.78% (19) | 0.8479 | 0.3771 to 1.9069 | 0.690 |
Hypothyroidism | 2.96% (6) | 1.99% (10) | 0.7345 | 0.2633 to 2.0491 | 0.556 |
Hypertension-Related Complication | UA ≤ 5 mg/dL n = 203 | UA > 5 mg/dL n = 502 | OR | 95% Cl | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left ventricular hypertrophy: | |||||
| 43.35% (88) | 45.82% (230) | 1.1050 | 0.7957 to 1.5347 | 0.551 |
| 24.14% (49) | 19.92% (100) | 0.7818 | 0.5299 to 1.1536 | 0.215 |
| 19.21% (39) | 25.90% (130) | 1.4695 | 0.9828 to 2.1972 | 0.061 |
Peripheral artery disease (PAD): | |||||
| 19.21% (39) | 20.92% (105) | 1.1122 | 0.7380 to 1.6760 | 0.611 |
| 12.81% (26) | 12.35% (62) | 0.9593 | 0.5876 to 1.5659 | 0.868 |
| 6.40% (13) | 8.57% (43) | 1.3692 | 0.7198 to 2.6044 | 0.338 |
Renal: | |||||
Chronic kidney disease | 7.39% (15) | 16.33% (82) | 2.4470 | 1.3746 to 4.3558 | 0.002 |
| 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0.1879 | 0.0036 to 9.8298 | 0.4076 |
| 0% (0) | 8.54% (7) | 3.0795 | 0.1670 to 56.7825 | 0.4494 |
| 53.33% (8) | 34.15% (28) | 0.4537 | 0.1492 to 1.3799 | 0.1638 |
| 20% (3) | 37.80% (31) | 2.2288 | 0.5764 to 8.6180 | 0.2454 |
| 20% (3) | 17.07% (14) | 0.7549 | 0.1861 to 3.0620 | 0.6939 |
| 6.67% (1) | 2.44% (2) | 0.1728 | 0.0102 to 2.9268 | 0.2240 |
Albuminuria | 1.97% (4) | 1.99% (10) | 1.0112 | 0.3135 to 3.2619 | 0.985 |
Myocardial infarction history | 41.38% (84) | 48.41% (243) | 1.3292 | 0.9559 to 1.8481 | 0.091 |
INOCA | 35.47% (72) | 27.09% (136) | 0.6761 | 0.4772 to 0.9579 | 0.028 |
Stroke history | 6.40% (13) | 6.18% (31) | 0.9619 | 0.4926 to 1.8783 | 0.91 |
Heart failure: | |||||
| 33.50% (68) | 47.41% (238) | 1.7898 | 1.2738 to 2.5147 | <0.001 |
| 14.29% (29) | 12.75% (64) | 0.8767 | 0.5465 to 1.4064 | 0.878 |
| 8.87% (18) | 16.14% (81) | 1.9774 | 1.1533 to 3.3906 | 0.013 |
| 9.85% (20) | 17.33% (87) | 1.9182 | 1.1447 to 3.2143 | 0.013 |
Atrial fibrillation | 3.45% (7) | 10.96% (55) | 3.4452 | 1.5414 to 7.7002 | 0.003 |
Hypertension Treatment | UA ≤ 5 mg/dL n = 203 | UA > 5 mg/dL n = 502 | OR | 95% Cl | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACE-I | 73.89% (150) | 77.89% (391) | 1.2446 | 0.8533 to 1.8155 | 0.256 |
ARB | 17.73% (36) | 18.92% (95) | 1.0828 | 0.7088 to 1.6542 | 0.713 |
Ca blockers | 47.78% (97) | 42.83% (215) | 0.8186 | 0.5902 to 1.1356 | 0.231 |
Beta blockers | 83.25% (169) | 92.43% (464) | 2.4566 | 1.4973 to 4.0303 | <0.001 |
Diuretics | 35.96% (73) | 62.95% (316) | 3.0255 | 2.1554 to 4.2468 | <0.001 |
Variable | UA ≤ 5 mg/dL n = 203 | UA > 5 mg/dL n = 502 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 134.00 ± 22.83 | 134.00 ± 21.36 | 0.875 |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 76.50 ± 13.9 | 78.00 ± 13.10 | 0.128 |
Pulse Pressure (mm Hg) | 57.00 ± 19.32 | 56.00 ± 18.61 | 0.579 |
Mean Arterial Pressure (mm Hg) | 95.16 ± 13.65 | 97.00 ± 13.3 | 0.445 |
Heart Rate (beats/minute) | 64.00 ± 9.33 | 66.00 ± 13.60 | 0.015 |
Serum Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 4.26 ± 0.65 | 6.58 ± 1.43 | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 67.00 ± 9.26 | 67.00 ± 10.09 | 0.947 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.59 ± 4.29 | 29.02 ± 4.43 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.74 | 0.98 ± 0.49 | <0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min/m2) | 83.00 ± 28.06 | 72.00 ± 32.37 | 0.006 |
Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | 107.50 ± 51.91 | 104.00 ± 46.68 | 0.268 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 158.5 ± 42.60 | 161.00 ± 41.88 | 0.2794 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 85.00 ± 36.38 | 93.00 ± 36.17 | 0.034 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 49.50 ± 13.29 | 44.00 ± 22.25 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 107.00 ± 55.93 | 161.00 ± 90.62 | <0.001 |
LVEF (%) | 55.00 ± 9.14 | 50.00 ± 11.26 | <0.001 |
LA (mm) | 38.5 ± 5.96 | 40.00 ± 7.21 | 0.003 |
RVDD (mm) | 29.00 ± 3.46 | 30.00± 3.53 | <0.001 |
Ascending Aorta (mm) | 34.00 ± 3.86 | 35.00 ± 4.04 | 0.003 |
LVEDD (mm) | 48.00 ± 6.23 | 50.00 ± 6.77 | <0.001 |
Intraventricular Septum (mm) | 11.00 ± 1.54 | 11.00 ± 1.65 | 0.6340 |
Posterior Wall (mm) | 11.00 ± 1.19 | 11.00 ± 1.30 | 0.3881 |
LV Mass Index (g/m2) | 100.00 ± 31.02 | 108.00 ± 29.16 | 0.0200 |
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Muszyński, P.; Dąbrowski, E.J.; Pasławska, M.; Niwińska, M.; Kurasz, A.; Święczkowski, M.; Tokarewicz, J.; Kuźma, Ł.; Kożuch, M.; Dobrzycki, S. Hyperuricemia as a Risk Factor in Hypertension among Patients with Very High Cardiovascular Risk. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11172460
Muszyński P, Dąbrowski EJ, Pasławska M, Niwińska M, Kurasz A, Święczkowski M, Tokarewicz J, Kuźma Ł, Kożuch M, Dobrzycki S. Hyperuricemia as a Risk Factor in Hypertension among Patients with Very High Cardiovascular Risk. Healthcare. 2023; 11(17):2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11172460
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuszyński, Paweł, Emil Julian Dąbrowski, Marta Pasławska, Marta Niwińska, Anna Kurasz, Michał Święczkowski, Justyna Tokarewicz, Łukasz Kuźma, Marcin Kożuch, and Sławomir Dobrzycki. 2023. "Hyperuricemia as a Risk Factor in Hypertension among Patients with Very High Cardiovascular Risk" Healthcare 11, no. 17: 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11172460