The Effects of Concurrent Training Versus Aerobic or Resistance Training Alone on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Study Selection
2.2. Identification and Selection Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction and Synthesis
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Meta-Analysis
3.3.1. CT vs. AT
3.3.2. CT vs. RT
3.4. Heterogeneity
3.5. Publication Bias
3.6. Subgroup Analysis
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Author, Year | Sample Size (Sex) | Health Status | Age (Years) | BMI (kg/m2) | Intervention Groups | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahtiainen et al., 2009 [34] | 26 (M) | Healthy | CT: 64 ± 3 AT: 58 ± 8 RT: 61 ± 5 | CT: >28 AT: >28 RT: >28 | CT AT RT | Weight, FP, LBM, CSA |
Aminilari et al., 2017 [35] | 37 (F) | Overweight and T2D | CT: 45–60 AT: 45–60 RT: 45–60 | CT: 29.01 ± 2.57 AT: 30.03 ± 5.48 RT: 29.11 ± 1.92 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, FP, MM |
Balducci et al., 2010 [65] | 42 (26 M, 16 F) | T2D and MetS | CT: 60.60 ± 9.30 AT: 64.30 ± 8.10 | CT: 30.50 ± 0.90 AT: 29.40 ± 1.10 | CT AT | Weight, BMI, WC, FP, |
Bernard et al., 1999 [66] | 36 (28 M, 8 F) | COPD | CT: 64.00 ± 7.00 AT: 67.00 ± 9.00 | CT: 27.00 ± 5.00 AT: 25.00 ± 4.00 | CT AT | CSA |
Bouchla et al., 2011 [67] | 20 (16 M, 4 F) | CHF | CT: 56.7 ± 7.2 AT: 50.5 ± 11.4 | CT: 28.6 ± 4.4 AT: 28.1 ± 2.7 | CT AT | LBM, FM |
Boulé et al., 2013 [68] | 62 (31 M, 31 F) | T2D | 53.1 ± 6.9 | 33.3 ± 6.4 | CT AT RT | Weight, WC |
Burich et al., 2015 [69] | 33 (6 M, 27 F) | Healthy | CT: 62.70 ± 5.10 AT: 63.60 ± 4.40 | ND | CT AT | Weight, BF |
Cadore et al., 2010 [36] | 23 (M) | Healthy | CT: 66.80 ± 4.80 AT: 64.40 ± 3.50 RT: 64.00 ± 3.50 | ND | CT AT RT | Weight, FM, BF |
Campos et al., 2013 [37] | 19 (F) | Healthy | CT1: 62.00 ± 2.50 CT2: 66.00 ± 3.50 AT: 63.60 ± 2.51 RT: 70.00 ± 6.27 | CT1: 28.58 ± 7.63 CT2: 26.24 ± 4.90 AT: 27.40 ± 6.62 RT: 25.32 ± 4.24 | CT1 CT2 AT RT | Weight, WC, FM, FP, MM |
Chang et al., 2023 [70] | 28 (3 M, 25 F) | Healthy and chronic disease (hypertension, T2D, cancer and MetS) | CT: 58.19 ± 8.16 AT: 59.59 ± 7.03 | ND | CT AT | Weight, BMI, WC, FP, VF |
Chen et al., 2017 [38] | 45 (8 M, 37 F) | Sarcopenic obesity | CT: 68.50 ± 2.70 AT: 69.30 ± 3.00 RT: 68.90 ± 4.40 | CT: 27.20 ± 2.90 AT: 26.80 ± 3.80 RT: 28.30 ± 4.40 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, VF, MM, FP, FM |
Choi et al., 2021 [71] | 36 (F) | Overweight | CT: 73.19 ± 2.17 AT: 73.11 ± 2.11 | CT: 25.11 ± 3.65 AT: 25.12 ± 2.11 | CT AT | Weight, BMI, FP, LBM |
Church et al., 2010 [39] | 208 (78 M, 130 F) | T2D | CT: 55.40 ± 8.30 AT: 53.70 ± 9.10 RT: 56.90 ± 8.70 | CT: 35.80 ± 6.20 AT: 34.70 ± 6.10 RT: 34.10 ± 5.40 | CT AT RT | Weight, WC, FM, LBM |
Cortez-Cooper et al., 2007 [72] | 25 (6 M, 19 F) | Overweight | CT: 51.00 ± 1.00 RT: 52.00 ± 2.00 | CT: 27.00 ± 1.10 RT: 26.80 ± 1.10 | CT RT | Weight, BMI, FP, LBM |
Cuff et al., 2003 [73] | 19 (F) | T2D | CT: 63.40 ± 6.95 AT: 59.40 ± 5.70 | CT: 33.30 ± 4.74 AT: 32.50 ± 4.20 | CT AT | Weight, VF, CSA |
Davidson et al., 2009 [40] | 93 (37 M, 56 F) | Obesity | CT1: 67.10 ± 4.50 CT2: 66.50 ± 5.30 AT1: 68.80 ± 6.00 AT2: 69.10 ± 6.50 RT1: 67.40 ± 5.70 RT2: 67.60 ± 4.20 | CT1: 31.10 ± 3.10 CT2: 29.50 ± 3.00 AT1: 29.90 ± 3.00 AT2: 29.20 ± 3.70 RT1: 30.10 ± 2.60 RT2: 30.00 ± 3.40 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, WC, VF, MM, FM |
Delaney et al., 2014 [74] | 35 (26 M, 9 F) | Patients with intermittent claudication (overweight) | CT: 69.40 ± 9.60 AT: 73.40 ± 9.10 | CT: 29.00 ± 5.60 AT: 27.00 ± 4.30 | CT AT | MM |
Delecluse et al., 2004 [75] | 62 (M) | Overweight | CT1: 63.80 ± 4.80 CT2: 63.70 ± 6.00 AT: 64.50 ± 5.30 | CT1: 27.10 ± 3.40 CT2: 26.80 ± 3.80 AT: 26.60 ± 2.80 | CT1 CT2 AT | WC, FFM, FP |
Do Amaral et al., 2021 [76] | 28 (F) | Obesity | CT: 67.50 ± 3.40 RT: 66.10 ± 16.00 | CT: 31.00 ± 7.90 RT: 30.00 ± 6.10 | CT RT | Weight, BMI, WC |
Feiereisen et al., 2007 [77] | 45 (38 M, 7 F) | CHF | CT: 60.60 ± 5.60 AT: 59.40 ± 6.50 RT: 57.90 ± 5.80 | ND | CT AT RT | MV |
Gayda et al., 2009 [78] | 16 (M) | CHD | 55.00 ± 8.00 | ND | CT AT | Weight, FP, LBM, MV |
Gonzalo-Encabo et al., 2020 [79] | 23 (F) | Overweight and obese postmenopausal | CT: 58 [56.5, 61.0] AT: 56.5 [55.0, 58.5] | CT: 32.5 [28.5, 37.5] AT: 32.3 [29.6, 35.5] | CT AT | Weight, FM, LBM |
Hansen et al., 2011 [80] | 47 (44 M, 3 F) | CAD | CT: 60.40 ± 8.90 AT: 58.90 ± 7.20 | CT: 26.60 ± 3.10 AT: 27.00 ± 3.20 | CT AT | FM, LBM |
Ho et al., 2012 [41] | 48 (6 M, 42 F) | Overweight obese | CT: 53.00 ± 1.30 AT: 55.00 ± 1.20 RT: 52.00 ± 1.10 | CT: 33.30 ± 1.20 AT: 32.70 ± 1.30 RT: 33.00 ± 1.30 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, WC, FM, FP |
Irving et al., 2015 [42] | 30 (15 M, 15 F) | Healthy | CT: 71.00 ± 6.32 AT: 70.00 ± 3.31 RT: 70.00 ± 3.31 | CT: 28.00 ± 3.16 AT: 28.00 ± 3.31 RT: 27.00 ± 3.31 | CT AT RT | FP, FM, LBM, CSA |
Izquterdo et al., 2004 [43] | 31 (M) | Healthy | CT: 66.40 ± 4.50 AT: 68.20 ± 1.70 RT: 64.80 ± 2.60 | CT: 25.20 ± 8.70 AT: 27.60 ± 2.70 RT: 29.60 ± 4.10 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, FP, FFM, CSA |
Jorge et al., 2011 [81] | 36 (14 M, 22 F) | T2D | CT: 57.90 ± 8.06 AT: 52.09 ± 8.71 RT: 54.10 ± 8.93 | CT: 31.23 ± 3.88 AT: 29.29 ± 2.19 RT: 30.89 ± 4.09 | CT AT RT | BMI |
Kadoglou et al., 2013 [44] | 66 (18 M & 48 F) | T2D | CT: 57.90 ± 6.50 AT: 58.30 ± 5.40 RT: 56.10 ± 5.30 | CT: 31.91 ± 2.93 AT: 31.55 ± 3.11 RT: 32.89 ± 3.26 | CT AT RT | BMI, FP |
Karavirta et al., 2011 [45] | 30 (M) | Healthy | CT: 56.00 ± 7.00 AT: 54.00 ± 8.00 RT: 56.00 ± 6.00 | CT: 26.20 ± 3.20 AT: 25.50 ± 3.40 RT: 26.40 ± 2.90 | CT AT RT | CSA |
Kim et al., 2018 [82] | 25 (3 M, 22 F) | Healthy | 73.20 ± 4.90 | CT: 24.94 ± 1.63 RT: 25.75 ± 2.60 | CT RT | Weight, BMI, LBM, FP, WC |
Kobayashi et al., 2023 [46] | 186 (112 M, 74 F) | T2D | CT: 59 (52–68) AT: 59 (54–65) RT: 60 (53–66) | CT: 23.80 (22.9–24.7) AT: 23.60 (22.2–24.7) RT: 23.50 (22.6–24.4) | CT AT RT | LBM, FM |
Lee et al., 2015 [83] | 19 (F) | Healthy | CT: 68.38 ± 2.93 AT: 67.64 ± 2.82 | CT: 24.23 ± 1.33 AT: 24.09 ± 1.28 | CT AT | Weight, BMI, FM, LBM, FP |
Lima et al., 2017 [84] | 30 (5 M, 25 F) | Hypertension | CT: 67.80 ± 5.20 AT: 67.80 ± 4.30 | CT: 28.00 ± 3.20 AT: 28.90 ± 3.50 | CT AT | BMI, LBM, FM, WC |
Marzolini et al., 2018 [85] | 68 (44 M, 24 F) | Chronic stroke with motor impairments | CT: 61.70 ± 10.00 AT: 65.60 ± 13.20 | CT: 27.78 ± 4.30 AT: 25.32 ± 5.10 | CT AT | BMI, LBM, FP |
Marzolini et al., 2008 [86] | 53 (47 M, 6 F) | CAD | CT1: 62.70 ± 11.45 CT2: 60.90 ± 10.02 AT: 57.90 ± 10.40 | CT1: 25.70 ± 3.01 CT2: 27.60 ± 3.61 AT: 26.80 ± 3.48 | CT AT | LBM, FP |
Moreno-Cabañas et al., 2021 [87] | 66 (48 M, 18 F) | MetS | 56.00 ± 7.00 | CT: 32.70 ± 5.20 AT: 32.00 ± 4.10 | CT AT | Weight, BMI, FM, FFM, WC |
Pedralli et al., 2020 [88] | 37 (20 M, 17 F) | Prehypertension or hypertension | CT: 53.80 ± 9.10 AT: 50.90 ± 14.20 RT: 55.10 ± 6.90 | CT: 27.90 ± 5.50 AT: 29.80 ± 4.10 RT: 28.50 ± 6.01 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, WC |
Piralaiy et al., 2021 [47] | 33 (M) | T2D neuropathy | 55.24 ± 8.11 | CT: 30.36 ± 3.02 AT: 30.39 ± 3.36 RT: 28.79 ± 2.59 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, FP |
Rossi et al., 2016 [89] | 52 (F) | Hyper-triacylglycerolemic postmenopause | 61.0 ± 6.3 | CT: 28.3 ± 2.7 AT: 28.4 ± 2.9 | CT AT | Weight, BMI, FM, FP, FFM |
Rossi et al., 2018 [90] | 29 (F) | Postmenopause | CT: 61.40 ± 5.00 AT: 61.80 ± 7.9 | CT: 30.50 ± 4.30 AT: 28.40 ± 2.90 | CT AT | FM, LBM |
Ruangthai et al., 2019 [48] | 42 (6 M, 36 F) | Hypertension | CT: 67.30 ± 5.90 AT: 65.60 ± 4.50 RT: 68.00 ± 7.40 | CT: 24.10 ± 2.00 AT: 23.80 ± 2.40 RT: 22.60 ± 2.60 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, FM, FP, MM |
Schroeder et al., 2019 [49] | 52 (21 M, 31 F) | Hypertension, overweight/obesity | CT: 58.00 ± 7.00 AT: 58.00 ± 7.00 RT: 57.00 ± 9.00 | CT: 31.90 ± 5.50 AT: 32.50 ± 5.90 RT: 33.10 ± 5.90 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, WC, LBM, FM (kg), FP |
Scott et al., 2021 [50] | 67 (24 M, 43 F) | Lung cancer survivors with poor cardiorespiratory fitness | CT: 63.00 ± 11.00 AT: 64.00 ± 9.00 RT: 64.00 ± 9.00 | CT: 27.00 ± 4.00 AT: 26.00 ± 6.00 RT: 27.00 ± 6.00 | CT AT RT | Weight, LBM, FP |
Sénéchal et al., 2013 [91] | 171 (62 M, 109 F) | T2D | CT: 55.90 ± 7.20 AT: 55.10 ± 8.30 RT: 58.10 ± 8.30 | CT: 34.70 ± 5.90 AT: 34.00 ± 5.60 RT: 33.90 ± 5.40 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, WC, FP, FM, LBM |
Seo et al., 2010 [92] | 15 (F) | Healthy postmenopausal | CT: 54.00 ± 3.60 AT: 55.00 ± 4.80 | CT: 24.00 ± 1.90 AT: 27.40 ± 3.40 | CT AT | Weight, BMI, WC, FP |
Sigal et al., 2007 [93] | 188 (119 M, 69 F) | T2D | CT: 53.50 ± 7.30 AT: 53.90 ± 6.60 RT: 54.70 ± 7.50 | CT: 35.00 ± 9.60 AT: 35.60 ± 10.10 RT: 34.10 ± 9.60 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, WC, LBM, FM, FP, VF, CSA |
Sillanpää et al., 2010 [94] | 70 (F) | Healthy | CT: 51.00 ± 7.00 AT: 53.00 ± 8.00 RT: 52.00 ± 8.00 | CT: 25.00 ± 3.10 AT: 25.10 ± 2.60 RT: 24.70 ± 3.20 | CT AT RT | BMI, FP, LBM |
Sillanpää et al., 2008 [95] | 42 (M) | Healthy | CT: 56.30 ± 6.80 AT: 54.10 ± 7.70 RT: 54.60 ± 6.10 | CT: 24.70 ± 3.00 AT: 23.70 ± 2.00 RT: 25.30 ± 1.90 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, WC, LBM, FP |
Sparks et al., 2013 [96] | 42 (21 M, 21 F) | T2D | CT: 54.10 ± 6.20 AT: 54.20 ± 6.00 RT: 60.40 ± 7.30 | CT: 37.10 ± 6.80 AT: 33.40 ± 5.80 RT: 33.90 ± 5.20 | CT AT RT | BMI, FP, FFM |
Swift et al., 2012 [97] | 167 (69 M, 98 F) | T2D | CT: 56.70 ± 7.80 AT: 55.80 ± 7.90 RT: 58.70 ± 8.00 | CT: 35.00 ± 6.20 AT: 33.90 ± 5.70 RT: 34.10 ± 5.40 | CT AT RT | Weight, WC, FP, FM, LBM |
Theodorou et al., 2016 [98] | 41 (M) | CAD | CT: 64.00 ± 6.00 AT: 61.00 ± 7.00 RT: 62.00 ± 8.00 | CT: 29.80 ± 0.90 AT: 31.10 ± 0.70 RT: 31.60 ± 1.40 | CT AT RT | Weight, BMI, FP |
Timmons et al., 2018 [99] | 63 (37 M, 26 F) | Healthy | CT: 69.20 ± 2.70 AT: 69.20 ± 3.10 RT: 69.60 ± 4.90 | CT: 27.50 ± 3.70 AT: 24.90 ± 4.0 RT: 26.90 ± 3.60 | CT AT RT | Weight, FP, FM, LBM |
Zhou et al., 2022 [100] | 66 (21 M, 45 F) | MetS | CT1: 82.82 ± 3.81 CT2: 78.41 ± 6.12 AT: 79.46 ± 4.82 RT: 78.88 ± 5.40 | CT1: 24.54 ± 3.97 CT2: 24.82 ± 2.92 AT: 24.05 ± 3.00 RT: 26.09 ± 3.05 | CT1 CT2 AT RT | BMI, WC |
First Author, Year | Concurrent Training (CT) | Same Session or Separate | Aerobic Training (AT) | Resistance Training (RT) | Supervised /Non-Supervised | Frequency (Times /Week) | Intervention Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahtiainen et al., 2009 [34] | AT: 30–90 min, under the level of aerobic threshold to a steady pace under the aerobic threshold RT: 3 sets, 15–30 reps, 40–90% 1RM, 1–3 min rests between sets, including leg press, knee extension and flexion, bench press, triceps pushdown, lateral pull-down, sit-up, and elbow flexion | Separate | 30–90 min, under the level of aerobic threshold to a steady pace under the aerobic threshold, cycling | 3 sets, 15–30 reps, 40–90% 1RM, 1–3 min rests between sets, including leg press, knee extension and flexion, bench press, triceps pushdown, lateral pull-down, sit-up, elbow flexion | Supervised | CT: 4 AT: 2 RT: 2 | 21 weeks |
Aminilari et al., 2017 [35] | AT: 25 min, 50–55% HRmax RT: 3 sets, 8 reps, 50–55% 1RM, including leg extension, prone leg curl, abdominal crunch, biceps, triceps, and seated calf | Same | 25 min, 50–55% HRmax, cycling | 3 sets, 8 reps, 50–55% 1RM, including leg extension, prone leg curl, abdominal crunch, biceps, triceps, and seated calf | ND | 3 | 12 weeks |
Balducci et al., 2010 [65] | AT: 40 min, 70–80% VO2max RT: 20 min, 80% 1RM, including chest press, lateral pull-down, leg press, and trunk flexion | Same | 60 min, 70–80% VO2max, treadmill/cycling | – | Supervised | 2 | 12 months |
Bernard et al., 1999 [66] | AT: 30 min, 80% work rate achieved during the baseline incremental exercise test RT: 2–3 sets, 8–10 reps, 60–80% 1RM, including seated press, elbow flexion, shoulder adduction, leg press, and bilateral knee extension | Same | 30 min, 80% work rate achieved during the baseline incremental exercise test, cycling | – | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Bouchla et al., 2011 [67] | AT: 20 min, interval training (30-s exercise, 60-s rest), 50% of the workload peak RT: 20 min, 3 sets, 10–12 reps, 30-s rest between the sets; intensity for quadriceps was 55–65% of 2RM, intensity for the hamstrings was that of quadriceps minus 0.5–1 kg, intensity for the upper extremities exercises was set at 10RM including leg extension, leg curls, arm curls, and lateral arm abduction | Same | 40 min, interval (30 s exercise, 60 s rest), 50% of the workload peak, cycling | 40 min, 3 sets, 10–12 reps, 30-s rest between the sets; intensity for quadriceps was 55–65% of 2RM, intensity for the hamstrings was that of quadriceps minus 0.5–1 kg, intensity for the upper extremities exercises was set at 10RM including leg extension, leg curls, arm curls, and lateral arm abduction | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Boulé et al., 2013 [68] | AT: 45 min, 75% HRmax RT: 2–3 sets, 7–9 reps, maximum weight including 7 exercises on weight machines | Same | 45 min, 75% HRmax, aerobic training progressed | 2–3 sets, 7–9 reps, maximum weight, including 7 exercises on weight machines | Supervised | 3 | 22 weeks |
Burich et al., 2015 [69] | AT: 20 min, 65% HRR RT: 3 sets, 10–15 reps, including leg press, calf extension, and knee extension | Same | 40 min, 65% HRR, cycling | – | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Cadore et al., 2010 [36] | AT: 20–30 min, 80–100% heart rate at VT2 RT: 2–3 sets, 6–20 reps, until failure including leg press, knee extension, leg curl, bench press, lat pull-down, seated row, triceps curl, biceps curl, and abdominal exercises | Same | 20–30 min, 80–100% heart rate at VT2, cycling | 2–3 sets, 6–20 reps, until failure including leg press, knee extension, leg curl, bench press, lat pull-down, seated row, triceps curl, biceps curl, and abdominal exercises | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Campos et al., 2013 [37] | AT: 20–30 min, 65–85% MHR, treadmill RT: 3 sets, 4–20 reps, including chest press, behind the neck lat pull-down, knee extension, knee flexion, biceps pulley, triceps pulley, and leg press 3 sets, 30 reps, curl abdominal on the ground | Same | 20–30 min at 65–85% MHR, treadmill | 3 sets, 4–20 reps, including chest press, behind the neck lat pull-down, knee extension, knee flexion, biceps pulley, triceps pulley, and leg press 3 sets, 30 reps, curl abdominal on the ground | ND | 3 | 12 weeks |
Chang et al., 2023 [70] | AT: 30 min, implemented core muscle training including side swings, rocking horses, marches, and jumping jacks RT: 3–5 sets, 8–12 reps, 30 s rest between sets, 10 min including free weights or a 25-pound theraband including leg press, chest press, lateral pull-downs, shoulder press, arm curls, and triceps extensions | Same | AT: 30 min, implemented core muscle training including side swings, rocking horses, marches, and jumping jacks | – | Supervised and non-supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Chen et al., 2017 [38] | AT: 40–45 min, combination of dance steps including dance steps such as stepping on the spot, knee lifts, high knee running, rowing arm swings, arm swings, twist steps, arm raises, squats, V steps, mambo steps, diamond steps, and point step jumps RT: 3 sets, 8–12 reps, 60–70% 1RM including shoulder presses, bicep curls, triceps curls, bench presses, deadlifts, leg swings, squats, standing rows, unilateral rows, and split front squats | Separate | 40–45 min, combination dance steps including stepping on the spot, knee lifts, high knee running, rowing arm swings, arm swings, twist steps, arm raises, squats, V steps, mambo steps, diamond steps, and point step jumps | 3 sets, 8–12 reps, 60–70% 1RM, including shoulder presses, bicep curls, triceps curls, bench presses, deadlifts, leg swings, squats, standing rows, unilateral rows, and split front squats | ND | 2 | 8 weeks |
Choi et al., 2021 [71] | AT: 20 min, 60–70% HRmax/peak RT: 3 sets, 15 reps, 60–70% 1RM including squat, wide squat, tubing band squat, tubing band wide squat, single leg-link exercise, double leg-link exercise, and tubing band leg-link exercise | Same | 50 min, 60–70% HRmax/peak, walking/jogging | – | ND | 3 | 12 weeks |
Church et al., 2010 [39] | AT: 110 min per week, 50–80% VO2max/peak RT: 1 set, 10–12 reps, including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull-down, leg press, extension, flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions | ND | 140 min per week, 50–80% VO2max/peak, treadmill | 2–3 sets, 10–12 reps, including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull-down, leg press, extension, flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions; one set with | Supervised | 3 | 9 months |
Cortez-Cooper et al., 2007 [72] | AT: 30–45 min, 60–75% HRR, 2 days/week, walking or cycling RT: 1 set, 8–12 reps, 70% 1RM, including seated chest press, horizontal leg press, shoulder press, abdominal crunches, seated hamstring curls, seated row, seated calf raises, low back extension, triceps curls, and bicep dumbbell curls, 2 days/week | Separate | – | 1 set, 8–12 reps, 70% 1RM, including seated chest press, horizontal leg press, shoulder press, abdominal crunches, seated hamstring curls, seated row, seated calf raises, low back extension, triceps curls, and bicep dumbbell curls | Supervised and non-supervised | CT: 4 RT: 3 | 13 weeks |
Cuff et al., 2003 [73] | AT: 65–75% HRR, treadmill, bicycle, stepper, elliptical trainers, and rowing machines RT: 2 sets, 12 reps, began with light loads and there after progressed including leg press, leg curl, hip extension, chest press, and latissimus pull-down | Same | 75 min, 65–75% HRR, treadmill, bicycle, stepper, elliptical trainer, and rowing machines | – | ND | 3 | 16 weeks |
Davidson et al., 2009 [40] | AT: 30 min, 60–75% VO2max/peak RT: 1 set with reps to volitional fatigue including chest press, shoulder raise, shoulder flexion, leg extension, leg flexion, triceps extension, biceps curl, abdominal crunches, and modified push-ups | Same | 30 min, 60–75% VO2max/peak, walking | 1 set with reps to volitional fatigue including chest press, shoulder raise, shoulder flexion, leg extension, leg flexion, triceps extension, biceps curl, abdominal crunches, and modified push-ups | Supervised | CT: 3 AT: 5 RT: 3 | 6 months |
Delaney et al., 2014 [74] | AT: 60 min, walk until claudication pain became unbearable, then rested and repeated the cycle Initial treadmill speed was determined by distance covered in the baseline 6 min walking test If the participant did not experience symptoms within 10 min of walking, the pace or gradient of walking was increased by 10% RT: 3 sets, 8–12 reps, including hamstring curls, seated calf press, knee extension, and hip abduction/adduction | Same | 60 min, walk until claudication pain became unbearable, then rested and repeated the cycle Initial treadmill speed was determined by distance covered in the baseline 6-min walking test; if the participant did not experience symptoms within 10 min of walking, the pace or gradient of walking was increased by 10% | – | Supervised | 2 | 12 weeks |
Delecluse et al., 2004 [75] | AT: 12–20 min, 60–80% HRR RT1: 2 sets, 8–20 reps, moderate to high resistance load, including leg press, leg extension, leg curl, adductor, abductor, vertical row, chest press, arm curl, shoulder press, and abdomen RT2: 2 sets, 30 reps, low resistance load during including leg press, leg extension, leg curl, adductor, abductor, vertical row, chest press, arm curl, shoulder press, and abdomen | Same | 36–70 min, 60–80% HRR, cycling/walking | – | Supervised | 2–3 | 20 weeks |
Do Amaral et al., 2021 [76] | AT: 15–30 min, walking at 11–13 RPE RT:1–2 sets, 10–20 reps, 15–17 RPE including bodyweight squat, push-up on the wall or counter, deadlift with a stich or rubber band, shoulder press or shoulder abduction with rubber band, and abdominal crunch on the floor or chair | Same | – | 2–4 sets, 10–20 reps, 15–17 RPE, 20–50 min, including bodyweight squat, push-up on the wall or counter, deadlift with a stich or rubber band, shoulder press or shoulder abduction with rubber band, and abdominal crunch on the floor or chair | Supervised | 2 | 12 weeks |
Feiereisen et al., 2007 [77] | AT: 20 min, 60–75% VO2max/peak RT: 4 sets, 10 reps, 60–70% 1RM, including pull-down, reverse butterfly, rowing, knee extension, and knee flexion | Same | 40 min, 60–75% VO2max/peak, cycling and treadmill | 4 sets, 10 reps, 60–70% 1RM, including pull-down, reverse butterfly, rowing, arm abduction, knee extension, knee flexion, leg press, calf raises, and trunk flexion and trunk extension | ND | 3 | 3 months |
Gayda et al., 2009 [78] | AT: 60 min, ventilatory threshold power RT: 3 sets, 10 reps, 40% MVC including quadriceps leg extension and lateral pull-down | Separate | 60 min, ventilatory threshold power, cycling/calisthenics movements, stretching, and respiratory exercises | – | ND | CT: 6 AT: 3 | 7 weeks |
Gonzalo-Encabo et al., 2020 [79] | AT: 10–20 min, 55–75% of HRR, treadmill, cycle ergometer, and elliptical machine RT: 2–3 sets of 8–12 reps, 65% 1RM, 60–90 s rest, 40 min/session, including chest press, seated row, leg press, leg extension, biceps curl, and triceps extension | Same | 10–60 min, 55–75% of HRR, treadmill, cycle ergometer, and elliptical machine | – | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Hansen et al., 2011 [80] | AT: 40 min, 65% VO2max/peak RT: 2 sets, 12–20 reps, 65% 1RM, including leg extension leg press | Same | 40 min, 65% VO2max/peak, cycling/walking/arm cranking | – | Supervised | 3 | 6 weeks |
Ho et al., 2012 [41] | AT: 15 min, treadmill walking RT: 2 sets, 15 min, including leg press, leg curl, leg extension, bench press, and rear deltoid row, with each set completed in ~30 s with 1 min rest | Same | 30 min, 60% HRR, treadmill walking | 4 sets, 8–12 reps, 10RM, 30 min, including leg press, leg curl, leg extension, bench press, and rear deltoid row, with each set completed in ~30 s with 1 min rest | Supervised and non-supervised | 5 | 12 weeks |
Irving et al., 2015 [42] | AT: 30 min, 65% VO2max/peak RT: 4 sets, 8–10 reps, multiple muscle groups | Same | 60 min, 65% VO2max/peak, cycling | 4 sets, 8–10 reps, multiple muscle groups | Supervised | CT: 5 AT: 5 RT: 4 | 8 weeks |
Izquterdo et al., 2004 [43] | AT: 30–40 min, 70–90% HRmax, cycling at a constant rate of 60 rmp RT: Week 1–8: 3–4 sets, 10–15 reps, 50–70% 1RM, 45–60 min Week 8–16: 3–5 sets, 5–6 reps, 70–80% 1RM, 45–60 min Week 1–16: exercises included bilateral leg press and bilateral knee extension exercises, the bench press, chest press, lateral pull-down, and/or shoulder press, abdominal crunch and/or rotary torso and/or another exercise for the trunk extensors, and the standing leg curl and/or adductor–abductor exercises Week 8–6: 3–4 sets, 6–8 reps including a part (20%) of the leg extensor and bench press sets with the loads ranging from 30% to 50% and 30% to 40% of the maximum, respectively | Separate | 30–40 min, 70–90% HRmax, cycling at a constant rate of 60 RPM | Week 1–8: 3–4 sets, 10–15 reps, 50–70% 1RM, 45–60 min Week 8–16: 3–5 sets, 5–6 reps, 70–80% 1RM, 45–60 min Week 1–16: exercises included bilateral leg press and bilateral knee extension exercises, the bench press, chest press, lateral pull-down, and/or shoulder press, abdominal crunch and/or rotary torso and/or another exercises for the trunk extensors, and the standing leg curl and/or adductor-abductor exercises Week 8–6: 3–4 sets, 6–8 reps, including a part (20%) of the leg extensor and bench press sets with the loads ranging from 30% to 50% and 30% to 40% of the maximum, respectively | Supervised | CT: 1 AT: 1 RT: 2 | 16 weeks |
Jorge et al., 2011 [81] | AT: 30 min, cycling at the heart rate corresponding to the lactate threshold RT: 30 min, including leg press, bench press, lat pull-down, seated rowing, shoulder press, abdominal curls, and knee curls | Same | 60 min, cycling at the heart rate corresponding to the lactate threshold | 60 min, including leg press, bench press, lat pull-down, seated rowing, shoulder press, abdominal curls, and knee curls | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Kadoglou et al., 2013 [44] | Half the volume of AT: 60 min, 60–75% HRmax/peak, walking or running, and cycling or calisthenics RT: 2–3 sets, 8–10 reps, 60–80% 1RM, including seated leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, lat pull-down, overhead press, biceps curl, and triceps extension) | Same and Separate | 60 min, 60–75% HRmax/peak, walking or running, cycling or calisthenics | 2–3 sets, 8–10 reps, 60–80% 1RM, including seated leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, lat pull-down, overhead press, biceps curl, and triceps extension | Supervised | 4 | 6 months |
Karavirta et al., 2011 [45] | AT: Weeks 1–7: 30 min below the level of the aerobic threshold Weeks 5–7: intensity was above the aerobic threshold by a 10 min interval in the middle of the sessions Weeks 8–14: 45 min included a 10 min interval between the aerobic-anaerobic thresholds and a 5 min interval above the anaerobic threshold The other weekly training session involved 60 min of cycling below the aerobic threshold Weeks 15–21: one of weekly sessions lasted for 60 min, included 2 10 min intervals between the aerobic-anaerobic thresholds, 2 5 min intervals above the anaerobic threshold and 30 min below the aerobic threshold; the other weekly session included 90 min of cycling at a steady pace below the aerobic threshold RT:1st cycle: 3 sets, 12–20 reps, 40–60% 1RM RT 2nd cycle: 2–4 sets, 5–12 reps, 60–80% 1RM RT 3rd cycle: 2–4 sets, 5–8 reps, 70–85% 1RM Including leg press, knee extension, leg curl, seated calf raise, hip abduction or adduction, bench press, biceps curl, triceps push-down, lateral pull-down, abdominal crunch, and seated back extension. In addition, ~20% of the leg press, knee extension and bench press exercises were performed with light loads of 40–50% of 1RM and 5–8 reps | Separate | Weeks 1–7: 30 min, below the level of the aerobic threshold. Weeks 5–7: intensity was above the aerobic threshold by a 10 min interval in the middle of the sessions Weeks 8–14: 45 min included a 10 min interval between the aerobic-anaerobic thresholds and a 5 min interval above the anaerobic threshold; the other weekly training session involved 60 min of cycling below the aerobic threshold Weeks 15–21: one of weekly sessions lasted for 60 min, included two 10 min intervals between the aerobic-anaerobic thresholds, two 5 min intervals above the anaerobic threshold and 30 min below the aerobic threshold; the other weekly session included 90 min of cycling at a steady pace below the aerobic threshold | 1st cycle: 3 sets, 12–20 reps, 40–60% 1RM 2nd cycle: 2–4 sets, 5–12 reps, 60–80% 1RM 3rd cycle: 2–4 sets, 5–8 reps, 70–85% 1RM Including leg press, knee extension, leg curl, seated calf raise, hip abduction or adduction, bench press, biceps curl, triceps push-down, lateral pull-down, abdominal crunch, and seated back extension In addition, 5–8 reps, 40–50% 1RM, ~20% of the leg press, knee extension and bench press exercises were performed with light loads | Supervised | AT and RT: 2 CT: 4 | 21 weeks |
Kim et al., 2018 [82] | AT: 2 sets, 6–8 RPE, 20 min, including sky-walk and cross-country RT: 1–3 sets, 12–15 reps, 6–8 RPE, 50 min, including pull weight, chair pull, leg extension | Same | – | 1–3 sets, 12–15 reps, 6–8 RPE, 70 min, including pull weight, chair pull, leg extension | Supervised | 3 | 6 weeks |
Kobayashi et al., 2023 [46] | AT: 50–80% peak MET, AT was standardized to body weight at 41.8 kJ (kcal) kg body weight−1 week−1 on a treadmill, an elliptical, or a stationary bike RT: 1 set including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull-down, leg press, extension and flexion, and abdominal crunches, and back extensions, 8–12 reps | Same | 50–80% peak MET, AT was standardized to body weight at 50.2 kJ (kcal) kg body weight−1 week−1 on a treadmill, an elliptical or a stationary bike | 2 sets (including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, and pull-down), 3 sets (including leg press, extension and flexion), and 2 sets (including abdominal crunches and back extensions), 8–12 reps | Supervised | 3 | 9 months |
Lee et al., 2015 [83] | AT: 40 min, 40–70% HRR RT: 2 sets, 15–20 reps, 10–13 RPE including ankle dorsiflexion, ankle plantar flexion, ankle eversion, ankle inversion, leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, hip extension, hip flexion, hip abduction, hip adduction, crunches, and hyperextensions | Separate | 40 min, 40–70% HRR, treadmill | – | ND | 5 | 8 weeks |
Lima et al., 2017 [84] | AT: 20–30 min, treadmill ergometer, intensity was based on the physical conditioning of each participant RT: 1–2 sets, 15 reps upper limbs, 20 reps trunk and lower limbs, 50–60% 1RM, including leg press 45°, bench press, extensor bench, handle front, flexor bench-seated, upright row, plantar flexion, seated row, and abdominals | Same | 20–30 min, treadmill ergometer, intensity was based on the physical conditioning of each participant | – | Supervised | 3 | 10 weeks |
Marzolini et al., 2018 [85] | AT: 20–60 min, 60–80% HRR RT: 1–2 sets, 10–15 reps, 50–70% 1RM including lunge, squat, abdominal curl-up, heel raise, bicep curl, supine triceps extension, affected-side hip flexion/extension, affected-side ankle dorsiflexion, and single-limb knee extension and flexion | Separate | 20–60 min, 60–80% HRR, cycling/walking | – | Supervised and non- supervised | 5 | 6 months |
Marzolini et al., 2008 [86] | AT: 30–60 min, 60–80% VO2max/peak RT: 1–3 set, 10–15 reps, 60–75% 1RM, including bent over dumbbell row, half squat, alternating right and left arm bicep curl, heel raises, standing lateral raise, leg curl, supine lateral raise, curl up abdominal exercise, tricep extension, and four-point alternate arm and leg lift | Separate | 30–60 min, 60–80% VO2max/peak, cycling/jogging | – | Supervised and non- supervised | 5 | 24 weeks |
Moreno-Cabañas et al., 2021 [87] | AT: 4 × 4 min, 90% HRmax/peak, 3 min recovery 70% HRmax/peak RT: 3 sets, 10 reps, 20–30% 1RM, including squat, lunge, and dead lift | Same | 5 × 4 min, 90% HRmax/peak; 3 min recovery 70% HRmax/peak, cycling | – | Supervised | 3 | 16 weeks |
Pedralli et al., 2020 [88] | AT: 20 min, 50–75% HRR RT: 2 sets, 12 reps, 20 min, 60–80% 1RM, including leg press, bench press, knee extension, biceps direct threading, knee flexion, and low row | Same | 40 min, 50–70% HRR or 11–14 RPE, including cycle ergometer | 4 sets, 8–12 reps, ~40 min with 60–80% 1RM including leg press, bench press, knee extension, biceps direct threading, knee flexion, and low row | ND | 2 | 8 weeks |
Piralaiy et al., 2021 [47] | AT: 25–45 min, 70% MHR RT: 1 set, each exercise at the maximum weight that could be lifted 8–12 times including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull-down, leg press/extension/flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions | Separate | 25–45 min, 70% MHR, full aerobic-training program | 2–3 sets, each exercise at the maximum weight that could be lifted 8–12 times including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, pull-down, leg press/extension/flexion, abdominal crunches, and back extensions | Supervised | CT: 5 AT: 3 RT: 3 | 12 weeks |
Rossi et al., 2016 [89] | AT: 30 min, 100% critical velocity RT: 3 sets, 8–15 reps, 60 s between sets, 30 min including 45° leg press, leg extension, leg curl, bench press, seated row, arm curl, triceps extension, side elevation with dumbbells, and abdominal exercises | Same | 50 min, 100% critical velocity | – | ND | ND | 16 weeks |
Rossi et al., 2018 [90] | AT: 30 min, 100% of critical velocity RT: 3–4 sets, 8–15 reps at ~65–80% of maximum repetitions, 60–90 s between sets, 27 min including 45° leg press, leg extension, leg curl, bench press, seated row, arm curl, triceps extension, side elevation with dumbbells, and abdominal exercises | Same | 52 min, 100% of critical velocity | – | ND | ND | 16 weeks |
Ruangthai et al., 2019 [48] | AT: 20 min, 50–70% HRmax, including walk with arms up, heel hit behind, tiptoe, arms adduction/abduction, and knee lift RT: 2 sets, 8–12 reps, 50–80% 1RM, 60 min including squat, legs raise, knee extension, unilateral knee flexion, leg adduction/abduction, leg kick back, shoulder press, bench press, bicep curl, triceps dip, lateral flexion, sit-up, and back extension | Same | 60 min, 50–70% HRmax, including walk with arms up, heel hit behind, tiptoe, arms adduction/abduction, and knee lift | 3 sets, 10–15 reps, 50–80% 1RM, 60 min, including squat, legs raise, knee extension, unilateral knee flexion, leg adduction/abduction, leg kick back, shoulder press, bench press, bicep curl, triceps dip, lateral flexion, sit-up, and back extension | Supervised and non-supervised | 3 | 24 weeks |
Schroeder et al., 2019 [49] | AT: 30 min, 40–80% HRR RT: 2 sets, 10–20 reps, maximal load including chest press, pull-down, lower-back extension, abdominal crunch, torso rotation, leg press, leg curl, and hip abduction | Same | 60 min, 40–80% HRR, treadmill/cycling | 2–3 sets, 10–20 reps, maximal load including chest press, shoulder press, pull-down, lower-back extension, abdominal crunch, torso rotation, biceps curl, triceps extension, leg press, quadriceps extension, leg curl, and hip abduction | Supervised | 3 | 8 weeks |
Scott et al., 2021 [50] | Weeks 1–8: 3 AT plus RT sessions per week Weeks 9–16: 2 AT plus RT and 1 interval AT sessions per week CT followed AT and RT dosing schedules for a total of 30–90 min per session; within each session, AT was performed first followed by RT | Same | 20–60 min, 55->95% of VO2peak, interval sessions consisted of 60–120 s at VO2peak followed by 120–180 s of active recovery for 4–10 intervals per session consisted of stationary cycle ergometry | 2–3 sets, 6–18 reps, 50–85% including chest press, seated row, lateral pull-down, pec deck, bicep curl, triceps extension, push-up, leg press, leg curl, leg extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, step up, and sit-to-stand | Supervised | 3 | 16 weeks |
Sénéchal et al., 2013 [91] | AT: an aerobic exercise dose of 10 kcal/kg body weight per week RT:1 set of 10–12 reps including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull-down, leg press, leg extension, and leg curl, abdominal crunches, and back extensions | Separate | 50–80% VO2peak | 2 sets including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, and lat pull-down, 3 sets including leg press, leg extension, and leg curl, and 2 sets of abdominal crunches and back extensions, 10–12 reps | Supervised | AT: 3–5 RT: 3 | 9 months |
Seo et al., 2010 [92] | AT: 60–80% HRR, walked and aerobic exercise RT: 3 sets at 50–70% of 1RM, 30–40 min including seated chest press, lat pull-down, seated leg extension, leg curl, biceps curl, seated triceps extension, shoulder press, and sit-up | ND | 60–80% HRR, walked and aerobic exercise | – | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Sigal et al., 2007 [93] | AT: 15–45 min, 60–75% HRmax treadmill/bicycle ergometers RT: 2–3 sets, the maximum weight that could be lifted 7–9 times | Same | 15–45 min, 60–75% HRmax treadmill/bicycle ergometers | 2–3 sets, the maximum weight that could be lifted 7–9 times | Supervised and non-supervised | 3 | 6 months |
Sillanpää et al., 2010 [94] | AT plus RT | ND | Week 1–5: intensity was under the level of aerobic threshold and lasted 30 min Weeks 5–7: intensity was between the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds to accustom to higher intensities Weeks 8–14: intensity was under the aerobic threshold (60 min) and every second session included 45 min cycling with intensities varying from under the aerobic threshold to over the anaerobic threshold; during the last training weeks, every other training session included 75–90 min of cycling at a steady pace under the aerobic threshold and every other session 50–60 min of cycling with intensities varying from under the aerobic threshold to over the anaerobic threshold | 3–4 sets, 40–90% 1RM, 1–3 min rest between sets and exercises, 6–20 reps averaged length 60–90 min, including leg press, knee extension, bilateral or unilateral knee flexion, bench press, triceps pushdown, lateral pull-down, sit-up exercises for the trunk flexors or another exercise for the trunk extensors, and bilateral/unilateral elbow flexion exercise or leg adduction/abduction exercise | Supervised | 2 | 21 weeks |
Sillanpää et al., 2008 [95] | AT:1st cycle: 30 min under and above their aerobic threshold 2nd cycle: 45 min (15 min under the level of aerobic threshold, 10 min between the aerobic-anaerobic thresholds, 5 min above anaerobic threshold, and 15 min again under the aerobic threshold) 3rd cycle: 60 min (30 min under the level of aerobic threshold, 2 × 10 min between the aerobic-anaerobic thresholds, 2 × 5 min above anaerobic threshold); every other training session included 90 min of cycling at a steady pace under the aerobic threshold including bicycle ergometer RT:40–90% 1RM, 60–90 min including leg press, knee extension, bench press, triceps pushdown, or lateral pull-down, sit-up, bilateral/unilateral elbow flexion, or leg adduction/abduction | Separate | 1st cycle: 30 min under and above their aerobic threshold 2nd cycle: 45 min (15 min under the level of aerobic threshold, 10 min between the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, 5 min above the anaerobic threshold, and 15 min again under the aerobic threshold) 3rd cycle: 60 min (30 min under the level of aerobic threshold, 2 × 10 min between the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, 2 × 5 min above the anaerobic threshold); every other training session include 90 min of cycling at a steady pace under the aerobic threshold including bicycle ergometer | 40–90% 1RM, 60–90 min including leg press, knee extension, bench press, triceps pushdown, or lateral pull-down, sit-up, and bilateral/unilateral elbow flexion or leg adduction/abduction | Supervised | CT: 4 AT: 2 RT: 2 | 21 weeks |
Sparks et al., 2013 [96] | AT: (10 kcal/kg body weight/week) at 50–80% VO2peak RT: 1 set including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull-down, abdominal crunches, back extensions, leg press, extension, and flexion, 10–12 reps, 45–50 min | Separate | 150 min/week moderate intensity exercise (12 kcal/kg body weight/week) at 50–80% VO2peak | 2 sets (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull-down, abdominal crunches and back extensions) 3 sets (leg press, extension, and flexion), 10–12 reps, 45–50 min | Supervised | 3 | 9 months |
Swift et al., 2012 [97] | AT: (10 kcal/kg body weight/week), 50–80% VO2max RT: 1 set, 10–12 reps, including bench press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull-down, abdominal crunches, back extensions, leg press, extension, and flexion, | Separate | (12 kcal/kg body weight/week), 50–80% VO2max | 2 sets, 10–12 reps (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, lat pull-down, abdominal crunches and back extensions), 3 sets (leg press, extension, and flexion), | Supervised | 3 | 9 months |
Theodorou et al., 2016 [98] | AT: 2 sets, (10 min each), 60–85% HRmax/peak running treadmill or cycling ergometer RT: 1 set, 12–15 reps, 60% 1RM, including abdominal, rotary torso, shoulder press, leg extension, leg curl, pulley, chest press, and leg press | Same | 40 min, 60–85% HRmax/peak. treadmill/cycling | 2 sets, 12–15 reps, 60% 1RM, including abdominal, rotary torso, shoulder press, leg extension, leg curl, pulley, chest press, and leg press | Supervised | 3 | 8 months |
Timmons et al., 2018 [99] | AT: 3 × 4 min, 80% HRmax/peak, 1 min recovery RT: 2 sets, 15 reps, 60% 1RM, including leg press, seated row, chest press, lat pull-down, leg extension, and tricep dips | Same | 6 × 4 min, 80% HRmax/peak, 1 min recovery, cross trainer or cycle ergometer | 4 sets, 15 reps, 60% 1RM, including leg press, seated row, chest press, lat pull-down, leg extension, and tricep dips | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Zhou et al., 2022 [100] | AT: 50 min, 40–60% MHR treadmill/cycling/elliptical RT: 3 sets, 10–13 reps, 45–65% 1RM, 2 min rest between sets, 50 min, including chest press, back extension, shoulder press, leg press, leg extension/leg flexion, bicep curl/triceps extension, abdominal crunch, lat pull-down, and seated overhead press using dumbbells | Separate | 50 min, 40–60% MHR treadmill/cycling/elliptical | 3 sets, 10–13 reps, 45–65% 1RM, 2 min rest between sets, 50 min, including chest press, back extension, shoulder press, leg press, leg extension/leg flexion, bicep curl/triceps extension, abdominal crunch, lat pull-down, and seated overhead press using dumbbells | Supervised | 3 | 12 weeks |
Outcome | Trials | WMD or SMD (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CT vs. AT | Body weight | 31 | WMD: 0.31 kg (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.54) | 0.006 |
BMI | 27 | WMD: 0.03 kg·m2 (95% CI: −0.00 to 0.07) | 0.11 | |
Body fat% | 33 | WMD: −0.30% (95% CI: −0.69 to 0.08) | 0.13 | |
Fat mass | 22 | WMD: −0.01 kg (95% CI: −0.35 to 0.31) | 0.91 | |
Waist circumference | 20 | WMD: −0.33 cm (95% CI: −0.90 to 0.23) | 0.24 | |
Visceral fat | 5 | SMD: −0.02 (95% CI: −0.27 to 0.22) | 0.84 | |
Lean body mass | 27 | WMD: 0.51 kg (95% CI: 0.29 to 0.73) | 0.001 | |
Muscle mass/volume | 10 | SMD: 0.22 (95% CI: −0.01 to 0.45) | 0.06 | |
CSA | 7 | SMD: 0.21 (95% CI: −0.02 to 0.44) | 0.07 | |
CT vs. RT | Body weight | 23 | WMD: −0.39 kg (95% CI: −0.96 to 0.16) | 0.16 |
BMI | 21 | WMD: −0.19 kg·m2 (95% CI: −0.43 to 0.04) | 0.10 | |
Body fat% | 21 | WMD: −0.25% (95% CI: −0.74 to 0.23) | 0.36 | |
Fat mass | 13 | WMD: −0.56 kg (95% CI: −1.23 to 0.10) | 0.09 | |
Waist circumference | 15 | WMD: 0.09 cm (95% CI: −0.82 to 1.01) | 0.83 | |
Lean body mass | 12 | WMD: −0.10 kg (95% CI: −0.61 to 0.41) | 0.69 | |
Muscle mass/volume | 7 | SMD: −0.09 (95% CI: −0.38 to 0.19) | 0.52 | |
CSA | 5 | SMD: −0.15 (95% CI: −0.40 to 0.10) | 0.25 |
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Khalafi, M.; Kheradmand, S.; Habibi Maleki, A.; Symonds, M.E.; Rosenkranz, S.K.; Batrakoulis, A. The Effects of Concurrent Training Versus Aerobic or Resistance Training Alone on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare 2025, 13, 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070776
Khalafi M, Kheradmand S, Habibi Maleki A, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK, Batrakoulis A. The Effects of Concurrent Training Versus Aerobic or Resistance Training Alone on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare. 2025; 13(7):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070776
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalafi, Mousa, Shokoufeh Kheradmand, Aref Habibi Maleki, Michael E. Symonds, Sara K. Rosenkranz, and Alexios Batrakoulis. 2025. "The Effects of Concurrent Training Versus Aerobic or Resistance Training Alone on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Healthcare 13, no. 7: 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070776
APA StyleKhalafi, M., Kheradmand, S., Habibi Maleki, A., Symonds, M. E., Rosenkranz, S. K., & Batrakoulis, A. (2025). The Effects of Concurrent Training Versus Aerobic or Resistance Training Alone on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 13(7), 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070776