Hydrogen Sulfide Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and CD147/EMMPRIN: Mechanistic Pathways and Impact on Atherosclerosis Progression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Atherosclerosis
3. H2S Modulation of MMPs
4. CD147/EMMPRIN and Its Regulation by H2S
5. Potential Therapeutic Strategies Targeting H2S Pathways to Modulate MMP and CD147 Activity
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mechanism | Effect on MMPs | Effect on CD147/EMMPRIN | Outcome on Atherosclerosis | Ref. No. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct Inhibition of MMP Activity | H₂S directly interacts with the catalytic zinc ion in MMPs, inhibiting their proteolytic activity. | Not directly involved. | Stabilizes plaques by preventing excessive ECM degradation. | [54] |
Regulation of Oxidative Stress | H₂S reduces oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing ROS-mediated activation of MMPs. | Reduces oxidative stress, indirectly decreasing CD147 expression and activity. | Reduces inflammation and ECM degradation, enhancing plaque stability. | [5,37,38,53] |
Modulation of NF-κB Signaling Pathway | H₂S inhibits NF-κB activation, leading to decreased transcription of MMP genes such as MMP-9. | Inhibits NF-κB activation, reducing CD147 expression and MMP induction. | Lowers inflammation, decreases ECM degradation, and stabilizes plaques. | [37,58] |
S-Sulfhydration (Post-Translational Modification) | Potentially alters MMP activity by modifying cysteine residues. | Modifies CD147, potentially affecting its interaction with MMPs and inflammatory signaling molecules. | Modulates protein function and signaling, contributing to reduced ECM degradation and inflammation. | [68,69] |
Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell (SMC) Migration and Proliferation | Indirectly reduces MMP activity by inhibiting SMC migration and proliferation, key processes in plaque formation. | Not directly involved. | Limits plaque growth and promotes stability by maintaining ECM integrity. | [16,40,61,64,65] |
Interaction with Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) | Not directly involved. | H₂S modulates HIF-1α, reducing hypoxia-induced CD147 expression. | Decreases hypoxia-related inflammation and ECM degradation. | [28,70] |
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Munteanu, C.; Galaction, A.I.; Poștaru, M.; Rotariu, M.; Turnea, M.; Blendea, C.D. Hydrogen Sulfide Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and CD147/EMMPRIN: Mechanistic Pathways and Impact on Atherosclerosis Progression. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091951
Munteanu C, Galaction AI, Poștaru M, Rotariu M, Turnea M, Blendea CD. Hydrogen Sulfide Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and CD147/EMMPRIN: Mechanistic Pathways and Impact on Atherosclerosis Progression. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091951
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunteanu, Constantin, Anca Irina Galaction, Mădălina Poștaru, Mariana Rotariu, Marius Turnea, and Corneliu Dan Blendea. 2024. "Hydrogen Sulfide Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and CD147/EMMPRIN: Mechanistic Pathways and Impact on Atherosclerosis Progression" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091951