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Review

The Possible Role of Pathogens and Chronic Immune Stimulation in the Development of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

by
Lajos Gergely
*,
Miklos Udvardy
and
Arpad Illes
Department of Hematology, Institue of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(3), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030648
Submission received: 22 February 2024 / Revised: 10 March 2024 / Accepted: 13 March 2024 / Published: 14 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lymphoma)

Abstract

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The disease is very heterogeneous, with distinct genetic alterations in subtypes. The WHO 2022 5th edition classification identifies several minor groups of large B-cell lymphoma where the pathogenetic role of viruses (like EBV and HHV-8) is identified. Still, most cases fall into the group of DLBCL not otherwise specified (NOS). No review focuses only on this specific lymphoma type in the literature. The pathogenesis of this entity is still not fully understood, but several viruses and bacteria may have a role in the development of the disease. The authors review critical pathogenetic events in the development of DLBCL (NOS) and summarize the data available on several pathogenetic viruses and bacteria that have a proven or may have a potential role in the development of this lymphoma type. The possible role of B-cell receptor signaling in the microenvironment is also discussed. The causative role of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other viruses are explored. Bacterial infections, such as Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia psittaci, Borrelia burgdorferi, and other bacteria, are also reviewed.
Keywords: DLBCL; pathogenesis; B-Cell Receptor; microenvironment; pathogens; EBV; HHV8; HCV; HBV; HIV; retrovirus; helicobacter; campylobacter DLBCL; pathogenesis; B-Cell Receptor; microenvironment; pathogens; EBV; HHV8; HCV; HBV; HIV; retrovirus; helicobacter; campylobacter

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gergely, L.; Udvardy, M.; Illes, A. The Possible Role of Pathogens and Chronic Immune Stimulation in the Development of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030648

AMA Style

Gergely L, Udvardy M, Illes A. The Possible Role of Pathogens and Chronic Immune Stimulation in the Development of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(3):648. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030648

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gergely, Lajos, Miklos Udvardy, and Arpad Illes. 2024. "The Possible Role of Pathogens and Chronic Immune Stimulation in the Development of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma" Biomedicines 12, no. 3: 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030648

APA Style

Gergely, L., Udvardy, M., & Illes, A. (2024). The Possible Role of Pathogens and Chronic Immune Stimulation in the Development of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Biomedicines, 12(3), 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030648

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