T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory T-Cells in Atherosclerosis
2.1. Pro-Inflammatory T-Cells Promote as Progression
2.2. Anti-Inflammatory T-Cells Delay or Even Reverse Progression
3. T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Regulating Atherosclerosis Progression
3.1. Main Metabolic Pathways of Immune Cells
3.2. Metabolic Reprogramming of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory T-Cells in Atherosclerosis Progression
3.2.1. Pro-Inflammatory T-Cells
Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming
Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming
Amino Acid Metabolic Reprogramming
3.2.2. Anti-Inflammatory T-Cells
Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming
Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming
Amino Acid Metabolic Reprogramming
4. Key Molecular Mechanisms of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming
4.1. mTOR
4.2. AMPK
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Key Findings | References |
---|---|
1. The Role of Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory T-Cells in Atherosclerosis (AS) Progression | |
① Pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells drive the progression of AS. | [16,17,18,19,20,21,22] |
② Anti-inflammatory Th2 and Treg cells can slow down or even reverse AS progression. | [23,24,25,26,27] |
2. Metabolic Reprogramming in Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory T-Cell Differentiation | |
Pro-inflammatory T-Cell | |
① LDHA and PDK1 are crucial for glucose metabolic reprogramming. | [28,29,30,31,32,33] |
② ACC is essential for fatty acid metabolic reprogramming. | [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] |
③ Amino acid transporters are key in amino acid metabolic reprogramming. | [45,46,47,48,49,50] |
Anti-inflammatory T-Cell | |
① GLUT 1/3 are critical for glucose metabolic reprogramming. | [51,52,53,54,55,56,57] |
② PPAR-γ, FASN, and CPT1 are essential for fatty acid metabolic reprogramming. | [58,59,60,61,62] |
③ Arginine and kynurenine are significant in fatty acid metabolic reprogramming. | [63,64] |
3. Key Molecular Mechanisms in T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming | |
① mTOR | [65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76] |
② AMPK | [77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89] |
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Chang, S.; Wang, Z.; An, T. T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1844. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081844
Chang S, Wang Z, An T. T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1844. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081844
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Shuye, Zhaohui Wang, and Tianhui An. 2024. "T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1844. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081844