Prospect and Challenges of Volatile Organic Compound Breath Testing in Non-Cancer Gastrointestinal Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
Search Strategy
Reference | Analytical Platform | Reference Test | Disorder Type and Stage, and Group Size | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | Breath Biomarkers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BE | |||||||
Peters (2020) [9] | e-nose | Endoscopy | BE (n = 129) and HC (n = 132) | 91% | 74% | - | - |
Chan (2017) [10] | e-nose (AeonoseTM) | Endoscopy | BE (n = 66) and patients with suspicious history but clarified with endoscopy (n = 56) | 82% | 80% | 0.79 | - |
GERD | |||||||
Dryahina (2014) [11] | SIFT-MS | Symptom-based diagnosis | GERD (n = 22) and HC (n = 24) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | Acetic acid (+) |
IBD | |||||||
Arroyo-Manzanares (2023) [12] | GC-MS | n.a. | IBD (n = 56) and HC (n = 48) | 100% | 100% | n.a. | n.a. |
Smolinska (2018) [13] | GC-MS | SCCAI | UC (n = 76) and non-IBD (n = 22) | 92% | 77% | 0.94 | Cumene (+), 2,4-dimethylpentane (+), methylcyclopentene (+), C14H30 branched (+) Pentadecane (−), 3-methyl-1-butanol (−), octane (−), acetic acid (−), α-pinene (−), m-cymene (−) |
Dryahina (2017) [14] | SIFT-MS | HBI, SCCAI | CD (n = 136) and UC (n = 51) and HC (n = 14) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | Pentane, Isoprene, Hydrogen sulphide, Carboxylic acids |
Arasaradnam (2016) [15] | FAIMS | HBI, SCCAI | IBD (n = 54) and HC (n = 22) CD (n = 25) and HC (n = 22) UC (n = 29) and HC (n = 22) CD (n = 25) and UC (n = 29) | 74% 69% 61% 67% | 75% 67% 62% 67% | 0.82 0.77 0.70 0.70 | n.a. |
Rieder (2016) [16] | SIFT-MS | n.a. | IBD (n = 35) and patients with history or suspicious symptoms (n = 6) | n.a. | n.a. | 0.81 | Acetone, acrylonitrile, carbon disulfide, and triethylamine |
Baranska (2016) [17] | GC-MS | Rome III | IBS (n = 170) and HC (n = 153) | 89.4% | 77.3% | 0.83 | n.a. |
IBS | |||||||
Van Malderen (2022) [18] | Multicapillary Column/IMS | Rome III | IBS (n = 72) and HC (n = 24) IBS-D (n = 21) and HC (n = 24) IBS-C (n = 24) and HC (n = 24) | 97% 67% 67% 92% | 21% 75% 92% 50% | 0.62 0.70 0.81 0.68 | n.a. |
Baranska (2016) [17] | GC-MS | Rome III | IBS (n = 170) and HC (n = 153) | 89.4% | 77.3% | 0.83 | n.a. |
Cauchi (2014) [19] | GC-MS | Rome III | IBS (n = 28) and HC (n = 20) | 41% | 72% | 0.44 | n.a. |
Patel (2014) [20] | SIFT-MS | Rome III | n.a. | n.a. | 0.99 | Benzene (+) Dimethyl sulfide (+) 1-octene (+) 1-3-methyhexane (+) | |
Chronic liver diseases | |||||||
Ferrandino (2020) [21] | GC-MS | Cirrhotic patients had an established diagnosis according to EASL and AASLD guidelines | LC (n = 32) and HC (n = 40) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | limonene |
Vincentis (2017) [22] | e-nose (BIONOTETM) | Child–Pugh Classification and MELD (A combination of clinical, biochemical, radiological, and endoscopic findings, with confirmatory liver biopsy in doubtful cases) | Child–Pugh A (n = 37), B (n = 33) and C (n = 19) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Vincentis (2016) [23] | e-nose with PLS-DA | Blood test, ultrasound | CLD (n = 104) and HC (n = 56) LC (n = 65) and NC-CLD (n = 39) | 86.2% 87.5% | 98.2% 69.2% | 0.84 n.a. | n.a. |
Pijls (2016) [24] | GC-MS | Liver biopsy and symptom | Compensated cirrhosis (n = 34) and CLD without cirrhosis (n = 87) | 83% | 87% | 0.90 | 3-methylbutanal, Propanoic acid, Octane, Terpene (C10H16), Terpenoid: α-pinene, 3-carene, Branched C16H34, 1-hexadecanol Branched C16H34, Dimethyl disulfide |
Alkhouri (2015) [25] | SIFT-MS | Liver biopsy | Advanced fibrosis (F3–4, n = 20) and CLD without advanced fibrosis (n = 41) | 85% | 68% | 0.855 | isoprene |
Fernández (2015) [26] | PTR–MS | Liver biopsy | LC (n = 31) and HC (n = 30) | 97% | 70% | 0.95 | Methanol, 2-pentanone and limonene |
Hanouneh (2014) [27] | SIFT-MS | Liver biopsy and etiology | AH (n = 40) and non-AH (n = 40) | 80–97% | 72–86% | 0.92 | TMA + Pentane, trimethylamine |
Morisco (2013) [28] | PTR-ToF-MS | Liver biopsy | LC (n = 12) and HC (n = 14) | 83% | 86% | 0.8869 | 2-butanone, 2- or 3-pentanone, C8-ketone, C9-ketone, Monoterpene, Terpene related, S-compound, Sulfoxide-compound, N-compound, Hepadienol, Methanol |
Dadamio (2012) [29] | GC-MS and linear discriminant analysis | Liver biopsy | LC (n = 35) and HC (n = 49) | 82–88% | 96–100% | n.a. | Acetone, Styrene, Branched chain alkane, Dimethyl sulfide, Dimethylselenea, Phenola, Tetradecane, Branched chain alkane, Indolea, Octane, Isoprene, Nonane, gamma-Terpinene, 2-Methyl-1-propene, 2-Butanone, beta-Pinene, Caryophyllene |
3. Results
3.1. Quality Assessment of Studies
3.2. Current Analytical Platforms of VOCs
3.3. Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett’s Esophagus
3.4. Coeliac Disease
3.5. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
3.6. Chronic Liver Disease
3.6.1. Cirrhosis
3.6.2. Hepatic Encephalopathy
3.6.3. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
3.7. Progressing VOC Breath Tests toward Clinical Application
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zheng, W.; Pang, K.; Min, Y.; Wu, D. Prospect and Challenges of Volatile Organic Compound Breath Testing in Non-Cancer Gastrointestinal Disorders. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081815
Zheng W, Pang K, Min Y, Wu D. Prospect and Challenges of Volatile Organic Compound Breath Testing in Non-Cancer Gastrointestinal Disorders. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081815
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Weiyang, Ke Pang, Yiyang Min, and Dong Wu. 2024. "Prospect and Challenges of Volatile Organic Compound Breath Testing in Non-Cancer Gastrointestinal Disorders" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1815. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081815