Efficacy of Daily Walking as a Potential Predictor of Improved Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. EQ-5D Scores Based on Physical Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Unweighted N | Weighted N | Percentage (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs) | |||
Adult (19–64) | 1189 | 1,465,639 | 61.68 (59.31, 64.06) |
Elderly (>65) | 1216 | 910,428 | 38.31 (35.94, 40.69) |
Sex | |||
Male | 1150 | 1,258,594 | 52.97 (50.36, 55.58) |
Female | 1255 | 1,117,472 | 47.03 (44.42, 49.63) |
Region | |||
City | 1406 | 1,289,305 | 54.26 (51.20, 57.32) |
Non-city | 999 | 1,086,761 | 45.74 (42.68, 48.80) |
House-income | |||
Low | 886 | 755,197 | 32.63 (30.05, 35.22) |
Lower middle | 609 | 604,291 | 26.11 (23.57, 28.66) |
Upper middle | 448 | 490,965 | 21.22 (18.88, 23.56) |
High | 409 | 463,752 | 20.04 (17.70, 22.38) |
Education | |||
Elementary school or lower | 1246 | 1,096,971 | 46.39 (43.71, 49.08) |
Middle school | 364 | 368,888 | 15.60 (13.62, 17.58) |
High school | 516 | 594,814 | 25.16 (22.67, 27.65) |
College or higher | 270 | 303,859 | 12.85 (11.01, 14.69) |
Cardiovascular comorbidity | |||
No | 776 | 855,966 | 36.04 (33.42, 38.65) |
Yes | 1628 | 1,519,412 | 61.35 (61.35, 66.58) |
Musculoskeletal comorbidity | |||
No | 1658 | 1,715,967 | 72.24 (69.93, 74.55) |
Yes | 746 | 659,411 | 27.76 (25.45, 30.07) |
Respiratory comorbidity | |||
No | 2098 | 2,101,041 | 88.43 (86.98, 89.87) |
Yes | 307 | 275,025 | 11.57 (10.13, 13.02) |
Endocrine comorbidity | |||
No | 2298 | 2,276,974 | 95.83 (94.84, 96.82) |
Yes | 104 | 95,816 | 4.03 (3.05, 5.01) |
Cancer comorbidity | |||
No | 2269 | 2,275,255 | 95.86 (94.94, 96.78) |
Yes | 133 | 98,264 | 4.14 (3.22, 5.06) |
Mental comorbidity | |||
No | 1977 | 2,004,222 | 84.41 (82.68, 86.13) |
Yes | 427 | 370,214 | 15.59 (13.87, 17.32) |
Skin comorbidity | |||
No | 2338 | 2,315,381 | 97.52 (96.79, 98.24) |
Yes | 66 | 59,056 | 2.49 (1.76, 3.12) |
Urologic comorbidity | |||
No | 2370 | 2,340,370 | 98.56 (98.00, 99.13) |
Yes | 34 | 34,066 | 1.43 (0.87, 2.00) |
Digestive comorbidity | |||
No | 2323 | 2,287,686 | 96.35 (95.35, 97.34) |
Yes | 81 | 86,750 | 3.65 (2.66, 4.64) |
Frequency of Physical Activity | Walking | Moderate Activity | Vigorous Activity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |
0 | 0.78 | (0.75, 0.81) | 0.85 | (0.84, 0.86) | 0.85 | (0.84, 0.87) |
1 | 0.90 | (0.87, 0.92) | 0.91 | (0.90, 0.94) | 0.90 | (0.86, 0.95) |
2 | 0.91 | (0.88, 0.93) | 0.92 | (0.90, 0.94) | 0.94 | (0.93, 0.96) |
3 | 0.90 | (0.88, 0.92) | 0.92 | (0.89, 0.95) | 0.90 | (0.88, 0.93) |
4 | 0.88 | (0.83, 0.93) | 0.90 | (0.87, 0.95) | 0.94 | (0.92, 0.97) |
5 | 0.90 | (0.88, 0.92) | 0.89 | (0.86, 0.92) | 0.90 | (0.86, 0.94) |
6 | 0.93 | (0.91, 0.96) | 0.94 | (0.91, 0.98) | 0.91 | (0.87, 0.95) |
7 | 0.87 | (0.85, 0.88) | 0.87 | (0.85, 0.90) | 0.89 | (0.85, 0.93) |
Frequency of Physical Activity (Days/Week) | Walking | Moderate Activity | Vigorous Activity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Mobility | ||||||
1 vs. 0 | 0.86 | 0.46, 1.59 | 0.75 | 0.46, 1.22 | 1.09 | 0.50, 2.39 |
2 vs. 0 | 0.75 | 0.42, 1.34 | 0.69 | 0.31, 1.50 | 0.56 | 0.26, 1.19 |
3 vs. 0 | 0.66 | 0.41, 1.07 | 0.83 | 0.44, 1.55 | 1.29 | 0.53, 3.13 |
4 vs. 0 | 0.61 | 0.33, 1.13 | 0.41 a | 0.18, 0.94 | 0.45 | 0.13, 1.58 |
5 vs. 0 | 0.66 | 0.37, 1.17 | 0.78 | 0.40, 1.53 | 1.55 | 0.64, 3.74 |
6 vs. 0 | 0.40 b | 0.21,0.75 | 0.47 | 0.18, 1.20 | 0.73 | 0.18, 2.87 |
7 vs. 0 | 0.76 | 0.55,1.06 | 0.73 | 0.46, 1.56 | 1.09 | 0.54, 2.21 |
Self-care | ||||||
1 vs. 0 | 0.49 | 0.23, 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.43, 1.83 | 0.94 | 0.37, 2.37 |
2 vs. 0 | 0.46 a | 0.23, 0.89 | 0.37 b | 0.17, 0.77 | 0.28 a | 0.08, 0.99 |
3 vs. 0 | 0.38 b | 0.20, 0.71 | 0.38 | 0.14, 1.02 | 0.57 | 0.22, 1.51 |
4 vs. 0 | 0.51 | 0.23, 1.14 | 0.50 | 0.07, 3.47 | 0.03 b | 0.00, 0.25 |
5 vs. 0 | 0.96 | 0.43, 2.13 | 0.33 | 0.11, 1.01 | 0.68 | 0.11, 4.36 |
6 vs. 0 | 0.36 a | 0.15, 0.86 | 0.35 | 0.08, 1.57 | 0.84 | 0.25, 2.87 |
7 vs. 0 | 0.44 c | 0.30, 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.42, 1.20 | 1.55 | 0.67, 3.62 |
Usual activity | ||||||
1 vs. 0 | 0.62 | 0.35, 1.08 | 0.72 | 0.40, 1.28 | 1.23 | 0.63, 2.43 |
2 vs. 0 | 0.59 | 0.35, 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.54, 1.67 | 0.69 | 0.29, 1.68 |
3 vs. 0 | 0.65 | 0.39, 1.09 | 0.50 a | 0.28, 0.92 | 1.13 | 0.57, 2.24 |
4 vs. 0 | 0.59 | 0.30, 1.16 | 0.64 | 0.27, 1.52 | 0.78 | 0.21, 2.87 |
5 vs. 0 | 1.12 | 0.58, 2.15 | 1.17 | 0.53, 2.58 | 1.02 | 0.29, 3.55 |
6 vs. 0 | 0.57 | 0.30, 1.07 | 0.59 | 0.23, 1.50 | 0.76 | 0.27, 2.16 |
7 vs. 0 | 0.87 | 0.62, 1.23 | 0.92 | 0.60, 1.40 | 1.42 | 0.75, 2.67 |
Pain/suffering | ||||||
1 vs. 0 | 0.69 | 0.41, 1.16 | 0.59 | 0.34, 1.01 | 1.80 | 1.00, 3.25 |
2 vs. 0 | 0.67 | 0.40, 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.60, 1.76 | 0.94 | 0.50, 1.76 |
3 vs. 0 | 0.73 | 0.47, 1.12 | 0.82 | 0.48, 1.41 | 2.14 a | 1.10, 4.17 |
4 vs. 0 | 0.57 | 0.32, 1.00 | 1.27 | 0.65, 2.48 | 1.25 | 0.43, 3.66 |
5 vs. 0 | 0.87 | 0.50, 1.51 | 1.67 | 0.66, 4.25 | 1.01 | 0.46, 2.19 |
6 vs. 0 | 0.44 a | 0.20, 0.98 | 0.41 a | 0.18, 0.94 | 0.86 | 0.23, 3.18 |
7 vs. 0 | 0.80 | 0.58, 1.10 | 1.05 | 0.68, 1.63 | 0.84 | 0.45, 1.58 |
Anxiety/depression | ||||||
1 vs. 0 | 0.70 | 0.36, 1.33 | 0.88 | 0.49, 1.59 | 1.16 | 0.54, 2.48 |
2 vs. 0 | 0.83 | 0.42, 1.63 | 0.95 | 0.51, 1.78 | 1.93 a | 1.03, 3.61 |
3 vs. 0 | 0.79 | 0.48, 1.30 | 0.76 | 0.40, 1.47 | 1.11 | 0.55, 2.26 |
4 vs. 0 | 0.64 | 0.30, 1.35 | 0.47 | 0.21, 1.07 | 0.89 | 0.24, 3.33 |
5 vs. 0 | 1.34 | 0.69, 2.59 | 1.13 | 0.54, 2.36 | 0.91 | 0.29, 2.88 |
6 vs. 0 | 0.92 | 0.46, 1.83 | 0.60 | 0.20, 1.87 | 1.54 | 0.30, 7.82 |
7 vs. 0 | 1.06 | 0.73, 1.52 | 0.79 | 0.48, 1.30 | 0.74 | 0.32, 1.67 |
OLS Regression Model | Tobit Regression Model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% CI | |
Walking | ||||
1 vs. 0 | 0.05 c | (0.02, 0.08) | 0.07 b | (0.01, 0.12) |
2 vs. 0 | 0.06 c | (0.02, 0.09) | 0.07 a | (0.01, 0.13) |
3 vs. 0 | 0.06 c | (0.03, 0.09) | 0.08 b | (0.03, 0.13) |
4 vs. 0 | 0.05 a | (0.00, 0.10) | 0.09 a | (0.01, 0.18) |
5 vs. 0 | 0.05 b | (0.01, 0.08) | 0.04 | (−0.02, 0.10) |
6 vs. 0 | 0.07 c | (0.04, 0.10) | 0.11 b | (0.03, 0.18) |
7 vs. 0 | 0.04 c | (0.02, 0.07) | 0.05 b | (0.01, 0.09) |
Moderate | ||||
1 vs. 0 | 0.03 b | (0.01, 0.06) | 0.06 a | (0.01, 0.12) |
2 vs. 0 | 0.02 | (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.01 | (−0.05, 0.06) |
3 vs. 0 | 0.02 a | (0.00, 0.05) | 0.05 | (−0.01, 0.10) |
4 vs. 0 | 0.02 | (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.04 | (−0.04, 0.11) |
5 vs. 0 | 0.00 | (−0.03, 0.04) | −0.03 | (−0.13, 0.06) |
6 vs. 0 | 0.05 b | (0.01, 0.08) | 0.13 b | (0.04, 0.22) |
7 vs. 0 | 0.02 | (−0.00 *, 0.05) | 0.04 | (−0.01, 0.09) |
Vigorous | ||||
1 vs. 0 | −0.04 | (−0.08, 0.01) | −0.07 | (−0.15, 0.01) |
2 vs. 0 | 0.00 | (−0.02, 0.02) | −0.01 | (−0.07, 0.05) |
3 vs. 0 | −0.03 | (−0.05, 0.00) | −0.06 | (−0.13, 0.00) |
4 vs. 0 | 0.01 | (−0.02, 0.05) | −0.00 * | (−0.12, 0.12) |
5 vs. 0 | −0.02 | (−0.06, 0.02) | −0.06 | (−0.15, 0.03) |
6 vs. 0 | 0.02 | (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.02 | (−0.09, 0.13) |
7 vs. 0 | −0.01 | (−0.05, 0.03) | −0.00 | (−0.08, 0.07) |
Age (≥65 vs. <65) | −0.05 c | (−0.07, −0.04) | −0.08 c | (−0.11, −0.05) |
Sex (female vs. male) | −0.01 | (−0.03, 0.01) | −0.02 | (−0.05, 0.01) |
Region (city vs. non-city) | 0.02 a | (0.00, 0.03) | 0.04 a | (0.01, 0.07) |
House income (reference: higher) | ||||
Low | −0.07 c | (−0.10, −0.05) | −0.13 c | (−0.18, −0.08) |
Lower middle | −0.01 | (−0.03, 0.01) | −0.05 a | (−0.09, −0.00 *) |
Upper middle | −0.00 * | (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.02 | (−0.06, 0.03) |
Education (reference: college or higher) | ||||
Elementary school or lower | −0.04 c | (−0.06, −0.02) | −0.10 c | (−0.15, −0.05) |
Middle school | −0.01 | (−0.03, 0.01) | −0.05 | (−0.11, 0.00) |
High school | −0.01 | (−0.03, 0.01) | −0.03 | (−0.08, 0.03) |
Comorbidity | ||||
Cardiovascular comorbidity | −0.02 a | (−0.03, −0.00 *) | −0.04 a | (−0.07, −0.01) |
Musculoskeletal comorbidity | −0.08 c | (−0.10, −0.06) | −0.13 c | (−0.17, −0.10) |
Respiratory comorbidity | −0.03 a | (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.05 b | (−0.09, −0.01) |
Endocrine comorbidity | 0.01 | (−0.03, 0.04) | 0.02 | (−0.04, 0.08) |
Cancer comorbidity | 0.01 | (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.00 | (−0.05, 0.05) |
Mental comorbidity | −0.07 c | (−0.10, −0.05) | −0.11 c | (−0.15, −0.08) |
Skin comorbidity | 0.03 | (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.05 | (−0.02, 0.13) |
Urologic comorbidity | −0.11 a | (−0.20, −0.02) | −0.16 b | (−0.26, −0.05) |
Digestive comorbidity | 0.00 | (−0.03, 0.03) | −0.03 | (−0.09, 0.04) |
Constant | 0.94 | (0.90, 0.96) | 1.14 | (1.07, 1.12) |
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Park, W.; Lee, D. Efficacy of Daily Walking as a Potential Predictor of Improved Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Korea. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161644
Park W, Lee D. Efficacy of Daily Walking as a Potential Predictor of Improved Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Korea. Healthcare. 2024; 12(16):1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161644
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Wonil, and Dongjun Lee. 2024. "Efficacy of Daily Walking as a Potential Predictor of Improved Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Korea" Healthcare 12, no. 16: 1644. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161644