Estimation of the Global Disease Burden of Depression and Anxiety between 1990 and 2044: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Software
3. Results
3.1. Burden and Time Trends for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
3.2. Variation in the Burden of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Sex and Age Groups
3.3. Burden of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Different SDI Countries
3.4. Attributable Risk Factors of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
3.5. Predication of Incidence Rate of Depression and Anxiety Disorders
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DALYs | disability-adjusted life years |
GHDx | Global Health Data Exchange |
WHO | World Health Organization |
SDI | socio-demographic index |
ASIR | age-standardized incidence rate |
ASPR | age-standardized prevalence rate |
UIs | uncertainty intervals |
APC | age–period–cohort |
References
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Region | ASIR | ASPR | Age-Standardized DALY Rate | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate | Upper | Lower | Change | Rate | Upper | Lower | Change | Rate | Upper | Lower | Change | |
Global | 3588.25 | 4060.42 | 3152.71 | −5.79 | 3440.05 | 3817.64 | 3097.01 | −4.22 | 577.75 | 788.88 | 405.79 | −4.97 |
High SDI | 4013.63 | 4550.43 | 3545.48 | 0.99 | 3581.47 | 3985.85 | 3230.01 | 0.50 | 626.84 | 852.48 | 438.47 | 1.03 |
High–middle SDI | 3184.21 | 3583.66 | 2809.60 | −11.16 | 3151.21 | 3472.33 | 2851.66 | −9.04 | 523.01 | 713.05 | 367.02 | −10.84 |
Middle SDI | 3139.00 | 3540.43 | 2765.35 | −4.79 | 3194.79 | 3534.33 | 2873.67 | −3.36 | 521.68 | 709.93 | 366.80 | −4.03 |
Low–middle SDI | 4180.30 | 4740.48 | 3660.97 | −11.82 | 3839.57 | 4261.99 | 3440.78 | −7.83 | 654.34 | 897.85 | 458.32 | −9.71 |
Low SDI | 4770.22 | 5461.66 | 4142.24 | −9.79 | 4283.03 | 4818.15 | 3805.88 | −6.83 | 738.87 | 1011.24 | 514.68 | −7.90 |
Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia | 3176.93 | 3618.38 | 2772.56 | 9.69 | 3081.42 | 3442.33 | 2747.08 | 7.15 | 513.51 | 701.96 | 359.29 | 8.95 |
Central Asia | 3327.42 | 3825.36 | 2888.66 | −3.57 | 3186.51 | 3644.09 | 2807.90 | −2.93 | 534.90 | 741.82 | 372.57 | −2.64 |
Central Europe | 2436.80 | 2771.69 | 2132.45 | −12.87 | 2601.01 | 2956.18 | 2309.75 | −8.87 | 413.89 | 572.31 | 290.54 | −11.19 |
Eastern Europe | 3546.80 | 4062.82 | 3076.08 | −9.93 | 3316.40 | 3683.91 | 2964.16 | −7.11 | 562.24 | 771.76 | 391.45 | −7.99 |
High-income | 4179.27 | 4712.02 | 3699.39 | −6.11 | 3659.91 | 4062.62 | 3307.44 | −4.74 | 647.16 | 882.46 | 451.97 | −4.97 |
Australasia | 5079.18 | 5925.80 | 4368.05 | −2.53 | 4284.28 | 4908.87 | 3764.64 | −1.32 | 777.82 | 1094.07 | 538.62 | −1.84 |
High-income Asia Pacific | 2320.99 | 2600.80 | 2063.54 | 10.04 | 2084.27 | 2313.10 | 1885.57 | 5.49 | 365.65 | 499.26 | 253.57 | 7.78 |
High-income North America | 4885.16 | 5532.44 | 4308.48 | 8.77 | 4270.27 | 4743.29 | 3867.94 | 4.43 | 753.77 | 1023.69 | 525.53 | 6.67 |
Southern Latin America | 3313.55 | 3745.45 | 2925.62 | 4.72 | 2777.33 | 3111.55 | 2492.50 | 1.68 | 503.29 | 690.90 | 349.65 | 3.73 |
Western Europe | 4347.46 | 4912.74 | 3841.95 | 28.37 | 3851.28 | 4296.63 | 3448.09 | 13.92 | 677.20 | 929.50 | 475.01 | 20.69 |
Latin America and Caribbean | 3983.79 | 4483.33 | 3524.74 | −8.56 | 3417.06 | 3791.43 | 3079.39 | −5.40 | 607.23 | 824.73 | 423.12 | −6.72 |
Andean Latin America | 2886.58 | 3315.19 | 2499.39 | −2.63 | 2725.64 | 3105.16 | 2379.98 | −1.97 | 462.07 | 640.03 | 318.12 | −1.96 |
Caribbean | 4336.17 | 5007.13 | 3737.42 | −5.36 | 3673.61 | 4178.74 | 3212.46 | −3.71 | 657.19 | 905.93 | 454.07 | −4.01 |
Central Latin America | 3675.78 | 4181.96 | 3219.65 | −7.47 | 3198.45 | 3562.30 | 2865.73 | −4.93 | 563.62 | 771.17 | 392.72 | −6.00 |
Tropical Latin America | 4560.16 | 5058.00 | 4084.43 | −0.63 | 3799.36 | 4168.93 | 3464.31 | −0.94 | 686.08 | 932.46 | 482.44 | −1.00 |
North Africa and Middle East | 5098.60 | 5947.72 | 4378.86 | 0.59 | 4348.89 | 4971.11 | 3807.29 | 0.46 | 781.06 | 1075.62 | 535.18 | 0.52 |
South Asia | 4179.15 | 4727.18 | 3668.72 | −3.51 | 3794.72 | 4199.68 | 3416.01 | −2.10 | 645.08 | 877.70 | 452.66 | −3.01 |
Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania | 2274.02 | 2548.25 | 2016.08 | −10.20 | 2723.91 | 3022.42 | 2451.50 | −6.96 | 415.06 | 569.35 | 290.21 | −8.39 |
East Asia | 2292.26 | 2562.45 | 2043.67 | −4.25 | 2720.13 | 3004.92 | 2449.91 | −2.36 | 415.98 | 573.46 | 291.93 | −2.85 |
Oceania | 2711.59 | 3193.17 | 2306.26 | −9.64 | 3044.75 | 3541.71 | 2622.94 | −6.45 | 476.09 | 663.22 | 325.58 | −8.23 |
Southeast Asia | 2060.52 | 2341.00 | 1797.73 | −9.19 | 2610.58 | 2958.36 | 2302.92 | −9.16 | 389.23 | 536.55 | 270.38 | −9.20 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 5072.06 | 5771.53 | 4432.41 | 1.06 | 4540.40 | 5112.41 | 4038.07 | 0.71 | 786.51 | 1083.35 | 549.28 | 0.13 |
Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 6646.94 | 7819.84 | 5680.50 | −4.74 | 5536.91 | 6307.63 | 4801.31 | −3.47 | 1000.16 | 1397.69 | 682.15 | −3.81 |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 5466.48 | 6234.48 | 4781.02 | −6.43 | 4849.21 | 5416.77 | 4317.19 | −4.90 | 845.40 | 1154.93 | 589.89 | −5.09 |
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 4552.32 | 5105.97 | 4015.91 | −4.17 | 4166.26 | 4612.26 | 3736.31 | −3.10 | 705.61 | 958.57 | 497.87 | −3.56 |
Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 4407.30 | 5021.82 | 3851.35 | −6.04 | 4075.39 | 4556.07 | 3633.02 | −4.06 | 693.84 | 949.29 | 485.18 | −4.80 |
Region | ASIR | ASPR | Age-Standardized DALY Rate | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate | Upper | Lower | Change | Rate | Upper | Lower | Change | Rate | Upper | Lower | Change | |
Global | 585.45 | 709.53 | 474.21 | 1.04 | 3779.52 | 4473.26 | 3181.07 | 1.74 | 360.12 | 494.44 | 248.60 | 2.13 |
High SDI | 710.54 | 872.80 | 570.38 | 3.37 | 4806.55 | 5782.42 | 4017.17 | 1.10 | 456.89 | 626.95 | 312.75 | 1.18 |
High–middle SDI | 584.85 | 704.58 | 476.96 | 2.07 | 3754.47 | 4406.91 | 3188.73 | 2.83 | 359.98 | 494.80 | 250.24 | 2.66 |
Middle SDI | 599.21 | 719.35 | 487.91 | −0.94 | 3793.62 | 4438.95 | 3220.87 | −1.37 | 363.15 | 497.93 | 252.87 | −1.34 |
Low–middle SDI | 549.87 | 670.04 | 446.34 | −0.30 | 3470.02 | 4097.03 | 2909.21 | −0.52 | 328.89 | 451.62 | 228.88 | −0.16 |
Low SDI | 556.08 | 686.33 | 444.56 | −2.87 | 3494.81 | 4240.76 | 2879.71 | −3.24 | 331.48 | 455.65 | 226.98 | −2.88 |
Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia | 470.73 | 576.51 | 379.52 | 10.05 | 2993.33 | 3562.52 | 2501.28 | 11.64 | 285.83 | 392.62 | 197.74 | 11.98 |
Central Asia | 371.71 | 464.99 | 290.94 | −0.05 | 2221.55 | 2773.54 | 1751.53 | −0.04 | 212.77 | 298.07 | 142.78 | 0.78 |
Central Europe | 506.31 | 624.14 | 403.70 | −5.91 | 3276.15 | 3986.55 | 2685.65 | −9.55 | 313.31 | 435.32 | 212.34 | −9.10 |
Eastern Europe | 504.11 | 605.85 | 408.39 | −0.53 | 3188.52 | 3719.63 | 2727.09 | −0.89 | 304.66 | 414.36 | 214.57 | −0.39 |
High-income | 735.38 | 896.97 | 593.37 | 0.72 | 5058.29 | 6047.44 | 4242.70 | 0.59 | 480.87 | 657.48 | 330.35 | 1.29 |
Australasia | 848.68 | 1077.15 | 661.32 | 1.06 | 6031.85 | 7447.53 | 4885.40 | −0.32 | 575.65 | 805.72 | 383.79 | −0.12 |
High-income Asia Pacific | 433.60 | 528.98 | 351.23 | 4.57 | 2616.41 | 3108.17 | 2184.38 | 3.65 | 253.02 | 350.79 | 174.36 | 3.56 |
High-income North America | 806.33 | 987.22 | 643.52 | 3.98 | 5559.91 | 6582.64 | 4693.53 | 3.63 | 521.52 | 709.05 | 362.54 | 3.53 |
Southern Latin America | 730.02 | 871.88 | 604.80 | −6.76 | 5125.85 | 5885.12 | 4459.77 | −6.91 | 491.15 | 662.28 | 343.49 | −6.59 |
Western Europe | 791.24 | 977.02 | 629.18 | 8.12 | 5626.62 | 6814.10 | 4632.75 | 7.71 | 537.89 | 748.20 | 364.59 | 7.41 |
Latin America and Caribbean | 780.33 | 957.51 | 621.61 | 0.61 | 5502.31 | 6588.71 | 4625.85 | −0.92 | 524.13 | 721.08 | 361.15 | −0.58 |
Andean Latin America | 787.71 | 1006.92 | 610.28 | 10.11 | 5497.27 | 6893.06 | 4467.76 | 16.07 | 527.34 | 741.83 | 351.37 | 16.46 |
Caribbean | 669.28 | 846.20 | 520.30 | 2.59 | 4400.69 | 5499.82 | 3522.48 | 2.72 | 419.78 | 587.13 | 279.15 | 3.39 |
Central Latin America | 609.11 | 757.86 | 484.47 | 2.14 | 3930.74 | 4782.64 | 3253.45 | 2.51 | 376.21 | 521.35 | 258.09 | 2.95 |
Tropical Latin America | 989.45 | 1208.28 | 791.17 | 2.68 | 7378.64 | 8605.85 | 6296.08 | 1.81 | 700.17 | 953.94 | 487.24 | 2.01 |
North Africa and Middle East | 783.08 | 980.97 | 615.84 | 4.12 | 5135.71 | 6267.23 | 4164.90 | 3.74 | 492.15 | 685.31 | 333.99 | 3.81 |
South Asia | 497.90 | 596.56 | 403.59 | 2.43 | 3045.53 | 3547.16 | 2594.45 | 2.55 | 286.44 | 390.78 | 200.71 | 2.42 |
Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania | 539.27 | 644.14 | 442.13 | 1.15 | 3292.85 | 3821.73 | 2801.90 | 0.74 | 317.21 | 434.13 | 222.90 | 1.29 |
East Asia | 525.02 | 620.38 | 434.05 | 4.37 | 3180.75 | 3663.70 | 2712.31 | 4.70 | 307.61 | 421.59 | 215.22 | 5.21 |
Oceania | 626.04 | 786.47 | 488.65 | −2.43 | 4006.76 | 4990.40 | 3182.94 | −5.56 | 380.21 | 531.82 | 253.59 | −5.18 |
Southeast Asia | 578.70 | 710.45 | 464.32 | 1.76 | 3633.25 | 4314.97 | 3024.10 | −0.48 | 347.56 | 475.99 | 242.08 | −0.48 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 547.81 | 680.19 | 436.12 | −0.19 | 3462.63 | 4184.23 | 2839.15 | 0.45 | 329.74 | 457.57 | 224.61 | −0.09 |
Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 604.33 | 768.91 | 465.78 | 0.62 | 3863.99 | 4826.48 | 3089.56 | 0.79 | 366.32 | 516.87 | 244.62 | 1.26 |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 575.22 | 719.92 | 453.32 | 14.85 | 3716.29 | 4530.63 | 3050.00 | 25.06 | 353.88 | 487.70 | 241.11 | 25.67 |
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 576.08 | 701.31 | 461.61 | 0.08 | 3657.96 | 4307.84 | 3100.42 | 1.50 | 345.37 | 472.97 | 241.16 | 1.53 |
Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 499.15 | 612.78 | 401.76 | 1.31 | 3066.50 | 3683.28 | 2532.61 | 1.58 | 293.35 | 405.93 | 201.14 | 2.02 |
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Liu, J.; Ning, W.; Zhang, N.; Zhu, B.; Mao, Y. Estimation of the Global Disease Burden of Depression and Anxiety between 1990 and 2044: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171721
Liu J, Ning W, Zhang N, Zhu B, Mao Y. Estimation of the Global Disease Burden of Depression and Anxiety between 1990 and 2044: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Healthcare. 2024; 12(17):1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171721
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jinnan, Wei Ning, Ning Zhang, Bin Zhu, and Ying Mao. 2024. "Estimation of the Global Disease Burden of Depression and Anxiety between 1990 and 2044: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" Healthcare 12, no. 17: 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171721