Molecular Hydrogen and Extracorporeal Gas Exchange: A Match Made in Heaven? An In Vitro Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Donors
- should be healthy adults
- should be capable of donating > 300 mL of blood without complications
- should have an average hematocrit Hct ≥ 42%
- should not have experienced acute pyretic or other inflammatory incidents recently
- should not have any blood-associated conditions
- should not have a prescription for anticoagulation medication, etc.
2.2. In Vitro Inflammation
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Test Protocol
2.5. Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
- MCP-1 levels remain practically unchanged throughout the investigation in all the circuits. This may indicate a low cell count that hampers any noticeable observation in MCP-1 expression when blood stems from healthy donors. The mild concentration increase in the LPS systems confirms the low number of cells being triggered.
- The majority of circuits exhibit a tendency towards the concentration in the Control with regard to MPO measurements. The concentration difference between the C and Ref/LPS systems leaves a small margin for H2 to act, similar to MCP-1. The slight variance between the different setups points towards time-dependent cell activation rather than any shear rate-induced stress. Nevertheless, these findings might provide a clue concerning in vivo investigations, where cell variability occurs over time, and in vivo activation mechanisms come into effect, potentially allowing for better evaluation of hydrogen’s efficacy.
- TRX1 expression does not seem to be affected by H2 as it is with MPO. This agrees with the fact that TRX1 and MPO are associated with anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory activity, respectively. Hence, lower MPO concentrations correspond to higher ones for TRX1.
- Varying levels of MDA expression can be witnessed among the systems, suggesting a combination of time-associated and mechanical stress. The inflammatory response to LPS is once again countered by the treatment with H2, although not to baseline levels. This agrees with Huang’s findings, where lower MDA concentrations were observed in the hydrogen-treated lungs (as opposed to the nitrogen-treated ones) [17,18].
- IL-6: apparent string inhibition by H2. In contrast to MDA, the unambiguously strong IL-6 suppression makes a compelling argument concerning hydrogen’s anti-inflammatory action and the specific pathways being inhibited, as already reported [43]. Furthermore, as with MPO, IL-6 also has pro-inflammatory characteristics, and since it is so heavily suppressed, the anti-inflammatory activity might naturally be reinforced (i.e., TRX1).
- the impact of blood volume on biomarker expression
- a wider spectrum of biomarkers
- the influence of hydrogen’s concentration on its curative efficacy
- hydrogen’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action at different administration patterns (e.g., continuous, intermittent, or delayed)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System | Label | Total Volume Vprim [mL] | Blood Flow Rate QB [mL min−1] | Gas Mixture Content [%] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air | CO2 | H2 | ||||
Control | C | 1.5 | - | - | - | - |
Reference 1 | Ref | 45 | 40 | - | - | - |
Reference 2 | Ref* | 70 | 40 | 96 | 4 | - |
LPS 1 | LPS | 45 | 40 | - | - | - |
LPS 2 | LPS* | 70 | 40 | 96 | 4 | - |
LPS 3 | LPS*H2 | 70 | 40 | 90 | 4 | 6 |
Biomarker | Abbreviation | Classification |
---|---|---|
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 | MCP-1/CCL2 | oxidative stress/inflammation |
Myeloperoxidase | MPO | oxidative stress/inflammation |
Thioredoxin-1 | TRX1 | antioxidant/anti-inflammatory |
Malondialdehyde | MDA | oxidative stress |
Interleukin 6 | IL-6 | pro-inflammatory |
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Mouzakis, F.L.; Hima, F.; Kashefi, A.; Greven, J.; Rink, L.; van der Vorst, E.P.C.; Jankowski, J.; Mottaghy, K.; Spillner, J. Molecular Hydrogen and Extracorporeal Gas Exchange: A Match Made in Heaven? An In Vitro Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1883. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081883
Mouzakis FL, Hima F, Kashefi A, Greven J, Rink L, van der Vorst EPC, Jankowski J, Mottaghy K, Spillner J. Molecular Hydrogen and Extracorporeal Gas Exchange: A Match Made in Heaven? An In Vitro Pilot Study. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1883. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081883
Chicago/Turabian StyleMouzakis, Foivos Leonidas, Flutura Hima, Ali Kashefi, Johannes Greven, Lothar Rink, Emiel P. C. van der Vorst, Joachim Jankowski, Khosrow Mottaghy, and Jan Spillner. 2024. "Molecular Hydrogen and Extracorporeal Gas Exchange: A Match Made in Heaven? An In Vitro Pilot Study" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1883. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081883